chordates (S3.O1.d / S3.O2.e)

Transcription

1 Comparing invertebrates and Vocab Chap 29 & 33 chordates (S3.O1.d / S3.O2.e) 1. Radial symmetry 2. Bilateral symmetry 3. Cephalization 4. Coelom 5. Intracellular digestion 6. Extracellular digestion 7. Open circulatory system 8. Closed circulatory system 9. Hydrostatic skeleton 10. Exoskeleton 11. Endoskeleton 12. External fertilization 13. Internal fertilization 14. Notochord 15. Adaptive radiation 16. Ectotherm 17. Endotherm 18. Alveoli (alveolus) 19. Invertebrate 20. Chordate 21. Protostome 22. Deuterostome

2 Chap 29 Draw Label and Color Page 752 fig29-8 Page 754 fig Page 756 fig Chap 33 Draw Label and Color Page 860

3 Essential questions Organs and Organ systems 1. Describe how the make up of specific tissues relate to the structure and function of the organ. 2. How does the structure of an organ allow it to perform its function? 3. Identify similarities and differences in organ structure and function between different types of organisms 4. Identify tissues or organs that perform a similar function in plants and animals 5. Describe a technological advancement related to organs.

4 Structure Three-dimensional Shape and the materials its made of. Function Potential functions are influenced by structure

5 Comparing Invertebrates and Chordates

6 Invertebrates Animals that do not have a bony skeleton or a notochord (Backbone) About 97% of all animals are invertebrates Range in size from a tiny microscopic mite to the very large giant squid About 1.25 million species have been identified most of which are inscects.

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8 Chordates Most familiar group of organisms. About 60,000 different species Chordates are deuterostomes Not all chordates have a bony backbone All chordates have Pharyngeal (Gill) slits Dorsal nerve cord Notochord (supports the nerve cord) Post anal tail

9 Evolutionary trends Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Flatworms Roundworms Radial Symmetry Sponges Cnidarians Radial Symmetry Tissues Pseudocoelom Protostome Development Three Germ Layers; Bilateral Symmetry Coelom Deuterostome Development Multicellularity Single-celled ancestor

10 Specialization increases as animals become larger and more complex Specialized cells joined together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems The systems work together to carry out complex functions. Functions include:»digestion»gas exchange»circulation»movement»support»response

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12 Evolutionary trends Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Roundworms Flatworms Cnidarians Sponges Tissues Multicellularity Single-celled ancestor

13 Evolutionary trends Specialization Sponges and cnidarians have little cell specialization Essential functions are usually carried out in individual cells or very simple tissue Flatworms begin to show simple organs for digestion, excretion, response, and reproduction Mollusks and arthropods have organ systems Chordates show the most specialized organ systems

14 Evolutionary trends Flatworms Roundworms Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Radial Symmetry Echinoderms Chordates Cnidarians Radial Symmetry Sponges Three Germ Layers; Bilateral Symmetry

15 Body plans All invertebrates except sponges exhibit some type of body symmetry Radial symmetry: body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body (Sea anemones & Sea stars)

16 Bilateral symmetry: Body plan in which only a single imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves (worms, arthropods, and mollusks) Distinction between head and tail Most invertebrates with bilateral symmetry also have segmented bodies. Chordates have bilateral sysmmetry.

17 Evolutionary trends Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates Roundworms Flatworms Pseudocoelom Cnidarians Sponges Coelom

18 Different segments have often become specialized for specific functions Body Cavity (Coelom) Most animal groups have a true coelom lined completely with tissue derived from mesoderm acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate No coelom False coelom True coelom

19 Evolutionary trends Echinoderms Chordates Annelids Arthropods Mollusks Roundworms Flatworms Sponges Cnidarians Protostome Development Deuterostome Development

20 Worms arthropods and mollusks are protostomes» Protostome the blastopore forms the mouth Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes.» Dueterostome the blastopore forms the anus

21 Tissue type Large animals are made up of 4 basic tissues Epithelial tissue: tightly packed sheets of cells that cover surfaces, they have a top and bottom. Connective tissue: cells are suspended in a fiberous protein matrix, supports and connects Muscle tissue: fibers that contain actin and myosis, 3 types, used for support and movement Nervous tissue: made up of neurons and glia, generate signals, conduct nerve impulses, convey information.

22 Most organs will contain all 4 types of tissue

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24 The role of tissues in the small intestine organ how it works together The smooth muscle tissue contracts to move substances through The epithelial tissue releases enzymes and aborbs the nutrients The connective tissue hold it all together and the blood vessels help to transport material The neurons pick up signals relay messages

25 Digestion Types The simplest animals break down food primarily through intracellular digestion Breakdown of materials inside individual cells More complex animals use extracellular digestion. Breakdown of materials outside of the cell.

26 Invertebrates have many different ways of obtaining food Feeding and digestion helps to maintain homeostasis Allows for a constant supply of nutrients Inverts have a variety of digestion systems Some have only one opening Some have 2 openings Those with 2 usually consist of a one way digestive tract.

27 Cnidarians and flatworms tend to have the simplest digestive system. Consist of a gastrovascular cavity Intracellular and extracellular digestion can occur. Intestine Mouth/anus Gastrovascular cavity Annelid Gizzard Crop Pharynx Mouth Cnidarian Anus Gastrovascular cavity Arthropod Pharynx Crop Anus Pharynx Mouth/anus Flatworm Mouth Stomach and digestive glands Intestine Rectum

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31 The digestive system of vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits. Carnivores typically have a short digestive tract Herbivores typically have long digestive tracts Esophagus Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum

32 Most animals have an excretory system that rids the body of metabolic wastes and controls the amount of water in their tissues. Excretory tubules Nephrostome Flame cells Flatworm Excretory pore Flame cell Excretory tubule Nephridia Digestive tract Annelid Arthropod Malpighian tubules

33 Gas exchange All animals need to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment Salamander Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Lizard Primate Pigeon

34 In gas exchange a lot of surface area means greater gas exchange. Also gas diffuses more efficiently across a thin moist membrane. All respiratory systems share 2 things. Respiratory organs have large surface areas that are in contact with air or water Respiratory surfaces must be kept moist. In addition, membranes where gas exchange occurs must be thin.

35 Chordates use gill or lungs Aquatic chordates use gills for respiration Terrestrial chordates use lungs In mammals the lungs are extensively branched with thousands of alveoli Endothermic organisms require large amounts of energy because of their high metabolic rate

36 In most lungs, air moves in and out through the same passageway Birds have a one way flow of air through the lungs

37 Gas exchange in plants

38 Invertebrates will have a variety of respiratory structures. Aquatic inverts like mollusk have gills Terrestrial inverts will use book lungs, spiracles, and or tracheal tubes Gill Siphons Tracheal tubes Mollusk Movement of water Spiracles Insect Spider Airflow Book lung

39 Some organisms have the ability to respire through their skin Some organisms have both gills and lungs

40 Circulation All multicellular animals require a constant supply of oxygen. Most complex animals move blood through their bodies using one or more hearts to transport oxygen Circulatory system can be either an open or closed system. Closed systems can be single loop or double loop.

41 Both systems will use a heart or heartlike pump to move the blood In open systems blood is only partially contained within the vessels. In closed systems blood is containd entirely within the vessels Hearts Heartlike structure Blood vessels Heart Sinuses and organs Insect: Open Circulatory System Heartlike structures Annelid: Closed Circulatory System Blood vessels

42 In chordates we find two types of closed systems single loop and double loop Most vertebrates that use gills have a single loop circulatory system Blood travels in one circuit from the heart to the gills to the body back to the heart. Vertebrates that use lungs have a double loop circulatory system The first loop carries blood between the heart and lungs The second loop carries blood between the heart and body.

43 Single-Loop Circulatory System Double-Loop Circulatory System FISHES MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS

44 During the course of chordate evolution the heart developed chambers and partitions. These help separate oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood traveling in the circulatory system Fish have a two chambered heart Amphibians and reptiles have a three chambered heart Crocodilians, birds, and mammals have a four chambered heart.

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46 Response Nervous systems collect and process info from the environment This allows animals to respond Nerve nets are the simplest nervous systems Found in Cnidarian Invertebrates show three trends in the evolution of the nervous system

47 1. Centralization Roundworms and flatworms have nerve cells more concentrated and clumps of nerve tissue (ganglia) in the head. Brain Arthropod Ganglia Ganglia Brain Nerve Cells Flatworm Mollusk Cnidarian

48 2. Cephalizaton In mollusks and arthropods the ganglia have developed into a brain which controls and coordinates the system Brain Arthropod Ganglia Ganglia Brain Nerve Cells Flatworm Mollusk Cnidarian

49 3. Specialization More complex organisms have developed specialized sense organs. Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment in more sophisticated ways than can more simple invertebrates. Brain Arthropod Ganglia Ganglia Brain Nerve Cells Flatworm Mollusk Cnidarian

50 - Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain - Vertebrates have a more complex brain They have a high degree of cephalization The brain will be divided into different regions Each region will control different functions.

51 The size and complexity of the cerebrum and cerebellum increase as you move from fish to mammals.

52 The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many vertebrates particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely with time of day and season. Most fishes amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherms Birds and mammals are endotherms

53 Body Temperature ( C) Environmental Temperature ( C)

54 Movement and support The muscular and skeletal systems make it possible to control movement,support the body, and protect internal organs Most invertebrates have one of three main kinds of skeletal systems. Hydrostatic skeletons: muscles surround a fluid filled body cavity. Found in cnidarians and annelids

55 Exoskeleton: hard body covering made of chitin, muscles attach to the inside of the skeleton. Found in arthropods

56 Endoskeleton: the stuctural support is inside the body. Primitive invert. Echinoderms have calcified plates, Sponges have spicules Vertebrates have endoskeletons, some have both

57 Vertebrates endoskeleton much more mobile. Muscles and ligaments attach the appendages to the backbone and help control movement. Most have fin girdles or limb girdles that support the appendages Usually two pair of appendages. In mammals their legs are straight under them to support the body weight.

58 Reproduction Most invertebrates reproduce sexually during at least part of their life cycle Almost all chordates reproduce sexually Depending on environmental conditions some invertebrates may also reproduce asexually Budding and fragmentation

59 Most animals are either male or female Some are hermaphrodites producing both male and female gametes In external fertilization the eggs are fertilized outside of the female s body Found in most invertebrates, many fishes, and amphibians. In internal fertilization eggs are fertilized inside the female body. Found in reptiles, birds, and mammals.

60 Development of fertilized eggs Oviparous: eggs develop outside the body Birds, Fish, and amphibians Ovoviviparous: eggs develop internally, birth of live young Sharks Viviparous : embryo gets nutrients from mother s body Mammals

61 adaptive radiation Genetic change over time of a group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life (niches). best exemplified in closely related groups that have evolved in a relatively short time. Mammals (running, leaping, climbing, swimming, flying Australian Marsupials Cichlid fishes Galapagos finches

62 Over the course of evolution the appearance of new adaptations (traits) has launched adaptive radiations in chordate groups. Can be used to explain similarities in structure and function of tissue, organs, and organ systems Nonvertebrate chordates Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

63 Technological Advancement Vanderbilt University Medical Center nephrologist and associate professor of medicine William H. Fissell IV, MD, is making major progress on an implantable artificial kidney. The device uses microchip filters and living kidney cells that will be powered by a patient s own heart.