Lessons from Cities across the Globe

Transcription

1 Cycling to the Future: Lessons from Cities across the Globe John Pucher, Rutgers University Ralph Buehler, Virginia Tech Photo: Susan Handy Photo: Photo: SF Greg Bike Coalition Raisman San Antonio Photo: Bike Texas Photo: Ralph Buehler Photo: Marie Demers

2 Advantages of Cycling: Economical: Affordable by everyone, requiring minimal costs for individuals and governments Good for business: Generate retail sales and profits from tourism No pollution: Clean and quiet Energy-efficient: Use up calories we need to burn off from eating too much Healthy: Many studies report on physical, social, mental health benefits Fun: Getting out into the fresh air with family and friends

3 Cycling Share of Daily Trips in Europe, North 30.0 America, and Australia, Percent of trips by cycling Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012

4 Bicycle Share of Work Commuters in the USA (2007) and Canada (2006) Source: Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Seinen, M., Bicycling Renaissance in North America? An Update and Re- Assessment of Cycling Trends and Policies, Transportation Research A, Vol. 45 (6), 2011, pp

5 Lots of Potential for Increased Cycling: Many daily trips in American urban areas are short enough to walk or bike! ~27% of all trips in the U.S. were a mile or shorter in 2009 ~41% of all trips were shorter than two miles

6 Share of Cycling for Short Trips NL 30 DK Percent of trips by cycling <2.5km 2.5km<4.5km 4.5km-6.5km 0<2.5km 2.5km<4.5km 4.5<6.5km 0<2.5km 2.5km<4.5km 4.5km-6.5km 0<2.5km 2.5km<4.5km 5<7.5km USA GER Trip distance category Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012

7 Women s Share of Bike Trips in Europe and North America 60% 55% 50% 49% 55% 56% 45% Percent of trips by women 40% 35% 30% 25% 25% 27% 30% 20% 15% 10% USA UK Canada Germany Denmark Netherlands Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012

8 Photo Susan Handy

9 70 Percent of bicyclists who are female Toronto Washington Vancouver Chicago More women on bikes = More cycling More cycling = More women on bikes Montreal Portland Minneapolis San Francisco Melbourne Sydney Berlin Tokyo Bicycle share of trips and percentage of female cyclists in 14 large cities Copenhagen Amsterdam 10 0 Source: Garard, Handy, and Dill, Women and Cycling, in Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Percent of trips by bicycle

10 Percent of cyclists who are female 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% More women on bikes = More cycling More cycling = More women on bikes Wyndham Frankston Casey Knox Hume Banyule Glen Eira Kingston Whitehorse Maribyrnong Moonee valley Boroondara Bayside Stonnington Darebin Moreland Melbourne Port Phillip Source: Garard, Handy, and Dill, Women and Cycling, in Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012 Yarra Bicycle share of commuter trips and percentage of female cyclists in Melbourne neighborhoods Cycling to work mode share 0% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%

11 Bike Share of Trips by Age Group Percent of trips by cycling USA UK GER DK NL ' Age Group Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.) City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012

12 Cycling for ALL AGES

13 Photo: NJ Bike Walk Coalition Ann and Mike s Triple Take Tandem Cycling facilities should also be safe for persons with disabilities, and bikes CAN be adapted to their needs Pucher: Walking and Cycling for Health

14 Make Cycling Safe for Everyone! Especially important for the young, the old, for anyone with disabilities, for the timid or risk-averse Women more sensitive to safety than men Safety of cycling in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany helps explain high levels of cycling there

15 20.0 Cylists killed per 100 million km cycled 33.5* 18.0 Cylists injured per 10 million km cycled 16.0 Pedestrians killed per 100 million km walked Fatalitities and injuries per trip and per kilometer Pedestrians injured per 10 million km walked Cycling can be made very safe, as in the Netherlands and Denmark NL DK GER UK USA Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012

16 Trends in Cyclist Total cyclist fatalities relative to 1970 (= Fatalities USA UK Denmark Germany Netherlands Source: Pucher and Buehler (eds.), City Cycling. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

17 Reversal in Public Policies in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands in 1970s Pro-car policies in European cities in 1950s and 1960s caused huge decline in cycling and walking Dramatic policy turn-around since 1970s to limit car use and promote cycling, walking, and public transport in Dutch, Danish, and German cities

18 Bridge in Freiburg BEFORE and AFTER reforms 1960s Today

19 Typical residential street in Freiburg AFTER traffic calming reforms Typical residential street in Freiburg BEFORE traffic calming reforms

20 Rebound of Bike Share of Trips in German, Dutch, and Danish Cities Percent of all trips Nuremburg ('76-'12) Berlin ('92-'08) Cologne ('76-'09) Munich ('91-'11) Freiburg ('82-'12) Muenster ('82-'10) Amsterdam ('70-'10) Source: Pucher, Dill, and Handy, Infrastructure, Programs, and Policies to Increase Bicycling, Preventive Medicine, Jan 2010, Vol. 50, S.1, pp. S106-S125. Copenhagen ('98-'10)

21 Recent Boom in Pro-Bike Policies in Many Cities Especially since 2000, European and North American cities without a tradition of cycling for daily travel have dramatically raised cycling levels Improved cycling infrastructure and many other measures to encourage cycling

22 Percent of Trips More and better cycling facilities have dramatically increased bike share of trips in cities without any tradition of cycling for daily travel London ('03-'10) Barcelona ('05-'10) Paris ('01-'10) Bogota ('95-'10) Seville ('00-'12) Source: Pucher, Dill, and Handy, Infrastructure, Programs, and Policies to Increase Bicycling, Preventive Medicine, Jan 2010, Vol. 50, S.1, pp. S106-S125.

23 Photo: Robin Stallings Cycling in Sevilla, Spain increased more than 10-fold after these safe cycle tracks were installed

24 Boom in Cycling to Work in 14 Large US and Canadian Cities Source: Pucher, J. and Buehler, R. City Cycling, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, Bike Share of Regular Commutes (USA) / 1996 (Canada) 2011 (USA and Canada) * 2011 figures for Canadian cities are preliminary estimates *

25 6-fold increase in bike trips Sharp increase in cycling safety in Portland as cycling levels rose 70% fall in crash rate Source: City of Portland (2013)

26 How to Encourage More Cycling while Improving Safety Better cycling facilities Integration of cycling with public transport Traffic calming of residential neighborhoods Mixed-use zoning and improved urban design Restrictions on motor vehicle use Traffic education and Safe Routes to School Traffic regulations and enforcement

27 Most European cities have extensive carfree districts ideal for walking and cycling

28 Cycling is perfect for getting around car-free college campuses such as here at UC Santa Barbara Photo: Ralph Fertig Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

29 Santa Barbara coastal path: Safe and attractive both for cyclists and pedestrians Conversion of two car lanes to bike path and wider sidewalk Source: Ralph Fertig

30 Source: Warren Salomon Bike paths in Dutch cities make it safe and comfortable for all to bike: including women, children, and seniors

31 One-way cycle track in The Hague Raised curb between cycle track and traffic lane Source: Peter Furth

32 Almost 100km of 2-way cycle tracks in Montreal Separation from traffic via bollards and parked cars Separation from traffic via concrete barriers Photo: Peter Furth Photo: Velo Quebec

33 Provision of cycle track at this key underpass in Montreal Separation from traffic via concrete barriers AND bollards Photo: Velo Quebec

34 380 mi of new bike lanes and paths since 2000 Quadrupling in bike trips since % decrease in serious cyclist injuries 56% increase in retail sales along cycle tracks Photo: NYC DOT Traffic-protected cycle track on 9 th Avenue, NYC

35 Mayor Boris Johnson s planned 15-mile east-west cycle track through the heart of London along Thames River Physically separated cycle track

36 Cycle track on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington Photo: Ralph Buehler

37 Source: Alta Planning This cycle track in St. Petersburg, Florida has increased cycling by senior citizens and women

38 Construction and maintenance financed by private foundation Photos: Ralph Buehler Cultural Heritage cycle track in Indianapolis Tripling in cycling in Indianapolis since 2000

39 This cycle track in Arkansas was financed by Walmart for employees to bike to its headquarters office. Source: Alta Planning

40 Before After Photo: Paul Krueger Transformation of Hornby Street in Vancouver with installation of first-class cycle track

41 Carrall St Dunsmuir Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger Over 6km of cycle tracks in Vancouver with more planned Burrard Bridge Hornby Photo: Paul Krueger

42 Seattle s first cycle track in 2013 on Linden Avenue, many more planned

43 Photo: Warren Salomon Raised crossing for both cyclist and cars, with special pavement and markings Improving safety of cycle tracks at road crossings

44 Photo: Velo Quebec Safe cycle track crossing at busy intersection in Montreal

45 Bike lanes are much more typical in US cities Photo: Ralph Fertig Photo: Lewis Thorwaldson

46 All streets should come complete with safe facilities for pedestrians and cyclists

47 Pucher: Walking and Cycling for Health Special contraflow lanes in Toronto and Melbourne that permit cyclists to travel in both directions Contra-flow lanes facilitate bike travel in both directions on one-way streets for cars

48 Photo: Seattle DOT Photo: Seattle DOT Bike lanes in Seattle Photo: Seattle DOT Photo: Seattle DOT

49 But bike lanes are definitely better than no separate bike facilities, but they do not provide nearly as much protection of cyclists from motor vehicles as cycle tracks Bike lanes used for car parking Bike lanes used for truck deliveries Dooring of cyclists

50 Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Nick Klein New York Vancouver Buffered bike lanes offer some additional separation from motor vehicle traffic but without physical barriers

51 Photo: Bob Edmiston How to destroy the benefits of a buffered bike lane: Dearborn Street in Seattle

52 Bridge connections crucial for an integrated cycling network About 20,000 daily bike trips over Portland bridges Photo: Greg Raisman

53 Bike paths on the four East River bridges provide crucial connections from Brooklyn and Queens to Manhattan Source: Transportation Alternatives NYC

54 Photos: Seattle DOT Overpass for cyclists and pedestrians in Seattle

55 Good bike bridge included as part of the Canada Line extension of Skytrain in Metro Vancouver Source: Translink

56 Bike path on south entry to Lion s Gate Bridge in Vancouver Foto: Gordon Price

57 Special traffic signals and signs improve cycling safety

58 Four-way all-green signal for cyclists in Portland Bike sensor in pavement

59 Red bike lanes for intersection crossings, connected with red brick sidepaths on both sides of every road Source: City of Muenster, Germany

60 Bike lane, advance stop line, and priority signal for cyclists in Muenster Bike lane, advance stop line, and special signal for cyclists in Germany

61 Photo: Seattle DOT Bike boxes in Seattle also

62 Bike boxes in Vancouver Foto: Gord Price Foto: Gord Price Foto: Rich Drdul Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

63 Why Traffic Calming Saves Lives Speed Speed kills! kills! Source: World Health Organization (2008) and OECD Transport Research Centre (2006)

64 Traffic Calming in Freiburg, Germany Cheap, easy, fast, and effective improvement in cycling safety

65 Photo: Peter Berkeley These streets are, in effect, bike boulevards, neighborhood greenways, and local street bikeways 3,800 km of traffic-calmed streets in Berlin: ideal for cycling: 78% of ALL streets in Berlin!

66 7 km/hr speed limit Shared streets: Typical traffic calming in new German suburbs

67 Shared street in Indianapolis Photo: Ralph Buehler

68 Foto by Peter Berkeley Blockage of through car and truck traffic but convenient cut-through for cyclists and pedestrians

69 Photo: Transports Viables Cheap, easy, and very effective traffic diverters Traffic calming in Quebec City and Montreal Traffic Calming in Québec City Photo: Velo Quebec Source: Transports Viables

70 Source: Eric Anderson Bollard blocks passage of cars Traffic diverter in Berkeley which provides a through connection for two bike boulevards

71 Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger 152km of bike boulevards in Vancouver

72 Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger Cut-thrus along bike boulevards in Vancouver Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Paul Krueger

73 Passage for cyclists through median island at Burnaby intersection in Metro Vancouver Fotos: Rich Drdul Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

74 Photo: Richard Drdul Photo: Paul Krueger Traffic calming in Vancouver that creates bike boulevards Photo: Paul Krueger Photo: Mark Seinen

75 Photos: Jonathan Maus Traffic calming turns these streets into bikeways 112 km of bike boulevards in Portland

76 Dutch bicycle facility selection matrix Lane Configuration Average daily traffic (vehicles / day) Urban local street Street type and speed limit Urban through street Rural local road Fast traffic road 30 km/h (19 mph) 50 km/h (31 mph) 60 km/h (37 mph) 70+ km/h (44+ mph) < 2500 advisory bike lane 4 2-way traffic with no centerline 2000 to to 5000 mixed traffic 1 bike lane 2 or cycletrack 3 bike lane 2 or cycle track 5 cycle track or low-speed service road > lanes (1+1) any 4 lanes (2 + 2) or more any bike lane or cycle track bike lane or cycle track (does not exist) bike lane or cycle track 3 bike lane or cycle track 3 Source: Peter Furth, Cycling Infrastructure, in Pucher and Buehler, eds. City Cycling, MIT Press, cycle track or low speed service road

77 Cycling facilities are much cheaper to build than new or widened roadways Germany $12-$150 million per km for new or widened roadway $ million per km for physically separated cycle track $40k-90k per km for on-street bike lane $100k-250k per km of bike boulevard (also known as neighborhood greenways or local street bikeways) Roads about TEN times more expensive than even the most elaborate urban cycle tracks!

78 Economic benefits of this cycle track exceed costs by over three-to-one! Photo: Fiona Campbell Cycling has doubled in Sydney, Australia since installation of its cycle track network

79 Photo: Peter Berkeley BIKE TRANSIT INTEGRATION Photo: Translink Photo: Translink

80 Over 50,000 buses in the USA now come equipped with bike racks, as here in Santa Barbara Source: Ralph Fertig

81 Bike on LRT in NJ and Minneapolis Photo: John Boyle Photo: Metro Transit

82 Capacity: 3,500 bikes Bike Station next to main train station in Muenster, Germany Photo: Peter Berkeley

83 Capacity: 150 bikes Bike Station next to Union Station in Washington, D.C. Photo: Ralph Buehler

84 300 bike parking spaces in two bike cages at northern terminus of subway line in Boston Bike-transit integration at Alewife Station on Red Line in Boston Photo: David Loutzenheiser

85 Bikes on Caltrain in San Francisco Photo: Ralph Buehler Photo: San Francisco Bicycling Coalition Photo: John Pucher

86 Bi-directional cycle track and bike sharing near metro station in Montréal Metro station BIXI bike docking station Cycle track Source: Vélo Québec

87 Nice Ride in Minneapolis Hubway Bikeshare in Cambridge, Boston, Somerville, and Brookline Over 50 bike sharing systems in North America by end of 2013 Capital Bikeshare in Washington, DC

88 Citi Bike in New York Launched May 27, ,000 bikes 330 bike stations Over 20,000 annual members Which is the cheaper and more sensible way to get exercise? Photo: Alta Planning

89 Photo by Susan Handy Innovative directional signs and bike trip counters in Denmark Photo by Susan Handy Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

90 Photo: Paul Krueger Convenient, free air pumps for bikes on local neighborhood bikeways in Vancouver Pucher and Buehler: Cycling for Everyone

91 27 bike corrals in San Francisco Good bike parking benefits merchants 97 bike corrals in Portland

92 Children who bike or walk to school learn better: More attentive and able to concentrate Advanced mental alertness by half a school year More benefit for mental development than having breakfast and lunch Source: Egelund et al. (2012). Study of over 20,000 school children

93 Safe Routes to Schools Photos: Bike Texas

94 Photo: Warren Salomon Bike path leads directly to school in NL

95 Photo: Fiona Campbell After installation of this cycle track in Sydney, Australia, over a third of children now bike to school!

96 Photos: Ralph Buehler Cycling training and testing course in Berlin Most German and Dutch children take cycling lessons by the 3 rd or 4 th grade and must pass a police-administered cycling safety test!

97 Source: NJ Bike Walk Coalition Bike Training for Children in New Jersey Buehler and Pucher Promoting Walking and Cycling

98 Cycling training course for adults Photo: Bonnie Fenton Foto: Amy Walker

99 Source: Troels Andersen Guided Bicycle Tours for Seniors

100 Bike to Work Day in San Francisco Source: San Francisco Bicycle Coalition

101 Photo: Troels Andersen GIVE EMPLOYEES FREE BIKES! The perfect zero emissions vehicles!

102 Over 100,000 participants at LA s fourth annual CicLAvia in October 2012 Source: Ryan Snyder CicLAvia: 9 miles of car-free streets in Los Angeles

103 Expansion of Open Streets (Ciclovias) in the Americas (cities with at least two events per year) Source: Sarmiento et al. (2013). Open Streets: A Healthy Epidemic. Bogota, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes. Financed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

104 WNBR in 74 cities in 2010 Photo: Don Miller The Summer Solstice naked bike ride in Seattle can be fun as well, provided you have the right body!

105 Implementation Strategies 1. Publicize both individual and societal benefits 2. Ensure citizen participation at all stages of planning and implementation 3. Develop long-range bike plans; regularly update them 4. Implement controversial policies in stages, easiest first 5. Combine incentives for cycling and walking with disincentives for car use 6. Build alliances among ped/bike groups and with transit, environmentalists, public health, business leaders, politicians, and media 7. Coordinate ped/bike advocacy and planning through local, regional, and national organizations 8. Local political leadership is essential

106 New book with MIT Press About the authors:

107 CONCLUSIONS Many economic, environmental, social, and health benefits of cycling Even in North America, many local trips are short enough to cover by cycling Many cities throughout the USA and Canada are vastly improving their cycling facilities But much more could be done, and there are many ways to do it.