Nearby Nature for Community Health & Economics A Science & Program Review
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1 Nearby Nature for Community Health & Economics A Science & Program Review Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D. Research Social Scientist University of Washington (Seattle) School of Environmental and Forest Sciences US Forest Service, Pacific NW Research Station Congreso International De Parques Urbanos Mérida, Yucatán, México April 2018
2 Outline 1. Health & Nature: the evidence 2. Key Studies 3. Economics 4. Nature & Health Programs
3 Mexico
4 WHO Health Definition A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (1946)
5 Determinants of Health Social Determinants
6 Green Cities: Good Health Sponsors: USDA Forest Service, University of Washington NGO partners Thanks! to U of WA students: Katrina Flora Mary Ann Rozance Sarah Krueger Research Reviews & Summaries
7 Everyday Greening & Parks
8
9 design: co-author: co-author & printing:
10 USDA Forest Service 2018 Urban Nature for Human Health and Well-Being
11 Green Cities: Good Health database of >4,500 peer reviewed publications
12 Outline 1. Health & Nature: the evidence 2. Key Studies 3. Economics 4. Nature & Health Programs
13 Science Review nearby nature & health evidence ~ 40 years > 5,000 publications what are the stories?
14 meaning value
15 Story: Human Health Benefits Across the Life Cycle
16 Urban Forests and Newborns the natural environment may affect pregnancy outcomes... 10% increase in tree-canopy cover within 50m of a house = lower number of low weight births (1.42 per 1000 births) Barnay et al., 2017, International Journal of Women s Health, 14 studies
17 Hygiene Hypothesis presence of soil bacteria in body, Mycobacterium vaccae = increased seratonin boost immune function may alleviate depression (dirt or Prozac?) Lowry et al Neuroscience
18 Eat Dirt!
19 ADHD and nature contact 96 children aged 7-12 diagnosed ADD or ADHD Parents gave postactivity attentional functioning ratings (PAAF) 4 measures: Can t stay focused on unappealing tasks (homework or chores) Can t complete tasks Can t listen and follow directions Easily distracted Faber Taylor Environment & Behavior
20 ADHD and nature contact 17 children aged 7-12 with diagnosed ADHD 20-minute guided walks Park Neighborhood Downtown Pre-walk puzzles Post-walk cognitive test Faber Taylor & Kuo Journal of Attention Disorders
21 Classroom Views & Stress Li & Sullivan. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2016
22 attention scores Classroom Views & Stress high school student response stress scores
23 Attention Restoration Theory Rachel & Stephen Kaplan, U of MI
24 directed attention fatigue....
25 Workplace Nature & Attention Recovery Well-being desk workers without view of nature reported 23% more ailments in prior 6 months Job Satisfaction less frustrated and more patient higher overall job satisfaction and enthusiasm Kaplan, R Landscape and Urban Planning
26 ART elements focus soft fascination being away credit: Michael Hellgren Attention Restoration Theory, Kapan & Kaplan
27 Nature and Creativity
28 role of nature in creativity development
29 Give Your Ideas Some Legs creative test analogy generation conditions: sit inside, treadmill walk, walk outside, wheelchair outside walking outside produced most novel & highest quality analogies walking opens up free flow of ideas Oppezzo & Schwartz Journal of Experimental Psychology
30 Nature & Creative Professionals focused interviews, Denmark makes us more curious supports flexible thinking recharges directed-attention aids 2 phases of the creative process: Preparation phase and Incubation phase sensory dimensions: space & serene Plambech & Konijnendijk van den Bosch Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
31 Walkability & Mental Health evidence of lower frustration and higher meditation when moving into the greener streets Aspinall et al The urban brain: Analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine
32 Improving Depression 20 adults with major depression walk in a park setting and an urban setting 50-minute walks one week apart before-after testing: Mood: Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS) Cognition: Backward Digit Span (BDS) Berman et al Journal of Affective Disorders cognitive and affective improvements after walking in a nature setting
33 Alzheimer s Disease & Dementia Provide wander gardens & horticulture therapy 10.5% reduction in amount of medications used in dementia facility 30% fewer falls, accompanied by a reduction in fall severity Tim Lynch Associates Detweiler et al American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease and Other Dementias
34 Outline 1. Health & Nature: the evidence 2. Key Studies 3. Economics 4. Nature & Health Programs
35 design: author: printing: also in Spanish:
36 contributing analysts: Dr. Stephen Grado & Marcus Measells, MSU; Dr. Alicia Robbins, Weyerhaueser
37 ALLERGENS HEAT ISLAND SOLID WASTE ENERGY AIR QUALITY COMMUNITY IDENTITY SYSTEMS THINKING STORMWATER SOCIAL CAPITAL EXERCISE & FITNESS ACTIVE MOBILITY NOISE WASTE WATER CONNECTVITY PUBLIC ART BMP S BIOTA CULTURAL HERITAGE CARBON credit: American Planning Association
38 stormwater retention
39 Stormwater Management Thornton Creek Water Quality Channel (Seattle, SvR Design) 1 hectare, treats runoff from 275 hectares (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)
40
41 Tanner Springs Park Portland OR
42 linked to active living network
43 environmental education & social learning neighborhood social cohesion
44 Outline 1. Health & Nature: the evidence 2. Key Studies 3. Economics 4. Nature & Health Programs
45 Story: Human Health Benefits Across the Life Cycle 45
46
47 Fiddleheads Forest School Washington Park Arboretum (Seattle) cognitive social & physical learning
48 Type 2 diabetes: #1 cause of death in Mexico % overweight adults: U.S., Mexico, global Data Source: World Health Organization Design Credit: Brittany Mayes/NPR
49 CDC moderate activity recommendations parks, active living, active transit 49
50
51 Shinrin yoku (forest bathing) extensive research restorative experiences workers retirees networked system, 52 bases in Japan complexity - productivity
52 Santa Rosa, California
53
54 Walking Programs children elders families
55 Walking Meetings creativity, energy, communication, health 55
56 Parks Prescription
57 Parks Prescription
58 credit: CNN.com credit: healthy central florida credit: springspreserve.org
59 Mindfulness
60 constant busyness attempted multitasking Anna and Elena Balbusso, NY Times out of balance
61
62 Prison Inmates :: nature videos solitary confinement, video room/exercise option felt significantly calmer, less irritable, more empathetic committed 26% fewer violent infractions Nadkarni et al Impacts of nature imagery on people in severely nature-deprived environments. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.
63 Sustainability in Prisons offenders facilities materials for ecological restoration sustainabilityinprisons.org
64 Summary: Knowledge & Program nearly 40 years of research critical mass of evidence action! greening and health programming integrating parks greening goals with broader urban systems needs
65 Everyday Greening & Parks
66 Landscape Community credit: Ignacio Bunster-Ossa Garden
67 :: Sites to Systems :: spatial linkages the city becomes a park TKF Foundation Nature Sacred initiative
68
69 Questions or Comments? image credit: Robert Churchill via Getty Images
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