Final Report. Herbicide screening trial. Les Mitchell Eurofins Agrisearch. Project Number: TU13032

Transcription

1 Final Report Herbicide screening trial Les Mitchell Eurofins Agrisearch Project Number: TU13032

2 TU13032 This project has been funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited using the turf industry levy and funds from the Australian Government. Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA Ltd) makes no representations and expressly disclaims all warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information in Herbicide screening trial. Reliance on any information provided by HIA Ltd is entirely at your own risk. HIA Ltd is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability arising in any way (including from HIA Ltd or any other person s negligence or otherwise) from your use or non-use of Herbicide screening trial, or from reliance on information contained in the material or that HIA Ltd provides to you by any other means. ISBN Published and distributed by: Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited Level 8, 1 Chifley Square Sydney NSW 2000 Tel: (02) Fax: (02) Copyright 2015

3 Contents Summary... 3 Keywords... 4 Introduction... 5 Methodology... 6 Outputs Outcomes Evaluation and Discussion Recommendations Intellectual Property/Commercialisation Acknowledgements Appendices

4 Summary Weed-control is a critical production issue for the turf industry. However, over time and particularly during the last decade, the number of herbicide products and treatment options available to producers has significantly reduced due to the development of resistance to herbicides (particularly Winter grass), and the high cost of developing new herbicides into what is considered by manufacturers as a small market. In addition the industry has not developed and communicated simple herbicide resistance management strategies, with the region west of Sydney being particularly affected. In this project four field trials were conducted in Soft Leaf Buffalo (varieties Palmetto and Sir Walter), Couch (Wintergreen) and Kikuyu (Eureka). Ten different herbicides, with a range of modes of action, were evaluated, for both summer and winter application timings. The major weed targeted was winter grass (Poa annua). The herbicides included were dithiopyr (Trade name Dimension), prosulfocarb + dicamba (Casper), oryzolin (Embargo), pendimethalin (Stomp xtra), prodiamine (Barricade), propyzamide (Kerb) and oxadiazon (Ronstar); all of which currently have a registration in turf, plus the experimental products s-metolachlor (Dual Gold), simazineand terbuthylozine (Terbyn). A range of application timings were completed during the six months trial period. Assessments for crop safety and weed control were completed at appropriate timings following application. The results have been statistically analysed and tabulated for manufacturers and industry to use for registration or minor use permits. The application of s-metolachlor as a pre-emergent treatment was shown to provide good control of grass and broadleaf weeds with a high level of crop safety. When applied post emergence to the crop, the product was less effective. Simazine when applied alone was less effective than s-metolachlor. When combined with s-metolachlor, it consistently provided good weed control. Terbuthylozine provided weed control similar to Simazine. All of the post emergence treatments evaluated (except s- metolachlor) provided effective weed control. All treatments were safe to the turf varieties under the test conditions. Further evaluation of s-metolachlor, simazine and terbuthylozine is recommended to confirm these data. The second part of the study involved preparing a document for dissemination within the turf industry to increase grower awareness of integrated weed management. A list of all herbicides registered in turf has been completed. Herbicides have been categorised by mode of action, weeds controlled and limitations to use. The document recommends the best timing for each of the herbicide types to achieve an integrated approach to turf weed management. 3

5 Keywords Soft Leaf Buffalo, Couch, Kikuyu, Herbicide, Pre-Emergent, Post Emergent, Weed names Crop Safety, Efficacy. 4

6 Introduction Weed-control is a critical production issue for the turf industry. Over time and particularly during the last decade, the number of herbicide products and treatment options has significantly declined. Reasons for this include the development of resistance to herbicides in some species (particularly Winter grass), and the high cost of developing new herbicides into what is considered by manufacturers as a small market. In addition a large number of herbicides registered in turf have similar modes of action and belong to the same chemical group. This increases the risk of weed resistance developing and leaves growers with few alternatives in trying to develop an integrated weed management approach. This has now reached a point where some growers have no or very few options for the control of some weeds and production of quality turf is becoming uneconomic. In addition herbicide resistance knowledge within the turf industry is variable and the industry has not developed and provided herbicide resistance strategies. The development of herbicides from alternative chemical groups will provide more weed control options to growers and enable the industry to develop in a more sustainable way. This project was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and crop safety of a range of herbicides, which currently have no registration, for use in the Soft Leaf Buffalo, Couch and Kikuyu varieties when applied under winter and summer conditions. Four small plot replicated field trials were conducted at Freemans Reach, New South Wales, Australia. This report presents the experimental methods followed and the results obtained. To increase awareness of the importance of managing herbicide resistance in turf production a document has also been prepared which lists all herbicides registered in turf and then categorised these by mode of action, weeds controlled and limitations to use. The document recommends the best timing for each of the herbicide types to achieve an integrated approach to turf weed Recommendations for future work which may be required for permit or registration application with the APVMA are given. 5

7 Methodology Four trials were conducted in 2014 at Freemans Reach, New South Wales. The trials were conducted on a Commercial Turf Farm on four turf varieties. Site Details Location Turf Varieties Soil Type Bare Ground Trials Establishment Method Established Turf Crop Management Seasonal Conditions Freemans Reach Road, Freemans Reach, New South Wales Sir Walter Buffalo, Palmetto Buffalo, Winter Green Couch and Eureka Kikuyu Sandy, Silt, Clay loam For all species each area was harvested then cultivated and harrowed to leave the area flat and bare. Treatments were applied and the area irrigated. Each species then regenerated from stolons. Treatments were applied to mown swords of established areas for each species. Each trial area was managed commercially. Irrigation, fertilization and mowing followed normal commercial practice. Full rainfall and temperature details are included in the Appendices. Treatments The following treatments were evaluated in the Bare ground trials: Formulated Product Active Ingredient Conc. Formulation AI Rate (g ai/ha) Product Rate per ha 1. Untreated Dimension Dithiopyr 240 g/l EW L 3. Dimension Dithiopyr 240 g/l EW L 4. Dual Gold S-metolachlor 960 g/l EC L 5. Simazine Simazine 500 g/l SC L 6. Stomp Xtra Pendimethalin 455 g/l EC L + Dual Gold S-metolachlor 960 g/l EC L 7. Terbyne Terbuthylozine 750 g/kg WG kg 8. Simazine Simazine 500 g/l SC L + Dual Gold S-metolachlor 960 g/l EC L 6

8 The following treatments were evaluated in the established turf trials: Formulated Product Active Ingredient Conc. Formulation AI Rate (g ai/ha) Product Rate per ha 1. Untreated Casper* Prosulfocarb + Dicamba g/kg WG kg 3. Embargo Oryzolin 400 g/l SC L 4. Embargo Oryzolin 400 g/l SC L 5. Barricade Prodiamine 480 g/l SC L 6. Barricade Prodiamine 480 g/l SC L 7. Kerb Propyzamide 400 g/l SC L 8. Dual Gold S-metolachlor 960 g/l EC L + Buffalo Pro Bromoxynil + MCPA g/l EC L 9. Ronstar G Oxadiazon 20 g/kg Granule kg/100 m² 10. Ronstar Plus Oxadiazon 9.5 g/kg WG kg/100 m² *Casper was not applied to Palmetto and Sir Walter Buffalo Treatment Method Granule Formulation: Method Incorporation Plot dosage weighed and then spread by hand Applied to turf and manually irrigated Liquid Formulations: Equipment Walking Speed Gas powered hand held boom spray 1 m per second Nozzles 4 nozzles, Quick Teejet, AirMix Nozzle Spacing Pressure Water Volume Boom Height 50cm 200 kpa 210 L/ha 60 cm 7

9 Application Details Date 13-Feb Feb Feb-14 3-Apr Apr May Jun-14 Time of Day Temperature 26 C 20 C 25 C 24 C 19 C 20 C 14 C Relative Humidity 70% 40% 75% 60% 62% 60% 68% Wind NNW 6 km/h ESE 2 km/h NNW 2 km/h N 2 km/h SSW 2 km/h NE 2 km/h ESE 6 km/h Dates of Application Couch - Bare Ground Application No Dimension 13-Feb-14 Dual Gold 13-Feb Apr Jun-14 Simazine 13-Feb-14 Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold 13-Feb Apr Jun-14 Terbyne Simazine + Dual Gold Dimension 13-Feb Feb Feb-14 Kikuyu - Bare Ground Application No Dimension 21-Feb-14 Dual Gold 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 Simazine 21-Feb-14 Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 Terbyne Simazine + Dual Gold Dimension 21-Feb Feb Feb-14 8

10 Palmetto - Bare Ground Application No Dimension 24-Feb-14 Dual Gold 24-Feb Apr Jun-14 Simazine 24-Feb-14 Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold 24-Feb Apr Jun-14 Terbyne Simazine + Dual Gold Dimension 24-Feb Feb Feb-14 Sir Walter - Bare Ground Application No Dimension 24-Feb-14 Dual Gold 24-Feb Apr Jun-14 Simazine 24-Feb-14 Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold 24-Feb Apr Jun-14 Terbyne Simazine + Dual Gold Dimension 24-Feb Feb Feb-14 Couch - Established Application No Casper 21-Feb-14 3-Apr-14 Embargo 21-Feb-14 - Barricade 21-Feb-14 - Kerb 21-Feb May-14 Embargo 21-Feb-14 - Barricade 21-Feb-14 - Dual Gold + Bromicide 21-Feb-14 - Ronstar G 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 Ronstar Plus Starter Fertilizer 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 9

11 Palmetto - Established Application No Embargo Barricade 21-Feb Feb-14 Kerb 21-Feb May-14 Embargo Barricade Dual Gold + Bromicide 21-Feb Feb Feb-14 Ronstar G 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 Ronstar Plus Starter Fertilizer 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 Kikuyu - Established Application No Casper 21-Feb-14 3-Apr-14 Embargo 21-Feb-14 - Barricade 21-Feb-14 - Kerb 21-Feb May-14 Embargo 21-Feb-14 - Barricade 21-Feb-14 - Dual Gold + Bromicide 21-Feb-14 - Ronstar G 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 Ronstar Plus Starter Fertilizer 21-Feb Apr Jun-14 10

12 Sir Walter - Established Application No Embargo Barricade 24-Feb Feb-14 Kerb 24-Feb May-14 Embargo Barricade Dual Gold + Bromicide 24-Feb Feb Feb-14 Ronstar G 24-Feb Apr Jun-14 Ronstar Plus Starter Fertilizer 24-Feb Apr Jun-14 Trial Design Design Randomised complete block design Replicates 4 Plot Size 2m x 3m for Established. 3m x 4m for bare ground. Assessments Prior to treatment application, weed counts were completed in every plot including the untreated control. The number of weeds per square metre was recorded. The detailed assessments were completed throughout the trial period as outlined in the following table: 11

13 Date Assessment 13 February 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 14 February 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 20 February 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 22 February 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 25 February 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 28 February 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 3 March 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 7 March 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 10 March 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 13 March 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 21 March 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 24 March 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 27 March 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 4 April 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 7 April 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 24 April 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 23 May 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 24 June 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 24 July 2014 Weed control and Crop safety 21 August 2014 Weed control and Crop safety Weed Control At each post treatment assessment, the number or weeds in each plot were counted. Results are given as the mean number of weeds per square metre by species. 12

14 Crop Safety At each assessment date all trial plots were inspected for symptoms of discolouration/phytotoxicity on leaves. Symptoms were rated using a arithmetic scale where 0 = no effect (ie untreated plots) and 100 = crop dead. Results are presented as the mean turf phytotoxicity (0-100 Scale) per plot. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were conducted using GenStat Release 11.1 (PC/Windows 2008 Lawes Agricultural Trust, Rothamsted Experimental Station). The model includes all treatment effects. Analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) procedures were used. 13

15 Outputs This project has generated data which confirms that the herbicides s-metolachlor, simazine, and terbuthylozine all have a place in turf production and offer alternative modes of action which will assist in developing a better integrated weed management approach to turf production. This data will be available to manufacturers to assist in the application of label extensions, or for the turf industry to use for Minor Use permit applications. Field trial presentation was held on 29 August 2014 at the Turf Australia Conference. Over 100 delegates viewed the trial and treatments. A presentation on the principles of integrated weed management was given to this audience. Fig 1 Field day presentation. A document titled A guide to Effective Weed Management in Australian Production Turf has been prepared for dissemination within the turf industry to increase grower awareness of integrated weed management. All herbicides registered in turf have been listed and categorised by mode of action, weeds controlled and limitations to use. The document aims to raise awareness within the industry of the importance of understanding herbicide mode of action and how to best manage application by herbicide group, to achieve an integrated approach to turf weed management. 14

16 Outcomes Results from this project have demonstrated that the herbicides s-metolachlor,, simazine, and terbuthylozine all have a place in turf weed control. The development of these herbicides, with alternative modes of action, will reduce the likelihood of weed resistance developing and lead to sustainable turf production. However, further trials with these products will need to be completed to produce sufficient data for permit applications or label extensions to be made. This project has raised the awareness of the importance of understanding herbicide modes of action when developing an integrated weed management systems. 15

17 Evaluation and Discussion Results are summarised in Tables Table 1 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Cotula/m2 - Palmetto Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 88DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil a 2.0 a 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 0.5 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 1.5 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once a 0.0 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.3 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 1.5 A F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil 2.5 a 2.5 a 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once 0.5 a 0.5 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months 1.5 a 1.5 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 0.3 a 0.3 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 1.5 a 1.5 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 16

18 Table 2 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Shepherd s Purse/m2 - Palmetto Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 88DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil a 2.3 a 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 0.0 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 1.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once a 0.3 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.0 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 1.8 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil 2.3 a 2.3 a 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months 1.0 a 1.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once 0.3 a 0.3 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 0.0 a 0.0 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 1.8 a 1.8 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 17

19 Table 3 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Solanum/m2 - Palmetto Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 88DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months F Probability ana ana ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 18

20 Table 4 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Palmetto Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 880DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil b 6.0 b 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 0.5 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 1.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 1.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once a 1.8 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.5 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 0.8 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 1.0 a F Probability ana ana Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil 9.3 a 16.5 c 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once 3.0 a 3.0 ab 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once 3.0 a 3.0 ab 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months 1.5 a 2.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once 6.8 a 7.3 b 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 3.3 a 3.3 ab 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once 4.0 a 4.3 ab 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 3.3 a 3.3 ab F Probability <.001 ns 4.5 Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 19

21 Table 5 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Cotula/m2 - Sir Walter Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 88DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil b 13.5 b 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 1.3 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 1.8 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 0.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once a 0.8 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.8 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 0.8 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana <.001 < Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil 15.0 d 15.8 d 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once 1.3 ab 3.3 abc 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once 3.3 bc 4.5 bc 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months 0.0 a 1.3 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once 0.8 a 1.0 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 1.0 a 2.3 ab 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once 4.5 c 6.0 c 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 0.0 a 0.5 a F Probability <.001 < Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 20

22 Table 6 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Shepherd s Purse/m2 - Sir Walter Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 88DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil b 8.0 b 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 0.0 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 0.8 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once a 0.0 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.3 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana <.001 < Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil 8.3 b 8.8 b 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months 1.0 a 1.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 0.3 a 0.5 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 0.0 a 0.3 a F Probability <.001 < Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 21

23 Table 7 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Solanum/m2 - Sir Walter Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 88DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil a 1.0 a 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 0.0 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 0.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once a 1.0 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.0 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil 1.0 a 1.0 a 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once 1.0 a 1.0 a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 0.0 a 0.0 a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 22

24 Table 8 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Sir Walter Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 25-Feb Mar Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 59DAT1 88DAT1 120DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil c 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once b 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months ab 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months ab F Probability ana ana ana < Treatment Rate Application 150DAT1 178DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil 10.8 c 16.3 c 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once 1.3 ab 1.8 a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once 1.3 ab 2.0 a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months 1.5 ab 2.3 a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once 3.8 c 6.8 b 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 2.3 ab 2.5 ab 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once 0.8 a 1.0 a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months 1.8 ab 2.8 ab F Probability <.001 < Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 23

25 Table 9 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Cotula/m2 - Palmetto - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 04-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 1.0 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.5 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.3 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 1.0 a 1.0 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 0.5 a 0.5 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.3 a 0.3 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 24

26 Table 10 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Shepherd s Purse/m2 - Palmetto - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 0.0 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months b 0.5 b 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.0 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 0.0 a 0.0 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.5 b 0.5 b 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 25

27 Table 11 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Solanum sp./m2 - Palmetto - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 0.0 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.3 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 0.0 a 0.0 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.3 a 0.3 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 26

28 Table 12 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Palmetto - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 0.8 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.3 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.3 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.5 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.5 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.3 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 1.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.3 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 3.8 a 4.3 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 2.5 a 3.3 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 1.0 a 1.5 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 1.3 a 3.8 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 3.0 a 4.5 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 1.0 a 1.8 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.8 a 2.3 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 2.5 a 3.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.3 a 2.0 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 27

29 Table 13 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Cotula/m2 - Sir Walter - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 4.0 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.3 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 1.8 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 1.3 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 1.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.8 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.3 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.3 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 4.3 a 4.3 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 1.0 a 1.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 1.8 a 1.8 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 1.3 a 1.3 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 1.0 a 1.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 1.0 a 1.0 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.8 a 0.8 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.3 a 0.3 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 28

30 Table 14 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Shepherd s Purse/m2 - Sir Walter - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 1.8 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.8 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.5 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.8 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.3 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 1.8 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.8 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 1.8 a 1.8 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.8 a 1.0 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.5 a 0.5 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 0.8 a 0.8 a 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.3 a 0.3 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 1.8 a 2.0 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.3 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.8 a 0.8 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 29

31 Table 15 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Solanum/m2 - Sir Walter - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 0.3 a 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.3 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.3 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once b 1.3 b 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.3 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.3 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 0.3 a 0.3 ab 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.3 a 0.8 ab 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.3 a 0.3 ab 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 1.3 b 1.3 b 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.3 ab 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.3 a 0.3 ab 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.3 a 0.3 ab 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 30

32 Table 16 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Sir Walter - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil b 1.8 d 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.8 abc 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 1.3 cd 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.3 ab 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.8 abc 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 1.0 bcd 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.3 ab 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 3.0 bc 7.0 c 2.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 1.5 ab 1.5 a 3.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 1.3 ab 1.3 a 4.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 3.0 bc 3.0 ab 5.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 1.5 ab 1.8 a 6.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.8 ab 0.8 a 7.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 5.3 c 5.3 bc 8.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.3 a 0.3 a 9.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 31

33 Table 17 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Winter Green Couch - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 07-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 0.8 a 2.Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.3 a 4.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 6.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.5 a 7.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.3 a 8.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.3 a 9.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a 10.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana ns ns Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 1.5 a 3.0 a 2.Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT1 0.0 a 1.8 a 3.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.5 a 2.3 a 4.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.8 a 5.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.3 a 6.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.8 a 0.8 a 7.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.5 a 0.5 a 8.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.3 a 2.3 a 9.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.3 a 10.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.3 a F Probability ns ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 32

34 Table 18 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Winter Green Couch - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 24-Feb Feb Feb Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 70DAT1 99DAT1 131DAT1 Schedule 27-Mar Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 161DAT1 189DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil a 2.Dimension 1.75L Apply Once a 3.Dimension 3.5L Apply Once a 4.Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months a 5.Simazine 2.0L Apply Once a 6.Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a 7.Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once a 8.Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months a F Probability ana ns Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 33

35 Table 19 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Kikuyu - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 04-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months F Probability ana ana Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 34

36 Table 20 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Total Number of Winter Grass/m2 - Kikuyu - Treatments Applied to Bare Ground Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 04-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control - Nil Dimension 1.75L Apply Once Dimension 3.5L Apply Once Dual Gold 2.0L Every 2 Months Simazine 2.0L Apply Once Stomp Xtra + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months Terbyne 1.4L Apply Once Simazine + Dual Gold L Every 2 Months F Probability ana ana Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 35

37 Table 21 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Phytotoxicity - Sir Walter - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 04-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months F Probability ana ana Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 36

38 Table 22 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Phytotoxicity - Palmetto Buffalo - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 04-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months F Probability ana ana Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 37

39 Table 23 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Phytotoxicity - Kikuyu - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 04-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 0.0 a 0.0 a 2.Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT a 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 0.0 a 7.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 10.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 5.0 a 5.0 a Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 0.0 a 0.0 a 2.Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT1 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 7.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 10.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 38

40 Table 24 Eurofins Agrisearch Summary of Results - Freemans Reach, NSW Mean Phytotoxicity - Winter Green Couch - Treatments Applied to Established Turf Treatment Rate Application 1DAT1 7DAT1 14DAT1 28DAT1 Schedule 22-Feb Feb-14 7-Mar Mar-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months Treatment Rate Application 42DAT1 62DAT1 91DAT1 123DAT1 Schedule 04-Apr Apr May Jun-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil a 0.0 a 0.0 a 2.Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT a 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once a 0.0 a 0.0 a 7.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months a 0.0 a 0.0 a 10.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months b 5.0 b 5.0 b Treatment Rate Application 153DAT1 181DAT1 Schedule 24-Jul Aug-14 1.Untreated Control Nil Nil 0.0 a 0.0 a 2.Casper 5kg/100L 2 nd app 6WAT1 0.0 a 0.0 a 3.Embargo 1.5L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.Embargo 5.0L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 5.Barricade 2.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 6.Barricade 3.0L/ha Apply once 0.0 a 0.0 a 7.Kerb 1.2L/ha Every 3 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 8.Dual Gold+Buffalo Pro L/ha Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 9.Ronstar G 2.0kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a 10.Ronstar Plus 4.2kg/100m 2 Every 2 months 0.0 a 0.0 a F Probability ana ana Means within the same column with a letter in common are not significantly different (P>0.05) ana = analysis not applicable; ns = not significant 39

41 Of the herbicides evaluated in these trials s-metolachor, terbuthylozine and simazine are currently not registered for use in turf. All other treatments which were included are. Weed pressure at the site used for these studies was low. Weeds did not develop until around two months following the inception of the trials. Winter Grass, Shepherd s Purse, Common Cotula and Solanum sp. were most prevalent. The application of Dual Gold as a pre-emergent treatment was shown to provide good control of grass and broadleaf weeds with a high level of crop safety. Dual Gold provided effective control equal to the current standards. When applied post emergence to the crop, but pre emergence to the weeds the product was less effective and gave poorer control than the best standard treatments. The current pre emergence standards, Stomp Xtra and Dimension, are both group D herbicides. Dual Gold which is a group K herbicide could potentially provide another option as a pre-emergent herbicide to be rotated with these products. Simazine, a Group C herbicide, when applied alone gave some control of winter grass but was less effective than Dual Gold or Dimension. When combined with Dual Gold, it consistently provided good weed control. Terbyne provided weed control similar to Simazine in all situations except for Cotula where it was less effective. All of the post emergence treatments evaluated (except Dual Gold) provided effective winter grass control. Barricade (Group D) when applied at 3 L/ha gave better control than the lower test rate. Kerb (Group D), Embargo (Group D) and Ronstar (Group G) all gave similar and generally equal control. All products were safe to each of the turf species evaluated under the test conditions. The most widely used herbicides in turf all belong to the Group G of herbicides. The introduction of Dual Gold into this scenario, as a pre emergence option, along with Simazine as a mix partner, will help reduce the reliance on one major chemical group and reduce herbicide resistance threats. 40

42 Recommendations As s-metolachlor 2.0 L/ha, pendimethalin 2.0 L/ha + s-metolachlor 1.5 L/ha, simazine 2.0 L/ha + s- metolachlor 1.0 L/ha and dithiopyr 1.75 L/ha, consistently provided the best weed control in bare ground trials, it is recommended s-metolachlor (Group K) and simazine (Group C) be further evaluated. Both products are not currently registered in turf. Terbyne (Group C) displayed good results as a pre-emergent herbicide and should be further evaluated for registration. For sufficient data to be generated to enable a permit application or label extension registration to be completed it is recommended that a further two specifically targeted field trials be completed. 41

43 Intellectual Property/Commercialisation No commercial IP generated. 42

44 Acknowledgements The assistance of Anthony Muscat and staff at Greener Lawn in providing a field site and for maintaining the trial is gratefully acknowledged. Casper is a registered trademark of Syngenta Australia Pty Ltd. Embargo is a registered trade mark of Turf Culture Pty Ltd. Barricade is a registered trademark of Syngenta Australia Pty Ltd. Kerb is a registered trademark of Dow Agrosciences Limited. Dimension is a registered trademark of Dow Agrosciences Limited. Ronstar is a registered trademark of Bayer. Dual Gold is a registered trademark of Syngenta Australia Pty Ltd. Terbyne is a registered Trademark of Sipcam Pacific Pty Ltd. Stomp Xtra is a registered trademark of BASF. 43

45 Appendices Appendix 1 - Weather Details Appendix 2 - Turf Brochure 44

46 Appendix 1: Weather Details Observations are from Richmond RAAF {station }. Month February 2014 March 2014 April 2014 Day Min ( C) Max ( C) Rainfall (mm) Min ( C) Max ( C) Rainfall (mm) Min ( C) Max ( C) Rainfall (mm)

47 Month May 2014 June 2014 July 2014 Day Min ( C) Max ( C) Rainfall (mm) Min ( C) Max ( C) Rainfall (mm) Min ( C) Max ( C) Rainfall (mm)

48 Appendix 2 - Brochure Herbicide Screening Trial Eurofins Agrisearch Project Number: TU13032 Controlling Weeds in Turf Production A Guide to Effective Weed Control in Australian Production Turf Author: Ben Baudinette Background Effective weed management is an essential requirement for reliably producing high quality turf. By taking a long-term view of weed management and adopting an integrated weed management system, you can consistently control the weeds that compete with turf production. Weed management requires a long term integrated approach commencing prior to planting turf and continues through to cultivation. An understanding of the modes of herbicide action is integral to the long term success of any weed control program as successful rotation of herbicide groups can reduce the risk of herbicide resistance developing. By understanding the components of an integrated weed control plan and then conducting all activities at the right time successful long term weed control can be achieved. Introduction This publication is a guide to integrated weed management in Australian Turf Production. It provides an overview of weed management methods based on research conducted for Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited.

49 Critical Success Factors in Integrated Weed Management Timely implementation of tactics Often the timeliness of a weed control operation has the largest single impact on its effectiveness. Herbicides are far more effective on rapidly growing small weeds, and may be quite ineffective in controlling large or stressed weeds. Additional costs can be avoided by implementing controls at the optimum time. Rotate herbicide groups All herbicides are classified into groups based on their mode of action in killing weeds. Rotate herbicide groups whenever possible to avoid using the same group on consecutive generations of weeds. Closely follow herbicide label recommendations - The rate is correct for the growth stage of the target weeds - Whether a wetter or crop oil is required to maximise herbicide performance - Ensure the application set up you use is consistent with the label - water volume, droplet spectrum, operating pressure - Appropriate weather conditions for spraying There are 3 key principles in developing an integrated weed management plan; 1. Understanding your turf variety 2. Identifying your weeds 3. Timing of control strategies If the person doing the work can reasonably answer these questions, then they will have greater directness about their work, its importance and impact for them. The person will feel more confident in contributing more to the undertaking of production. 1. Understanding Your Turf Variety The first step in effective weed management is to plan for your turf variety. Adoption of a long term view of how you intend to combat weeds includes considering: Rotating turf varieties between paddocks How you want to carry out each weed control stage, and Which herbicides or method you need. The practice of rotating turf varieties between paddocks, in which problem weeds can be more easily controlled, will help to reduce seed banks prior to planting. Good weed control between planting new turf varieties can be done using knockdown herbicides. Good control prior to planting new varieties will aid in reducing weed seed banks and are an essential part of a long term integrated weed management system.

50 2. Identifying Your Weeds The key to getting the most from an integrated weed management system is to understand the weeds which will be a problem in your turf. To most growers this will come from experience in individual blocks and from observation of the major weeds present in your district. There are two main groups of weeds that cause problems in turf production in Australia; Broadleaf weeds, and Grass weeds. It is important to identify which weeds are present in your turf as herbicides and control methods will vary accordingly. With this knowledge a weed control plan can be developed which should give best possible outcomes for that weed or weed spectrum. Table 1 illustrates those weeds which are common to Turf Production Systems in Australia. Broadleaf weeds and Grass can be controlled by management strategies and a range of products are registered for their control. Table 1 Common Turf Weeds Weed African lovegrass Bahia grass Barnyard grass Bindy-eye Capeweed Flatweed (Catsear) Chickweed Crab grass or Summer grass Creeping oxalis Crowsfoot grass Kentucky Blue grass Parramatta grass Paspalum Plantains Rat's Tail Fescue White clover Winter grass Botanical Name Eragrostis curvula Paspalum notatum Echinocloa crus-gali Solva sessilis Arctotheca calendula Hypochaeris radicata Stellaria media Digitaria sanguinalis Oxalis corniculata Eleusine indica Poa patensis Sporobolus africana Paspalum dilitatum Plantago lanceolata Vulpia myuros Trofolium repens Poa annua 3. Timing of Control Strategies There are three possible stages in which weed control will be most effective. These are post cultivation and pre-planting, early in production, and late in production. There are several options per stage depending on your strategy and the density and diversity of the weed population.

51 I. Weed Management Strategy Post Cultivation and Pre Planting Weed management in turf is easier and more effective, when longer breaks between production are implemented. This is an effective means to reducing weed seed banks. However, in intensive production systems where turf production times are tight this option can be difficult. Rotating turf varieties between paddocks will minimise weed populations and reduce weed pressure. Successful weed control commences with producing turf in a weed free seed paddock. Best results are obtained using a combination of cultural and chemical controls. Prepare paddocks well before planting. Irrigation will initiate the germination of an initial flush of weeds. These weeds can be controlled by spraying with a knockdown herbicide. Herbicide options in the pre-plant management phase are all knock down herbicides with no residual activity. The choice of the correct herbicide will depend upon the weeds present, their size and the herbicide cost. It is best to apply these products when weeds are small as lower rates can be used and better coverage obtained leading to more effective control at lower cost. The longer term benefits of reducing the weed seed bank will be seen in future turf production. Following turf cultivation, effective weed clean up and maintenance of clean paddocks is essential. II. Weed Management Strategy Early in Production Turf producers need to evaluate their individual situations with emphasis on environment, weeds present, time of the year, irrigation requirements and herbicide cost before making a final decision. Options for good control become limited if weeds develop in large numbers in turf production. There are few pre emergence chemical options and those which are available are generally from the same chemical group (Group D). Timing of application before the weeds and crop emerge and ensuring good incorporation through irrigation is the key to a successful result with these products. Following emergence, and early in the growth phase there are a number of alternatives, but again many of these belong to chemical group D. Before proceeding to apply an early post emergence product discuss the mode of action of the proposed product with your supplier and look at alternatives to have a mix of herbicide types in your weed control program. The actual timing depends upon the growth stage of the turf, the weeds present and the time of the year. In many areas, turf cultivation is also a necessary part of the production process and is needed to ensure good soil aeration and to optimise next season s turf production. Different chemicals are listed in Table 2. Weed Management Strategy Late in Production Healthy turf production and correct nutrient loading will help to suppress the growth of most weed species. However, species such as Summer Grass and Winter Grass can grow rapidly and prove problematic in turf production. These weeds can also set seeds and reduce the effectiveness of your integrated weed control management. It is important to reduce their numbers and subsequent seed set. Other important factors effecting the reliability of herbicide treatments can include mode of action, calibration, nozzle size, Irrigation, mowing and fertiliser application. For each of these, it is important to always read the label.

52 Resistance Management Herbicide resistance evolves following the intensive use of herbicides for weed control. The main reason why resistance has developed is because of the repeated and often uninterrupted use of herbicides with the same mode of action. Selection of resistant strains can occur in as little as 3-4 years if no attention is paid to resistance management. Remember that the resistance risk is the same for products having the same mode of action. If you continue to use the herbicides with the same mode of action and do not follow a resistance management strategy you are creating future problems for yourself. Mode of action matters (CropLife Australia Herbicide Resistance Management Strategies June 2014) Mode of Action Labelling The mode of action is indicated by a letter code on the product label. The mode of action labelling is based on the resistance risk of each group of herbicides. Products represented in Group A and Group B are HIGH RESISTANCE RISK herbicides. MODERATE RESISTANCE RISK herbicides, Group C, Group D, Group F, Group I, Group J, Group L, Group M, Group Q and Group Z. Table 2 - Herbicide Mode of Action Chemical Groups Active Constituent Group Weeds Controlled GROUP B CHEMICALS ALS inhibitors, taken up by roots and leaves and are selective Foramsulfuron B Winter Grass, Rye Grass, Crowsfoot Grass, Goose Grass, Paspalum, Kikuyu Halosulfuron Methyl B Mullimbimby Couch, Nut Grass Iodosulfuron-Methyl-Sodium B Bindii, Black Thistle, Cat's Ear, Cotula, Cudweed, Onio n Grass, Medic, Mouse Eared Chickweed, Oxalis, White Clover Rimsulfuron B Winter Grass, Rye Grass Trifloxysulfuron Sodium Prosulfuron+Dicamba B B, I Burr Medic, Mullumbimby Couch, Nutgrass, Bindii, Ryegrass, Winter Grass, Cat's Ear, Chickweed, Clover, Cotula, Creeping Oxalis, Curled Dock, Milk Thistle Blackberry Nightshade, Cat's Ear,Chickweed, Creeping Oxalis, Curled Dock, Khaki Weed, Milk Thistle, Bindii, Burr Medic, Cotula, Dandelion, Fleabane, Lamb's Tongue, Subterranean Clover, Wireweed, Pennywort, White Clover GROUP C CHEMICALS Inhibitors of photosynthesis and photosystem II Bromoxynil+MCPA C, I Bindii, Jo-Jo, Cudweed, Dandelion, Cat's Ear, Plantains, Thistles, Oxalis, Capeweed, Creeping Buttercup, Fleabane, Clover

53 Active Constituent Group Weeds Controlled GROUP D CHEMICALS Inhibit cell division at the roots, particularly grass weeds. Incorporate by irrigation Crab Grass, Summer Grass, Winter Grass, Barnyard Grass, Dithiopyr D Chickweed, Crowsfoot Grass Oryzalin D Winter Grass, Rye Grass, Crab Grass, Chickweed, Pendimethalin D Crowsfoot Grass, Summer Grass, Winter Grass Prodiamine D Barnyard Grass, Crab Grass, Parramatta Grass, Rat's Tail Fescue, Summer Grass, Crowsfoot Grass, African Lovegrass, Bahia Grass, Kentucky Bluegrass, Paspalum. Winter Grass Propyzamide D Wintergrass GROUP F CHEMICALS Selective herbicides taken up by roots and leaves Diflufenican+MCPA+Clopyra lid Oxadiazon F, I White clover, Plantain, Capeweed, Cat's Ear, Bindii, Cudweed, Creeping Oxalis GROUP G CHEMICALS Pre and Post emergent contact herbicide G Crow's Foot Grass, Summer Grass, Winter Grass, Creeping Oxalis, Active Constituent Group Weeds Controlled GROUP I CHEMICALS Selective herbicide, taken up by the leaves and translocated Dicamba I Cat's Ear, Cudweed, Pennywort, Lamb's Tongue, Fleabanes, Wireweed, Chickweed, Cotula, Sorrel, Dock, Clovers, Capeweed, Toadrush, Peppercress, Dandelion, Medics, Scarlet Pimpernel, Creeping Oxalis, Pearlwort, Trefoil, Yarrow, Bindii, Jo-Jo, Fat Hen, Red Flowered Mallow, Purple Top, Staggered Weed, Swine Cress MCPA I Selected control of many Broadleaf weeds Quinclorac I Summer Grass, White Clover GROUP K CHEMICALS Selective herbicides absorbed by shoots and roots Endothal K Wintergrass Ethofumesate K Wintergrass Disodium Methylarsonate+MCPA K, I Barnyard Grass, Bindii, Capeweed, Cat's Ear, Chickweed, Clover, Cotula, Cudweed, Dandelion, Duckweed, Fleabane, Lamb's Tongue, Mouse-eared Chickweed, Mullumbimby Couch, Nutgrass, Paspalum, Scarlett Pimpernel, Summer Grass, Water Couchgreen, White Clover GROUP O CHEMICALS ALS inhibitor mode of action Isoxaben + Florasulam O, B White clover, Bindii GROUP Z CHEMICALS Diverse sites of action, uptake through plant foliage Monosodium Methylarsonate Z Crab Grass, Summer Grass, Paspalum

54 Other important factors to be considered in an integrated weed management program Calibration Calibration is extremely important in understanding how much chemical is required in your water mix. A calculation of the rate of chemical specified by the label, output of the sprayer, travel speed and swath width can increase the efficacy and potentially reduce the cost of herbicide application. Nozzle Size The type of nozzle plays a large role in spray coverage and in particular droplet size. Different chemicals will be more effective when the recommended droplet size is applied. This is also very important in controlling spray drift. Irrigation Pre emergent herbicides will often require irrigation after application and within a set time frame. Irrigation will help prevent weed growth and development of newly germinated weeds. In post emergent, it is often beneficial to have no irrigation following treatment. Depending on the chemical, temperature and weather conditions will also play a role in efficacy. Mowing Time management is critical in turf production. Mowing can void the use of herbicide treatment if undertaken too soon prior or following application. Always check the label for time restraints on mowing. Fertiliser Timing of fertiliser application is important and should be considered with herbicide application. If spreading manure, always know your source and have an understanding of the quality received. Disclaimer: Horticulture Innovation Australia (HIA Ltd) and Eurofins Agrisearch make no representations and expressly disclaim all warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information in this Brochure. Users of this document should take independent action to confirm any information in this Brochure before relying on its accuracy in any way. Reliance on any information provided by HIA Ltd is entirely at your own risk. HIA Ltd is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability arising in any way (including from HIA Ltd or any other person s negligence or otherwise) from your use or non-use of the Brochure or from reliance on information contained in the Milestone Report or that HIA Ltd provides to you by any other means. This project has been funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited using the Turf Industry levy and funds from the Australian Government