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Gulf Research Reports Volume ssue January Notes on Some Chaetognaths from Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos slands (British West ndies) Jerry A. McLelland Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Richard W.

1 Gulf Research Reports Volume ssue January Notes on Some Chaetognaths from Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos slands (British West ndies) Jerry A. McLelland Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Richard W. Heard Gulf Coast Research Laboratory DO: 0./grr.00.0 Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation McLelland, J. A. and R. W. Heard.. Notes on Some Chaetognaths from Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos slands (British West ndies). Gulf Research Reports (): -. Retrieved from This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. t has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf and Caribbean Research by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact Joshua.Cromwell@usm.edu.

2 Gulf Research Reporfs, Vol., No., -, NOTES ON SOME CHAETOGNATHS FROM PNE CAY, TURKS AND CACOS SLANDS (BRTSH WEST NDES) JERRY A. McLELLAND AND RCHARD W. HEARD nvertebrate Zoology Section, Guy Coast Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 000, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 6 ABSTRACT Seven species of planktonic Chaetognatha - Ferosagitta hispida, Flaccisagitta enjlata, F. hexaptera, Krohnitta pacpca, Sagitta bipunctata, Serratosagitta serratodentata, and Pterosagitta draco - were present in plankton samples collected in waters north of Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos slands, British West ndies. n addition, the epibenthic species Spadella cephaloptera, Paraspadella nana, and P. schizoptera were present, the latter two species associated mainly with shallow clumps of the coralline alga, Neogoniolithon sp., and with sponge-algal communities. One specimen of S. cephaloptera was collected at m from a sand bottom north of the fringing reef adjacent to Pine Cay. Meristic data for F. hispida and for the three epibenthic species are provided. NTRODUCTON Water surrounding small islands in the British West ndies is primarily oceanic in nature, with little dilution from terrestrial freshwater sources. Consequently, the near-shore plankton community is composed largely of species associated with oceanic currents. Detailed information on the chaetognath population structure in the southem Bahamas and British West ndies is sketchy. nvestigations of planktonic chaetognath distribution in the tropical westem Atlantic were published by Ritter-ZAhony (0), Suairez-Caabro (), Colman (), Alvariiio (6), and more recently Michel et az(l6). Distribution of the epibenthic family Spadellidae in the Bahamas was discussed by Owre (), who also mentioned four planktonic chaetognath species from surface qualitative samples collected at diverse stations among the islands. Michel (), in a synopsis of chaetognaths of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters, provided an identification key and illustrations of species occurring in the region. The purpose of this paper is to document three epibenthic species occurring at Pine Cay and planktonic species from nearby waters. MATERALS AND METHODS Chaetognaths from near-shore waters in the vicinity of fie Cay (Figure ) were examined from collections made in April, November, and April. Several methods were used for collecting planktonic Manwript received December. 0, accepted Manh, 0. specimens (Table l), including towing a 0. m, 00 p mesh net from a skiff, pulling an Ockelmann epibenthic (sled) both from a skiff and along the beach by hand, and using an illuminated plexiglass plankton trap at night. Epibenthic specimens were collected by gently hand washing substrata (e.g., algae clumps, sponges) in a weak formalin-seawater solution. Attached animals that became dislodged were captured on a 0. mm sieve. Epibenthic specimens were also collected using a handoperated PVC yabby pump and sock-net of 0. mm mesh size. Samples were fixed in 0% formalin-seawater. Chaetognaths removed from the samples were identified to species, counted, and assigned to a stage of maturity based on the four stages of gonadal development reviewed by Alvariao (6). Total numbers and maturity stages of chaetognaths sorted from the plankton samples are presented in Table. Numbers and stages of maturity of chaetognaths from the various epibenthic collections are presented in Table ; some meristic values are provided in Table. Planktonic species (Table ) With the exception of the primarily neritic Ferosagitta hispida collected only in epibenthic samples (Table ), the planktonic species are all oceanic and found in the epipelagic Strata. However, Flaccisagitta hexaptera, considered rafe in SUlfaCe Waters, is most Often associated with the lower epiplankton from about 0 to 00 m. All are cosmopolitan except Serratosagitta serratodentutu and Ferosagitta hispida, which are tropical Atlantic species (Pierrot-Bults ; AlvariAo 6). llustra-

3 FORT b D 0 P 0 BANK L i Figure. Map showing locations of collecting sites in the vicinity of Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos slands, British West ndies. Scale = km. tions and descriptions were published by Alvariflo (6), Michel (), and McLelland (). The following list presents synonyms and ecological notes for the seven planktonic species: FerosughVu hispidu (Conant, ) Sagitta hispida, Conant Sagitta gloriae, Almeida-Prado 60 Parasagitta hispidu, Tokioka 6 Ferosagitta hispida, Kassatkina Ecology and distribution: This species is common in neritic, tropical and subtropical waters near continents and islands of the Atlantic ocean (Boltovskoy ; Michel ). t was very abundant in the nearshore waters around Pine Cay, especially over the grass beds in the channel (Ockelmann collections), but absent in surface net collections made over the fringing reef in April. A near-bottom distribution was also noted for the species by Owre () from Bahamian collections and supports the idea of Robert Bieri (pers. comm. ) that F. hispida might be considered quasiplanktonic; that is, spending some of its time attached or associated with substrata such as blades of the sea grass Thalassia. Flaecisugifta enflata (Grassi, ) Sagitta Enflufa (sic), Grassi Sagitta flaccida, Conant 6

4 C~A~~OGNATHS FROM THE TURKS AND CAtcos SLANDS TABLE Benthic and epibenthic collection data from various sites around Fine Cay. collection location approx. Total depth Specidate time (m) substrate method men A B C D E F G H J K L M N 0 P Q R S T U V W Mud Shrimp Cay Rock-a-wash Cay Pine Cay dock NE grass beds North beach NE grass beds Fringing reef Fringing reef Ft. George Cay Ft. George Cay NE grass beds Fringing reef Ft. George Cay NE grass beds Frin~g reef Aquarium North beach Rock-a-wash Cay Rock-a-wash Cay NE beach North beach North beach Fringing reef // 0/0/ // // // /0/ // // // // // // /0/ / // / a // // // // /6/ Neogoniolithon gray sponge silt Thalassia sand Thalassia sand rubble Neogoniolithon soft algae Thalassia rubble Neogoniolithon Thalassia sand silt sand Neogoniolithon sponge grass-algae sand sand-grass rubble hand net YabbY Pump YabbY Pump YabbY Pump light trap YabbY Pump Sagitta gardineri, Doncaster 0 Sagitta brachycephala, Moltschanoff 0 Sagitta inflata, Ritter-ZAhony 0 Sagitta australis, Johnston 0 Flaccisagitta enflata, Tokioka 6 Ecology and distribution: Flaccisagitta enflata, a very common species in oceanic and coastal waters, is epip lanktonic in tropical and temperate regions throughout the world (Alvariiio 6; Boltovskoy ). t was the most abundant chaetognath in surface tow collections from Pine Cay made in April. FEaccisagitta hexaptera (d orbigny, ) Sagitta hexaptera d Orbigny, Sagitta magna, Langerhans 0 Sagitta longidentata, Grassi Sagitta hexaptera f. magna, Germain and Joubin 6 Flaccisagitta hexaptera, Tokioka 6 Ecology and distribution: Flaccisagitta hexaptera, an oceanic, epiplanktonic species in tropical and temperate regions (Alvdo 6). occurs in the deeper epipelagic to upper mesopelagic zones (00-00 m) in warm seas (Owre 60; David 6). The single specimen collected was not expected in our samples, because the species is seldom found in shallow coastal waters. Kruhnittu pacifica (Aida, ) Krohnia pacifica, Ai& Krohnitta subtilis (partim), Ritter-ZAhony 0 Krohnia kerberti, Oye Eukrohnia pac@ca, Michael Krohnitta mutabbii, Alvariao 6 Krohnitta pacifica, Tokioka Ecology and Distribution: Krohnitta pacifica, a semineritic, epiplanktonic species, is known from tropical and subtropical seas (Fumestin 66; Boltovskoy ). t is common along oceanic-coastal water fronts (Pierce and Wass 6; Almeida-Prado 6; McLelland, ). Pterosugittu draw (Krohn, ) Ritter-Zghony, Sagitta draco, Krohn Pterosagitta mediterranea, Costa 6 Spadella draco, Langerhans 0 Pterosagitta besnardi, Vannucci and Hosd

5 m MCLELWD AND HE TABLE Chaetognaths present n surface plankton tom made n the vlchlq d the Ringhg reef north of Ane Cay. matnrltg // mh p e E e stage 00-OS 00-0 Flaccisagitt a enflata F. hexaptera Krohitta pacifica Ptemsagitta draco Sagitta lbipumtata Serratosagitta serratodentata n n Ecolugy and distribution: Pterosagitta dram is an meanic species, epiplanktonic to upper mesoplanktonic in tropical and subtropical areas (Owre 60; Alvariflo 6), and has been found associated with mixed water along continental shelf regions (Pierce 6: Pierce and Wass 6; Saint-Bon 6; Mclelletod ). Sagitta bipunctdu Quoy and Gaimard, Sagitta californica, Michael Sagitta atlantica, Gray Sagirro hispido (non Conant), Burljeld and Harvey, 6 Sagitta multidentata, Hsii Ecology and distribution: This oceanic species is epip lanzaonic ta upper mesoplanktonic in temperate to tropical waters (OWE 60; Alvariflo 6; Legart and Zoppi 6)- where it is considered an indicator of highsalinity, oceanic water (Pierce ; Grant 6). Serratomgith smutdentuta (Krohn, ) Sagitra serraro-denrota, KFohn Sagifto serrutodenrotu, Langerfians 0 Spdelia sewarodenrara, Grassi Sagitta sertutode ntaro serra rodenrato, Pierrot-Bults Serratosagirta serrarodentota, Toki~ka 6 Ecology and disrribuhon: An qp!aaktonic, form, the subspecies described by Pierrot-Bults is wide- 6 f 6 spread in tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic waters. t was collected near the surface at three szations in the Bahamas by Qwre (). As is the case fur the other planktonic species reported here, the presence of S. serrutodentafa in coastal waters indicates the influence of offshore currents. Most specimens of Puraspdella nuna and P. schizopteru, of the family spadellidae ( hkioka 6, were taken from shallow water (-. m) algal-sponge-coral washing at Fort George Cay across the channel: from Pine Cay, and at Rockawash and Mud Shrimp Cays, WO islets the shallow Caicos Banks east of Pine Cay (Fig. ). Additional specimens of P. schizoptera were collected with the yabby pump from sediment samples at the shallow fringing reef northwest of Pine Cay. One specimen of Spadella cepphaloptera was taken from B bag of sand colected by Cherie Head ( Nov. ) from B 0-0 ft ( m) on a silt-sand bottom near the seaward edge of the fringing reef northwest of Pine Cay. The specimens of P. MM greater thau f -0 mm were all mature or nearly so (Table ). Meristic charactem fell within ranges published by Owre (6, ) for Caribbean specimens. The species (Fig. f-i) is easily identified by its small size, two wide lateral adhesive processes emerging anterior to the seminal vesicles, and large ova that kend the gut into an S shape. Two mature specimens had the peculiar hernia midway between the seminal vesicles and tip of the tail noted by Owre (6). Specimens of P. schizuprera (Fig a-e),.-.00 mm, were identified mainly by the presence of four thin, elongate digitate adhesive processes. Also notable are the elongate anterior teeth that protrude prominently outward when the hooks are extended (Fig. 6). Paired lateral fins, described by Conan? () and Miche () frm animals of up to.6 mm, were not observed on any Pine Cay specimens. The two pairs of lateral fins described by some authors are not appaxent during early growth as seen in Feigenbaum s (6) developmend study of the species. The lateral fin should be considered as a single strumre constricted into anterior and posterior lobs by the protruding genital receptacular appatatus ( funnels ), which becomes prominent as the animal approaches maturity (FB. Michel, pen. comm. ). For this reason we chose to adopt Bowman and Bieri s () revision of Spadellidae systematics which divided the family into two genera based on the presence or absence of adhesive organs (Paraspadelfa and Spadella, respectively), and dt~c~~ated the presence of true paired lateral fins. By definition, the species nanu, pulchella, hummehki, schizoptera, a d anops, all possessing adhesive organs, now belong to the genus Par-

6 CHAC~OGNATHS FROM THE TURKS AND CACOS SLANDS Table Chaetognaths present in benthic and epibenthic collections made near Pine Cay (Table ). Numbers and maturity stages. Mat COLLECTONS Species S t a g e A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Ferosagitta hispida V Flaccisagitta enflata _ aspadella. Bowman and Bieri s revision rectified an earlier proposal by Salvini-Plawetl (6), which based the systematics partly on the numbers of lateral fin pairs. Paraspadella nana and P. schizoptera are both common in shallow waters of the Bahamas and southeastem Florida (Owre ; Michel ). Paraspadella schizoptera has also been reported from Japan (Yosii and Tokioka ), 0-00 m. off New South Wales, Australia (Mawson ), and Soldier Key, Florida (Owre 6). The Japanese record has been designated as a new species, P. caecafera, by Salvini-Plawen (6) based on its lack of anterior fins and presence of intestinal diverticula. Two other species of the genus not found in this study, P. pulchella (Owre, 6), and P. hummelincki (Alvarifio, 0), have been reported from the Bahamas and surrounding waters, although the latter is probably a synonym of the former (Owre ), and therefore, likely occur in the Turks and Caicos slands. The three epibenthic species are listed with synonyms and ecological notes: Spadella cephaloptera (Busch, ) Sagitta cephaloptera, Busch Spadella cephaloptera, Ritter-Zhony Ecology and distribution: This species has a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical seas and is abundant in shallow waters of the Bahamian islands and in southem Florida (Owre ; Michel ). Owre () reported it to be associated with a variety of substrata including sand bottoms and Thalassia sea grass in waters ranging in depth from 0. to m. Surprisingly, only a single specimen was collected during this study, one from a sand bottom at m. Paraspadella nana (Owre, 6) Spadella nana, Owre 6 Gephyrospadella nana, Salvini-Plawen 6 Ecology and distribution: This species was described from specimens associated with mixed algae and turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) at - feet off Soldier Key, Florida (Owre 6). Owre () indicated that it might be associated with plant growth on sandy bottoms in the Bahamas, where it was found at of 6 stations in depths of to 0 meters. n our study, it was consistently found associated with the coralline alga, Neogoniolithon sp., and with sponge-algal communities in shallow water.

7 MCLELLAND AND HEARD Table Meristic values of some chaetognaths from Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos slands. SPECES Total 6 Ant. Length mm Tail Hooks Teeth Post. Mat. No. Speci- Teeth Stage mens Ferosagitta hispida V V V Spadella cephaloptera Paraspadella nana O-.O V -V -V V V Paraspadella schizoptera

8 C~WOGNATHS FROM THE TURKS AND CAcos SLANDS Table (Continued) SPECES Total % Ant. Post. Mat. No. Speci- Length mm Tail Hooks Teeth Teeth Stage mens n-v V Paraspadella schizoptera (Conant, ) Spadella schizoptera, Conant Paraspadella schizoptera, Salvini-Plawen 6 Paraspadella schizoptera, Bowman and Bieri Ecology and distribution: Originally, P. schizoptera was described from three specimens collected with a plankton net at rising tide from Bimini in the Bahamas (Conant ). t has since been found associated with mixed algae off Soldier Key, Florida (Owre 6), and sandy bottoms from 0. to 0 meters in the Bahamas and Biscayne Bay, Florida (Owre ). t was present in nine collections from Pine Cay in waters of to 0 m and associated with coralline algae, sponges, and rubble bottoms. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Stephen Spotte, Roy Manston, Pat Bubucis, Cherie Heard, and C. Lavette Smith for aid in collecting specimens and for logistical support in the field. The manuscript was reviewed by Gabriele Meyer, Sara LeCroy, and Stephen Spotte. Harding Michel confirmed and commented on two of the epibenthic species. Field research was supported by a grant from the Oakleigh L. Thorne Foundation and general funds of Sea Research Foundation. We thank Mr. Oakleigh B. Thome, the other residents of Pine Cay, and staff members of the Meridian Club for encouragement and logistic support. This is contribution No. of the Pine Cay Coral Reef Ecology Program. REFERENCES CTED Aida, T.. Chaetognaths of Misaki Harbor. Annor. Zool. Jpn. :-. Almeida-Prado, M.S. de. 60. A new species of Sagitta from the southem Brazilian coast. Acad. Bras. de Cienc. (): Distribution and occurrence of Chaetognatha off Cananeia and Santos Coast. Bol. nst. Oceanogr., Suo Paul0 ():-. Alvariiio, A. 6. Chaetognaths. Ann. Rev. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. : Los quetognatos del Atlhtico. Distribucion y notas esenciales de sistematica. Trab. nst. esp. Oceanogr.. 0 pp.. 0. A new species of Spadella (benthic Chaetognatha). Stud. Fauna Curaqao and Other Caribb. sls. ():-. Boltovskoy, D.. Chaetognatha. n: Atlas del zooplankton del Atlhtico Suboccidental. D. Boltovskoy, Ed., Publ. nst. Nac. nvest. y Des. Pesc. (NDEP), Argentina. pp. -. Bowman, T.E., and R. Bieri.. Paruspadella anops, new species, from Sagittarius Cave Grand Bahama sland, the second troglobitic chaetognath. Proc. Biol. SOC. Wash. 0():6-. Burfield, S.T., and J.W. Harvey. 6. The Chaetognatha of the Sealark expedition. Trans. Linn. SOC. Lond. Ser. (Zool.) ():-.

9 6 F \ A E H Figure. A-E, Paraspadella schizoptem. F-, Paraspadella nana. A,, whole animal, dorsal view; B,F, left and right eyes; C,G, anterior teeth with hooks retracted, ventral view; D, protruding anterior teeth when hooks are extended, ventral view; E,H, detail of adhesive processes, ventral view. Scales: A,E,H, = 0. mm; B-D,F,G = 0. mm. Busch, W.. Beobachtungen iiber Anatomie und conant, F.S.. Description of two new chaetognaths Entwicklung einiger wirbellosen Seethiere. (Spudella schizoptera and Sagitta hispida). Ann. Mag. Chaetognatha. Berlin, :-00. Not. Hist., Ser.6, 6:-. Colman, J.S.. Tht Rosaura expedition -. costa, A. 6. Di un nuovo genere di Chetognati. Ann. Mus. Chaetoptha. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. ():- Zool. Reale Univ. Napoli...

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