Human factors studies were simulator-based studies not transferable Safety impacts were not well understood
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1 6-inch Edge Lines
2 10 years ago Agencies liked the looks of wider edge lines but did not have evidence to support broad implementation. Implemented mostly on Interstate and similar highways Limited operations-based research results were inconsistent Speed, lateral position Human factors studies were simulator-based studies not transferable Safety impacts were not well understood Until now, no significant results Naïve before-after crash studies Insufficient data and lack of experimental control
3 Wide Pavement Markings (2006) Mostly Interstate Highways White = no response, Grey = implemented, Grid = not implemented - No
4 Fresh Insights A compilation of new data since 2006 provides evidence that wider edge lines increase safety FHWA has completed a 5 year study that included a safety evaluation of wide edge line markings Follow up research was also conducted to fill in the gaps Confirmation through case study 4
5 Wider Lines v. Brighter Lines Wider edge lines provide more benefit than very high retro levels wider edge lines provide a more comfortable driving environment for drivers wider edge lines provide more time for drivers to focus on critical driving tasks Night Day Enhanced Standard FHWA/TX-10/ TTI Eye-Tracking Research 5
6 Detection Distances inch 6-inch Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4 Pair 5 4-inch, 6-inch Pairs FHWA/TX-07/5008-2
7 SAFETEA-LU Study Safety Effects of Wider Edge Lines on Rural, Two-Lane Roads
8 Statewide Retrospective Crash Analysis of Wider Edge Lines Nationwide survey Do you use wider edge lines? Where? When? Available crash data? Michigan, Illinois, Kansas
9 Summary of Safety Effects For Two-Lane Rural Highways Crash Type Percent Reduction Total Fatal and Injury Day Night Based on data from 3 states: Kansas from , 1300 miles Michigan from , 788 miles Illinois from , 287 miles References: Full: FHWA-HRT Summary: AAP 2012
10 FHWA CMF Clearinghouse Install Wider Edge Lines (4 to 6 inches) CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type All Fatal,Serio us injury,mino r injury Rural Day time Fatal,Serio us injury,mino r injury Rural Nighttime Fatal,Serio us injury,mino r injury Rural
11 Comparative B/C Analysis Crash data from Kansas DOT fatal and injury crash data Crash cost data from NHTSA s Economical & Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes Fatal = $9,145,998 Injury = $1,573,306 PDO = $3,862 Pavement markings waterborne paint $0.15 per foot for 6-in markings 2 year service life
12 Treatment Comparative B/C Findings (Two-Lane Highways) B/C Ratio Wider Edge Lines $33 - $55 per $1 Rumble Strips $37 - $46 per $1 Chevrons $9 - $46 per $1 RRPMs $13 per $1 Reference: AGBMA 2012
13 Reference: FHWA Safety 2013
14 Summary Eye-Tracking: wide edge lines provide safer driver conditions (more time for driver to focus on other critical tasks) Speeds: Negligible Lane position: Negligible Safety: 4 star CMFs ranging from to Cost: 15% more Cost effectiveness: $1 spent à $33 to $55 benefits Automated vehicles: easier detection and tracking for lane departure warning (LDW) and lane keeping assistance (LKA) 14
15 Case Study: Missouri DOT Smooth Roads Initiative ( ) 2,300 miles of roadways were improved Focus: Rideability and Visibility Visibility è Striping & Delineation Wider markings Rumble strips with wider markings Barrier delineators Reference markers on Interstates 15
16 Analysis Empirical Bayes (EB) method employed using 3 years before ( ) and 3 years after ( ) Effectiveness of Striping & Delineation programs: 16% reduction in fatal and disabling injury crashes 11% reduction in fatal and all injury crashes Report: Benefit/Cost Evaluation of MoDOT s Total Striping and Delineation Program: Phase II, MRIGlobal, June
17 Missouri B/C Findings Wider markings (6-inch) urban multilane divided highways (B/C = 29) rural freeways (B/C = 24) urban multilane undivided highways (B/C = 22) Wider markings (6-inch) w/ resurfacing rural multilane undivided highways (B/C = 146) urban two-lane highways (B/C = 118) Center line and edge line rumble strips on rural two-lane highways (B/C = 36) 17
18 Reference Materials Evaluation of Potential Benefits of Wider and Brighter Edge Line Pavement Markings, FHWA/TX-10/5862-1, July 2010 Benefit/Cost Evaluation of MoDOT s Total Striping and Delineation Program: Phase II, MRIGlobal, Report CM , June 2011 Safety Effects of Wider Edge Lines on Rural Two-Lane Highways, Accident & Analysis Prevention, January An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Wider Edge Pavement Markings, American Glass Bead Association, February Pavement Marking Demonstration Projects: State of Alaska and State of Tennessee, FHWA-HRT , November FHWA Safety Newsletter, 2013, Volume 7, Issue 1 Synthesis of Pavement Marking Research, FHWA-SA , June
19 Status of Wide Markings Since 2016 Statewide: Arkansas, West Virginia, California Partial: Louisiana, Nevada Considering: Colorado, New Hampshire Under Study: North Carolina 19
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