Magnetic measurements (Pt. III) - AC

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1 Magnetic measurements (Pt. III) - AC Ruslan Prozorov 24 February 2014 Physics 590B

2 lock-in amplifier 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 2

3 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 3

4 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 4

5 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 5

6 lock-in summary with integrator integrate out phase-sensitive detector (PSD) 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 6

7 Basic principles of AC susceptometry SIGNAL REF PHASE SHIFT to MAX the signal find the phase MULTIPLIER Low-pass filter and integrator DC out 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 7

8 AC magnetic susceptibility 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 8

9 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 9

10 typical AC susceptometer 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 10

11 AC measurements 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 11

12 solenoid in external fields 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 12

13 now we place it in field 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 13

14 resulting current 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 14

15 collective behavior (spin glass, vortices, superparamagnetic particles) 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 15

16 superconductors Tc, weak links, irreversibility line etc 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 16

17 local AC response 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 17

18 even simpler device measure B(x) small Hall probe H ac superconducting sample 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 18

19 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 19

20 the wave forms 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 20

21 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 21

22 AC harmonics 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 22

23 and the actual data 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 23

24 further reading 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 24

25 example of frequency dependence 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 25

26 B influence of vortex creep J F L Activation energy behavior c 0 FL J Pinning Vacancies, voids, inhomogeneities, where superconductivity is weak Pinning decreases energy losses caused by flux creep 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 26

27 influence of vortex creep 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 27

28 and how it affects the wave - forms 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 28

29 local vs. global AC susceptibility 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 29

30 AC susceptometers A true AC susceptometer must have an AC component of the applied field The use of lock-in amplifier does not guarantee that the device is an AC susceptometer AC H ac Hall probe sample V ac to lock-in VHall RH IDCHDC I dc DC H dc Hall probe V ac to lock-in sample VHall RH IACHDC I ac 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 30

31 different types and designs the amplitude domain 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 31

32 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 32

33 QD AC coil set for PPMS 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 33

34 Analog vs frequency-domain measurements amplitude measure frequency time 10-7 sec zero-crossing detector advantages of the frequency domain arbitrary wave form bandpass filtering mixing aggressive amplification extremely stable standards 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 34

35 resonant techniques measure resonant frequency SHIFT! 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 35

36 driven vs. self-resonating circuit amplitude amplitude frequency frequency problems: phase noise and finite Q - factor self-resonating circuit is equivalent to an infinite - Q resonator. phase noise is the only issue (can be dealt with with ultra-high stability clocks) 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 36

37 mw cavity set-up 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 37

38 microwave cavity-perturbation technique 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 38

39 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 39

40 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 40

41 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 41

42 what is measured and the calibration 24 February 2014 Basics of Magnetic Measurements. Part III (AC). Prof. Ruslan Prozorov 42

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