Land Use & Transportation

Transcription

1 21 st Century Transportation in Convenient Communities Prof. Paul Okamoto s Sustainable Design University of San Francisco 24 September 2014 Land Use & Transportation ASHRAE Golden Gate Seminar Sustainable Urban Housing San Francisco, 7 Oct 2015 Dr. John Holtzclaw Volunteer Lead, Sierra Club 21 C Transportation Campaign john.holtzclaw@sierraclub.org Dr. John Holtzclaw john.holtzclaw@sierraclub.org

2 Urban vs. Sprawl Auto Use SPRAWL TRANSIT VILLAGE URBAN CENTER METRO CENTER San Ramon CA Rockridge, North Beach, Manhattan Oakland CA San Francisco Res. Density (hh/res. acre) Holtzclaw, Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs, 1994; Newman and Kenworthy, Cities and Automobile Dependence, 1989

3 3 Hh/Res Acre (Courtesy City of Portland)

4 San Francisco North Beach Paul and Tira 90 Hh/Res Acre Backyard, No parking

5 San Francisco West of Union Square 3 x 4 block zone 7 live theatres, fine hotels, cafes and markets 1 to 36 stories, mostly 4-16 stories Hh/Res Ac 15% of land residential limited parking

6 Traditional Development, San Francisco

7 Urban vs. Sprawl Auto Use SPRAWL TRANSIT VILLAGE URBAN CENTER METRO CENTER San Ramon CA Rockridge, North Beach, Manhattan Oakland CA San Francisco Res. Density (hh/res. acre) Transit (veh/hr nearby) very high Shopping (5 w/in 1/4 mi) no homes 25% of homes all homes all homes Pedestrian amenities low medium high high Autos/capita Auto miles/capita 10,591 6,455 2,759 1,145 Ann. auto costs/capita $8,200 $5,030 $1,900 $800 Ann lbs CO 2 emissions/capita 14, Housing sales prices $295/ft 2 $407/ft 2 $1,858/ft 2 higher Holtzclaw, Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs, 1994; Newman and Kenworthy, Cities and Automobile Dependence,

8 Americans drive more than others transportation = 1/3 GHG; 70% oil Why? Hoover zoning codes - SFD, wide streets, offstreet pkg, no stores Sprawl subsidies: VHA, Fanny Mae, Freddie Mac, mortgage deductions, redlining, sewers Interstates: bulldoze & divide communities, traffic/pollution, access farmland Impact: drive for every loaf of bread = hi VMT

9 Location Efficiency Research Location Efficient Mortgage Institute for Location Efficiency Center for Neighborhood Technology (Chicago) Natural Resources Defense Council Surface Transportation Policy Project

10 LEM Research Nearly 3000 neighborhoods (TAZs) Chicago, LA and San Francisco metro areas How do: densities (3 measures) shopping proximity public transit ped/bike (grid, short, narrow, sidewalks, setbacks) family income family size impact: vehicles (census data) VMT (odometer readings from smog checks -- total driving, not just commutes)

11 Driving vs Residential Density Annual VMT/Hh Hh/RA = sprawl SF LA Chicago Households/Residential Acre

12 Auto Mileage, Density & Stage of Life MTC's 1990 Houehold Travel Survey Daily Household Mileage Single Adults Adults, kids Adults, kids <16 Retired Households/Residential Acre

13 40000 Driving vs Density by Household Size Chicago, Los Angeles & San Francisco regions Annual VMT/Hh <2 pop/hh >4 pop/hh 2-4 pop/hh Households/Residential Acre

14 35000 Driving vs Density by Income Chicago, Los Angeles & San Francisco regions Annual VMT/Household Wealthy (>$60K) Poor (<$30K) Middle Income Households/Residential Acre

15 Annual Household Driving San Francisco Household Mileage VMT per Household

16 Veh/Hh, VMT/Veh and VMT/Hh in metropolitan San Francisco Veh Hh $ H P 1 P = + e Tr RA H ( ) VMT Veh VMT Hh = Veh = Hh VMT Veh H TA P H $ ( Ped ) P For the 3 metropolitan areas, the R 2 = 79 96% for Veh/Hh and 80 94% for VMT/Hh. H/RA is Households/Residential Acres, H/TA is Households/Total Acre, $/P is Income/Capita, P/H is Persons/Hh, Tr is Zonal Transit Density and Ped is Ped/Bicycle Friendliness Reported in: John Holtzclaw, * Robert Clear, Hank Dittmar, David Goldstein and Peter Haas, Location Efficiency: Neighborhood and Socio-Economic Characteristics Determine Auto Ownership and Use---Studies in Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Transportation Planning and Technology, Vol. 25(1),pp 1-27, March Also reported at

17 Impact of Density and Transit on Driving San Francisco Bay Area Annual VMT/Household Hh/Res Acre Zonal Transit Density

18 Collateral Benefits of Compact Development Saving building materials, heating & cooling energy, and water cuts energy use and pollution (Phillips & Gnaizda, CoEvolution Quarterly, Summer 1980)

19 The Costs of Sprawl: Urban Infill vs Suburban Sprawl pipe, wiring lumber autos driving heat, cool home urban infill (100 units/res acre) sprawl Relative Impacts

20 The Costs of Sprawl: Urban Infill vs Suburban Sprawl pavement urban infill (100 units/res acre) sprawl land; species water Relative Impacts

21 Courcelles (6 & 7 story curb-to-curb apartments) of Paris, just N of the Arc de Triomphe had lowest annual measured heat/cool energy demand (5:1) of any urban or suburban neighborhood in London, Paris, Berlin or Istanbul. (US sprawl~10:1 ) (LSE: Feb 2014)

22 Street Packing Want to consume lots of space? Drive! Bikes & drivers Cars & drivers Get thee to a bus Streetsblog.org 4 June 2013

23 Dens, m-u, prox, transit, ped & protected bike lanes NYC

24 Dens, prox, m-u, ped & bike, trans, vibrant, parking curbed Times Square, NYC

25 Den, m-u, prox, vibrant streets, shopping WalkScore = 95

26 50 Walking Cycling Share of Trips by Percent of trips by cycling and walking Cycling and Walking Source: Pucher and Buehler, City Cycling, MIT Press, 2012

27 Bicycle share of trips and percentage of female cyclists in large cities

28 20.0 Cylists killed per 100 million km cycled 33.5* 18.0 Cylists injured per 10 million km cycled 16.0 Pedestrians killed per 100 million km walked Fatalitities and injuries per trip and per kilometer Pedestrians injured per 10 million km walked Cyclist and Pedestrian Cyclist and Pedestrian Fatality and Injury Rates NL DK GER UK USA courtesy Pucher and Buehler (eds): City Cycling

29 Why Traffic Calming Saves Lives Speed Speed kills! kills! Courtesy John Pucher Source: World Health Organization (2008) and OECD Transport Research Centre (2006)

30 Dens, m-u, prox, ped, transit, activity, parking curbed High Line NYC