1-Seaweeds and Marine Plants...2

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Name1 :... Name2 :.... 1-Seaweeds and Marine Plants...2 Commercial uses of seaweeds...2 2-Phylum Porifera (Sponges)...3 3-Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals).

1 Name1 :... Name2 : Seaweeds and Marine Plants...2 Commercial uses of seaweeds Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals) Phylum Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Mussels, Slugs, Squids, Octopuses) Phylum Echinodermata (Sea stars, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers, Brittle stars) Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms) Phylum Arthropoda (Crustaceans, Insects, Spiders, etc) Phylum Chordata: Vertebrates...8 Fish...8 Marine mammals...9 Marine birds Marine ecosystems 1: Estuaries, Salt marshes, Mudflats Marine ecosystems 2: Deep Sea Marine ecosystems 3: Rocky shores...11 Study Guide for the quiz on Animal Phyla...12 Page 1 out of 12

2 1-Seaweeds and Marine Plants Seaweeds are grouped among three groups: the green algae (Chlorophyta), the brown algae (Phaeophyta), and the red algae (Rhodophyta). Like the unicellular algae, seaweeds are included in the Kingdom Protista, the kingdom used as present to place whatever is alive, is an eukaryote (cell with nuclei) and does not fit in the other kingdoms! Seaweeds vary widely in size, shape, and complexity. Most of them are attached or benthic (attached to the bottom). Their complete body, the thallus, can be present in the form of filaments, sheets, crusts over rocks, or several variations of more complex arrangements. In some the thallus consists of flat or leaf-like structures known as blades (see picture below of a brown algae). Blades originate from elongate, stem-like structures, the stipes. The holdfast, a root-like structure, is used in many types of seaweed to anchor the thallus to the substrate, or bottom. True leaves, stems, and roots, however, are only characteristic of flowering plants. Observe the specimens in display and answer the following questions 1) Why do brown, red, and green algae differ in the color if all of them have green chlorophyll? What do you think is happening, specifically in the red and brown algae? 2) What color predominates in the each type of seaweed? Phaeophyta Chlorophyta Rhodophyta 3) A rocky shore is a though environment for all living things, and as in all environments living things compete for different resources. Between which groups of organisms would you expect to see competition in a rocky shore? A. ANIMALS-ANIMALS B. SEAWEEDS-ANIMALS C. SEAWEEDS-SEAWEEDS 4) Right, animals most likely compete with other animals. If I tell you that seaweeds actually compete with animals in a rocky shore, what may they be competing for?.. Commercial uses of seaweeds Seaweeds produce different types of gelatinous chemicals used in food processing and in the manufacture of different products. Alginates are used as stabilizers and emulsifiers in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries (an emulsion is the suspension and dispersion of one liquid within another, but sometimes they do not mix that well and then an emulsifier is needed to stabilize the solution). Alginates are also used in the baking industry to prevent frostings and pies from becoming dry. As in brown algae, some red algae provide chemical used by humans: Carrageenan is used as emulsifier in the food industry. Another substance extracted from red algae is Agar, a jelly used for example to protect ham, fish, and meats during canning. Red algae are tough living things 5) What are seaweeds chemicals used for? (read above or see stand next to the sea otter) 6) Identify 4 products that, second hand, contain seaweed (stand is next to the sea otter) Page 2 out of 12

3 7) Identify the right type of group for the following seaweeds and marine plants (watch out! Marine plants are NOT seaweeds!) Egregia menziesii (BOA KELP) SURF GRASS Gelidium robustum (GELIDIUM) Plocamium paciticum Ulva sp (SEA LETTUCE) Macrocystis (GIANT KELP) Pachydictyon coriaceum 8) What is an epiphyte organism? 9) Compare the different groups of seaweeds Predominant color? PHAEOPHYTA RODOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA Marine, Freshwater, Both? MARINE MOSTLY MARINE BOTH Commercial uses? Name the chemicals obtained from them YES. YES. NO (apart of salads ) 2-Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Sponges have the simplest body plan of all animals. Take a look at the poster on the wall, where the plant-like animals are displayed 10) According to the info available, why do you think sponges are said to have the simplest body plan?.. 11) Do you observe any specialized organs in sponges? YES / NO Each individual sponge consists of a system of canals and chambers through which water circulates. Sponges consist of aggregations of cells that never show true tissues or organs, are the only animals that do not have a tissue level of organization. They thus represent the lowest level of organization among animals: the cellular level of organization with a few cellular types. Sponges have numerous pores allow the water to enter. Some cells form the characteristic spicules, transparent structures that provide support and are present in many sponges. 12) How does a sponge feed?. 13) Do you observe a defined type of symmetry in sponges? YES / NO Sponges are normally asymmetric: they show no symmetry. Even if they reproduce both sexually and asexually, sponges build up their number by means of asexual fragmentation rather than sexual reproduction. When sexual reproduction occurs, some of the cells differentiate into sperm and eggs, the sperm can swim and finds an egg in a different sponge, the result of the process is a larva that can be carried with the currents but eventually settles and gives origin to a new sponge. Page 3 out of 12

4 3-Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals) Cnidarians include, among others, the hydroids, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals. In contrast to sponges, cnidarians feature a tissue level of organization since cells are organized into specialized tissues: digestive, nervous, and reproductive among them. They also share radial symmetry since similar parts of the body are arranged and repeated around a central axis. Though cnidarians come in many shapes, their structure falls within one of two basic forms: polyp and medusa. The polyp is specialized as an attached, or sessile, individual with the mouth in the dorsal part surrounded by tentacles. The medusa, or jellyfish, is like an upside-down polyp specialized for swimming. It is said to be pelagic since it lives in the water column away from the bottom. Both polyp and medusa have a centrally located mouth surrounded by tentacles. The mouth and tentacles are directed downward in the medusa. The tentacles contain nematocysts, stinging structures unique to cnidarians located in specific cells called stinging cells. Nematocysts are used to capture prey since practically all cnidarians are carnivores. The mouth leads into a blind gut, one that has no anus. There are no true organs systems, so no circulatory, excretory, or nervous systems (including a brain) to speak of. Cnidarians have sexual and asexual reproduction, though as sponges many of them build up their number by fission (just splitting in two) or budding (from an existing individual), two forms of asexual cloning. 14) What two main differences you notice in cnidarians considering the body organization when compared to sponges? 1 organs/ organs systems: symmetry ) What is the main feeding strategy of all cnidarians? A- GRAZERS B- PREDATORS (CARNIVORES) C- SCAVENGERS D- OMNIVORES 16) Jellyfish are able to swim, though not very efficiently, what two tissues/ organs systems are needed in order to have a coordinated movement? ) Which ones of the main cnidarians forms (corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish) are present at the aquarium? Which ones are not? Present:. Absent:. 18) Cnidarians have a structure, unique to them, that make some of them particularly dangerous, the Portuguese man of war being probably the most famous example. Check the posters o the walls and explain what this structure is 4-Phylum Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Mussels, Slugs, Squids, Octopuses) Mollusks are dispersed in the aquarium, but most of them are located between the tides poster and the plantlike animals and cnidarians. Mollusks constitute a very diverse group, many of them having a shell composed of one or more plaques. Mollusks are among the most advanced of the invertebrates. The digestive system is complete. Digestive glands are actively involved in the digestion and absorption of food. The circulatory system is open in most groups, since blood flows out of vessels into specialized spaces in the body. A heart aids in pumping blood through the system. The nervous system of mollusks varies from a series of aggregations of nervous tissue Page 4 out of 12

5 and a few nerves (as in clams and oysters) to a complex brain and well-developed nerves in octopuses and related forms. Reproduction is sexual and most mollusks have a free-living larval stage denominated trocophore. 19) Identify six (6) COMMON NAMES for mollusks in exhibition in the aquarium. In what type of marine ecosystem would you expect each one to live? 1 SEA SNAIL.. X. Rocky shores X. Sandy shores Rocky shores.. Sandy shores Rocky shores.. Sandy shores Rocky shores.. Sandy shores Rocky shores.. Sandy shores Rocky shores.. Sandy shores 20) After observing the specimens in display, how would you describe their body texture? A soft body that is covered by the mantle, a type of tissue, characterizes mollusks. In those mollusks that have a shell, this is produced by the mantle. A ventral and muscular foot is used in locomotion, but it may also be reduced in many groups. Another feature found only in mollusks is the radula, a ribbon of tiny teeth found in the mouth cavity. It is used in rasping food but it can be modified or absent in some groups. 21) What type of symmetry do mollusks have?... 22) Do all of them have a shell? YES / NOT 23) Which ones do not?... 24) How do snails and other gastropods mollusks feed? This structure is exclusive of this animal group.. 25) Name the species of octopus in exhibition in the aquarium. 26) What adaptation does this species of octopus have to camouflage with the background? 5-Phylum Echinodermata (Sea stars, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers, Brittle stars) The phylum Echinodermata is completely restricted to the marine environment, echinoderms are the invertebrates more closely related to vertebrates, because of some common characteristics during the embryologic development. Most echinoderms present a pentaradial symmetry acquired during the development to the adult form. Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, feather stars & sea lilies are all echinoderms. In spite of their potentially misleading name and sometimes foreboding appearance, the echinoderms do not possess an Page 5 out of 12

6 external skeleton. Rather, a thin outermost skin covers an endoskeleton made of tiny calcified plates and spines, which forms a rigid support contained within tissues of the organism. Echinoderms possess a water vascular system, a network of fluid-filled canals that function in gas exchange, feeding, and secondarily in locomotion. 27) Considering the body design echinoderms have, in what part of the marine environment you would NOT expect to find these animals? A- SANDY BOTTOMS B- ROCKY BOTTOMS C- OPEN OCEAN D- DEEP SEA BOTTOM 28) Check the poster in the wall and briefly explain the main characteristics for this phylum a) Water vascular system:.. b) Endoskeleton: What other animal phylum also has an endoskeleton?... c) Tube feet: d) Symmetry: What animals inside this group do show this type of symmetry? 29) Which type of echinoderm will most likely feed on organic matter, passing the food through the body as earthworms do? 30) Echinoderms have a variety of feeding strategies. Identify one echinoderm that feeds as a A- Deposit feeder, waits for particles to settle:.. B- Suspension or filter feeder: filters the water to get the food:. C- Scavenger: eats rests of dead animals: D- Predator: carnivore echinoderms:. 6-Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms) The phylum Annelida is one of the many animal phyla composed of worms!, but there some important differences between annelids and other phyla, as annelids are among the four more complex invertebrate phyla regarding body organization (body plan) and presence of advanced features such as complex organ systems. The body of annelids, or segmented worms, consists of a series of segments, hence their common name Segmentation provides for an additional degree of flexibility in the worm body plan. Segmentation is also internal since segments are internally separated from each other by a membrane. There is a complete digestive system that runs from an anterior mouth to the posterior anus. Annelids also feature a closed circulatory system, one where the blood is always enclosed in blood vessels. Oxygen intake in marine species is aided by the presence of gills (respiratory surfaces), which are branched extensions of blood vessels. Gills are normally located in parapodia, lateral extensions of the segments always present in Polychaeta, reduced in Oligochaeta, and completely absent in Hirudinea. Reproduction is sexual, normally with separate sexes, though some species (e.g. earthworm) can be hermaphrodites. 31) What type of symmetry do annelids have?.... Page 6 out of 12

7 32) The examples of segmented worms at the aquarium are tube builders. What does this mean? 33) In what type of ecosystems will these tube builders live in the ocean? A- SANDY BOTTOMS B- ROCKY BOTTOMS C- OPEN OCEAN D- DEEP SEA BOTTOM 34) Why would this type of symmetry be better than the radial one (cnidarians)? 35) Connected with the previous question, what organs or organ systems may experience a faster development as a consequence of this type of symmetry? Why is that needed? 36) Why would segmentation be an important change in the body design (see intro for this phylum)? ) What other 2 animal phyla (both present at the aquarium) also show real body segmentation? Phylum Arthropoda (Crustaceans, Insects, Spiders, etc) Arthropods are considered to be the most successful animal group. Considering the entire planet, they have the greatest diversity of species, but also have the largest number of individuals. In fact, every 4 animals in the world, 3 are arthropods. Arthropods are the only group of invertebrates that has been able to invade both terrestrial and aerial environments. Typical examples of terrestrial arthropods are insects, spiders, centipedes, and millipedes. Crustaceans are the most representative group of arthropods in aquatic environments. 38) One group of Arthropods accounts for most individuals of this phylum in the oceans, shrimps and crabs belong to this group, what is its name?.. 39) Where in a shrimp or crab or lobster do you see evidence of body segmentation? 40) One of the major characteristics of arthropods is the presence of a skeleton, how is this skeleton different from the one vertebrates have? 41) How are the appendages of an arthropod different from the tentacles of an octopus? 42) What other animal phyla also shows jointed appendages?. Page 7 out of 12

43) Identify four (4) COMMON NAMES for arthropods in exhibition in the aquarium. In what type of marine ecosystem would you expect each one to live? 1 BARNACLES.....X Rocky shores. Sandy shores.

8 43) Identify four (4) COMMON NAMES for arthropods in exhibition in the aquarium. In what type of marine ecosystem would you expect each one to live? 1 BARNACLES.....X Rocky shores. Sandy shores... Deep sea bottom Rocky shores. Sandy shores... Deep sea bottom Rocky shores. Sandy shores... Rocky shores. Sandy shores... Deep sea bottom... Deep sea bottom 8-Phylum Chordata: Vertebrates Fish Fish constitute the most numerous animal group inside the subphylum Vertebrata, which is included in the phylum Chordata. Vertebrata receive this name based on one of the most prominent features of the group, the presence of endoskeleton made of vertebrae or backbone. A typical fish is cold-blooded; has a streamlined body that allows it to swim rapidly; extracts oxygen from the water using gills or an accessory breathing organ to enable it to breath atmospheric oxygen; has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin; has jaws; has skin that is usually covered with scales; and lays eggs that are fertilized internally or externally 44) Use the picture provided below to characterize the external morphology of fish General external morphology of fish: EYES, MOUTH, NOSTRILS, 1 ST DORSAL FIN, 2 ND DORSAL FIN, CAUDAL FIN, OPERCULUM, LATERAL LINE, ANAL FIN, PELVIC FINS, PECTORAL FINS 45) Which fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward?... 46) Which fins are used to maintain its position, move, steer and stop? 47) Which fins are paired (present on both sides of the body)? 48) Which fins are single? Page 8 out of 12

9 49) What anatomic (body) adaptations do flatfish (flounders) have as to live in the bottom ecosystem? ) What makes sharks and rays different from bony fish? Identify four characteristics unique to sharks and relatives 1 BACKBONE IS MADE OF FLEXIBLE CARTILAGE AND NOT RIGID CALCIUM CARBONATE Marine mammals 51) Why did sea otters almost disappear in the early 1900 s? (room where the octopus is located) 52) How are sea otters different from others marine mammals? 53) How does your previous answer affect their metabolism? Explain 54) What other marine mammals are in exhibition in the aquarium? ) What marine mammals have made the greatest transition back to the marine environment? Marine birds 56) Seabirds do not have a thick layer of blubber in order to resist the cold waters, how do they solve that problem? 57) Identify and example of a DEEP DIVER... DIVER SURFACE FEEDER. Page 9 out of 12

10 58) Birds normally have hollow bones that help having a lighter skeleton, a flight adaptation. What marine mammals will actually have dense, not light, bones? Why is that? 9-Marine ecosystems 1: Estuaries, Salt marshes, Mudflats 59) Why are estuaries particularly important for marine organisms? 60) What is the problem for estuarine species when it comes to human issues? 61) The evolution in time of the LOS ANGELES estuary according to the human population increase and use of the area is shown in at the Cabrillo aquarium. According toe the map present at the aquarium, what percent of the estuarine area, approximately, has been modified by humans so far?. A- 10% B- 25% C- 50% D- 75% 95% 62) Identify two commercially valuable fish that use salt marshes as nursery ground Marine ecosystems 2: Deep Sea 63) Light from the surface only reaches the first 300 feet in the ocean, deep sea animals live in complete darkness then. Food is another problem, because only a tiny percentage of the food produced above reaches the deep layer, what is this percentage? A- 1% B- 5% C- 10% D- 15 % E- 20% 64) What is bioluminescence? 65) How is bioluminescence produced? 66) What are the possible uses of this adaptation in the deep ocean? Page 10 out of 12

11 11-Marine ecosystems 3: Rocky shores Now that we all know what generates the currents and what generates the tides, let s focus in how the combination of these two plus the type of substrate affect the marine life. The Cabrillo aquarium focuses mostly on rocky shores and makes sense because of two reasons: 1- there are plenty of rocky shores in Southern California, 2- sandy beaches are nice to enjoy the sun but boring when trying to observe other living things not being humans! 67) Think, what could be TWO main problems animals living in rocky shores have to face? If you said predation you are wrong, if you said finding the food you are wrong too! The main problem is of course the risk of drying out (desiccation, dehydration) during low tides when organisms are exposed to the air. But problems just begin there 68) Consider the following: in a forest you have plants and animals, if you have competition for available resources, what types of competition would you expect? A- PLANTS PLANTS B- PLANTS ANIMALS C- ANIMALS - ANIMALS 69) If I tell you that in a rocky shore there is competition between seaweeds and animals, what may be they competing for? The factor you mentioned, in fact, could be considered the second in importance after desiccation (severe water loss or dehydration) together with the problem imposed by the wave shock. In rocky shores then, the organism that first arrives to an empty space has a huge advantage over the others and may rapidly colonize the new place. 70) Identify six (6) organisms that live in rocky shores. What groups does each one belong to? How does each one feed? 1 SEAWEED.. Group: ALGAE. Feeds:.. PRODUCER Group: Feeds: Group:..... Feeds: Group:.... Feeds: Group:.... Feeds: Group:.... Feeds:..... Page 11 out of 12

12 Study Guide for the quiz on Animal Phyla + Cabrillo Aquarium 1. Associate the phylum name with the most common organisms that belong to each phylum, this may help you recalling the body design they have For example. Porifera = sponges, Mollusks = snails, slugs, sea hares, abalones, squids, octopi 2. What animal phyla being worms covered in the lecture are not represented in the aquarium? What is the particular importance they have in the animal kingdom? 3. Know which animal phyla show on or more of the following: a) body segmentation b) a type of symmetry (bilateral, radial, Pentaradial, or if they are asymmetric) c) a skeleton, either endo or exo d) life style commonly present in the phylum: free-living (either sessile or motile), parasites, symbionts. e) Which ones live only in the marine environment and which ones adapted to live out of the water, for example: sponges are always aquatic, the same for cnidarians f) What are the special things about the phylum, for example: cnidarians have stinging cells and incomplete digestive systems, mollusks always have a soft body and most of them have a shell or two, etc. For the phylum Chordata, 4. know which ones live only in the aquatic environment and which ones evolved as to live out of the water 5. Which vertebrates are fully adapted to life on land and do not depend on the water anymore, the adaptations that allowed them to do so. In other words, how is a reptile different from an amphibian? 6. Special characteristics of birds (3, related to flight) and mammals (3), and the common characteristics they have that allowed them to live everywhere, even the poles 7. Main differences in the body design of a bony fish and a cartilaginous fish (sharks) 8. Examples of marine birds and mammals present in the aquarium that went back to the water Page 12 out of 12

Animal Diversity. Kingdom Animalia

Animal Diversity. Kingdom Animalia 7ch11 Animal Diversity Kingdom Animalia Animal Characteristics 1. animals are eukaryotes and are multicellular 2. cells are specialized for different functions (vision,digestion,reproduction) 3. protein,