Backyard hatcheries for finfish and shellfish: the Asian phenomenon
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1 Backyard hatcheries for finfish and shellfish: the Asian phenomenon Chang-Kwei Lin Asian Institute of Technology And David Little Stirling University
2 Major aquaculture region in Asia
3 Major Aquaculture Production in Asia (FAO 2002 data) Molluscs % China (million tonnes) Crustacean % Fish % Molluscs % Thailand (1,000 tonnes) Others (Frogs and soft-shell turtle) % Indonesia (1,000 tonnes) Crustacean % Crustacean % Fish % Fish % Crustacean % Vietnam (1,000 tonnes) Molluscs % Crustacean % Philippines (1,000 tonnes) Molluscs % Fish % Fish %
4 Key components in aquaculture Seed Feed development Post harvest process market
5 MAJOR FRESHWATER FISH AND CRUSTACEANS BEING CULTURED IN THE REGION Fish Chinese carps Indian carps Tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica Thai silver barb, Puntius gonionotus Striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus Torpedo-shaped catfishes, Clarias spp Giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy Snakeskin gourami, Trichogaster pectoralis Snakehead, Channa spp. Common carps, Cyprinus carpio Marble goby, Oyeleotris marmorata Crustaceans Chinese river crab, Eriocheir sinensis Wild Seed source Backyard Hatchery Large scale Giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii
6 MAJOR SPECIES OF MARINE FISH, CRUSTACEANS & MOLLUSKS BEING CULTURED IN THE REGION Fish Milkfish, Chanos chanos Groupers, Epinephelus spp. Wild Seed source Backyard Hatchery Large scale Barramundi, Lates calcarifer Mullet, Mugil spp. Crustaceans Giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Japanese shrimp, Penaeus japonicus White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis Greasy back shrimp, Metapenaeus ensis Mud crab, Scylla serrata Swimming crabs, Portunus sp. Tropical spiny lobsters, Panulirus sp. Mollusks Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas Blood cockle, Anadara granosa Green mussel, Perna viridis Abalone, Haliotis spp. Sweet snail, Babylonia spp.
7 Developmental Pattern in Seed Production Domestification (Public/Private sector) Propagation (demonstration/etension) Backyard operators Medium/large scale operators
8 Components involved in seed production Process Task Facility Brood fish Spawning Feed, water quality Tank, pond diseases Natural, artificial Tank, hapa,, pond Hatching Larval rearing Fry nursing Fingering rearing Water quality, disease Tank, hapa Feed (live/artificial), Tank, hapa,, pond water quality, disease Feed (live/artificial), Tank, hapa,, pond water quality, disease Feed, water quality Hapa,, pond disease
9 Attributes of Backyard Hatcheries Small-scale family based operation Simple facility and equipment Low investment Low cost operation Fleibility/diversification
10 Requirements for operating backyard hatcheries Finance Facility Technical know-how Personnel Management Marketing
11 Eamples of Backyard Hatcheries Freshwater Tilapia Catfish Marine Grouper/milkfish/seabass seabass Shrimp
12 Tilapias (1) The epanding cultured fish Commonly cultured species Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Red tilapia, Oreochromis hybrids Hybrid tilapia, O.niloticus O. aurea
13 Tilapia Hatchery Tasks (2) Brood fish maintenance Spawning Egg collection Egg hatching Fry rearing se manipulation Advanced nursing
14 David Little: backyard tilapia hatchery guru
15 Catfish Cultured in SE Asia (1) the air breathers Clarias macrocephalus C. fuscus C. gariepinus Hybrid ( (C. gariepinus C. macrocephalus) Pangasius hypothalmus P. suthi P. bocourti Pangasianodon gigas Mystus spp.
16 Catfish market in Bangkok (2)
17 Brood catfish producers (3)
18 Backyard catfish Hatchery in Thailand (4)
19 Hatchery Tasks (5) 1.6 billion/yr fry of hybride catfish produced in Thailand
20 A backyard hatchery of Basa catfish in Vietnam (6) Wild seed 50 hatcheries 620 million fry /yr 205 million f ingerlings/yr
21 Artificial breeding of Mekong giant catfish (7) from wild to backyard fry production
22 Diversifying Livelihood of Tsunami Affected Fishermen in Thailand (8)
23 Training of backyard catfish breeding for tsunami affected fishermen at AIT (9)
24 Live food production a hatchery supporting business Water flea, blood worm, midget, etc.
25 Live feed culture ( (Moina sp.) A small-scale scale supporting business
26 Shao Wen Ling: Ling: pioneer of artificial breeding of Pangasius catfish and Macrobrachium rosenbergii Lin: : guru in propagation of Chinese carps Zhong Lin
27 Marine Fish Commonly cultured fish Milkfish Chanos Chanos Sea bass Sea Lates calcarifer Groupers Epihephelus spp. Cromileptes sp. Mullet Mugil spp.
28 The new paradigm Seed production system (1) Backyard Hatchery A Backyard hatchery B Breeder center Backyard Hatchery C
29 Division of Labor in Seed Production Backyard: Fry/fingerling rearing Breeder center: Broodfish Eggs Backyard: Egg hatching Larval rearing
30 Grouper Broodfish Ponds in Large Breeder Hatcheries
31 Broodfish maitntained in various facility
32 An Eample for a Backyard Hatchery in Gondol,, Bali Facility Roofed larval and rotifer tanks Microagae tanks Submersed pump Air blower Emergency generator Filtering nets Miscellaneous Personnel 2 full time workers
33 Backyard Nurseries for Grouper and Milkfish in Bali, Indonesia
34 Grouper nursery
35 Costs Financial Features A case of backyard hatchery for grouper seed production in 1 yr in Gondol,, Indonesia Fertilized eggs (300,000) US$ 53 Larval feed (artemia( artemia,, rotifer, artificial diets) 594 Electricity 88 Wages (2 workers) 565 Land lease 540 Depreciation & interest 1,371 Total ependiture 3,387 Revenue 5,400 Net income 2,013
36 Gondol: Governmental Rresearch Station-Private Breeding Center-Backyard Hatcheries Model of Alliance in Grouper Seed Production in Gondol milkfish 540 backyard 9 billions grouper 4.8 millions seabass 84,000
37 Major species of Cultured Marine Shrimp & Freshwater prawn Penaeus monodon Litopenaeus vannamei Metapenaeus ensis Macrobrachium rosenbergii
38 Collection of wild post larvae
39 Shrimp and Prawn Brooders
40 Shrimp/prawn seed production system Division of Labor Backyard: Fry/fingerling rearing Breeder center: Broodstock rearing Egg production Backyard: Egg hatching Larval rearing
41 Shrimp Hatchery Tasks Brood stock maintenance Maturation & spawning Egg hatching Larval rearing: nauplius zoea mysis Post larval rearing
42 Shrimp Hatcheries in Southern China Hainan: : 5 large scale, 500 small scale; PL production/yr: Fujen: : 660 hatcheries: PL production:
43 Shrimp Hatcheries in Vietnam (1)
44 Shrimp Hatchery operations in Vietnam (2) 2004 statistics No. hatcheries: 5,094 PL production: 26 billions
45 New Paradigm in Shrimp Seed Production System Recent changes in shrimp species cultured in Asia Penaeus monodon -> Litopenaeus vannamei Changes in hatchery system multiple staged hatchery -> > integrated breeding enterprise Impacts on backyard hatcheries
46 Backyard shrimp hatcheries destroyed by the tsunami in southern Thailand Number of hatcheries destroyed: 573 Loss (US$): 3.7 millions
47 Taiwanese Model for Fish Fry Production Fish Breeders Association ( FBA Species A Species B Species C Species of fish fry produced: 67 Total No. fish fry producers: Number of TFBA members: 430+ Major fish fry production (2004): Milkfish 105,000,000 Groupers 26,335,000 Slipmouth 27,500,000 Snappers 7,150,000 Sea bass 6,700,000 Cobia 5,500,000 Live feed producers: Rotifers 23 Copepods 20 Artemia 12 Artificial feed, chemicals : numerous
48 Dr. Motosaku Fujinaga & Dr. Liao I-Chiu Pioneers in hatchery breeding of Marine Shrimps
49 Conclusions Backyard hatcheries, particularly nurseries, play a predominant role in seed production for many species in Asia Backyard hatchery enterprise assumes a vital role in providing employment and improving livelihoods in rural society Backyard hatcheries are constraint from resources and technical capacity for controlling and improving seed quality Backyard hatchery operators are often less aware or affordable of biosecurity and environmental concerns Backyard hatcheries will have to form business alliance among themselves and with large enterprises which are capable of market strategies and able to ensure seed quality as well as production technologies through research.
50 Acknowledgements Lam My Lan Qui-ming Lai Vu Cam Luong Truong T. Nghia Nguyen T. Phuong Arlene Satapornvanit Sih-Yang Sim Patrick Sorgeloos Yun-chuan Su Ketut Sugama Hoang Tung Wilfred Yap Pam T. Yen Der-Ren Yuen
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