Translation Series No The range and bionomics of the copepod Senecella calanoides Juday

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1 ARCHIVES FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Translation Series No The range and bionomics of the copepod Senecella calanoides Juday by P.L. Pirozhnikov Original title: Ob areale i ekologii kopepody Senecella calanoides Juday From: Zool. Zh. 37(4): , 1958 Translated by the Translation Bureau( NDE ) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Biological Station St. Andrews, N.B pages typescript

2 DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE TRANSLATION BUREAU t SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES I eieem CANADA DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTILINGUES EY% -efr TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE Russian AUTHOR - AUTEUR INTO - EN English P.L. Pirozhnikov TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS The range and bionomics of the copepod Senecella calanoides Juday TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTERES ROMAINS) Ob areale i ekologii kopepody Senecella calanoides Juday REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS. RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS. Zoologicheskiy zhurnal REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS Zoological Journal PUBLISHER ÉDITEUR PLACE OF PUBLICATION LIEU DE PUBLICATION not available USSR YEAR ANNÉE- DATE OF PUBLICATION DATE DE PUBLICATION VOLUME. 1958? 37 ISSUE NO. NUMÉRO 4 PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS L'ORIGINAL NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES NOMBRE DE PAGES DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES 9 REQUESTING DEPARTMENT MMSTÉRE-CLIENT Environment TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. NOTRE DOSSIER N BRANCH OR DIVISION DIRECTION OU DIVISION Fisheries and Marine TRANSLATOR (INITIA LS) TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) N. De. PERSON REQUESTING DEMANDÉ PAR Dr. N.J. Dadswell YOUR NUMBER VOTRE DOSSIER N DATE OF REQUEST DATE DE LA DEMANDE March 9, 1976 ion only Fe '1;110;111a: NON REVISZ. TRADUCTION IniormaIipn paulerneme (R E V. 2/(38)

3 . DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE TRANSLATION BUREAU MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION tlç Let.1 CANADA SECR("fARIAT D'ÉlAT BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS DIVISION DES SERVICES MULTILINGUES CLIENIS NO. DU CLIENT DEPARTMENT MINIS TE'RE DIVISION/BRANCH DIVISION/DIRECTION CITY VI LLE Environment Fisheries and Marine St.Andrews,N.B. BUREAU NO. 0 DU BUREAU LANGUAGE LANGUE Russian TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) N. De. mar Zoologicheskiy zhurnal pp (Zoological Journal), 1958?, vol. 37, No. 4 The range and bionomics of the copepod Senecella UNEDITED TRAU'31.ATtON calanoides Juday For iniorinalion only by P.L. Pirozhnikov TRADUCTiON NON REVIS Iniormation soulenicre A11 -Union Scientific Research Institute of Lake and River Fisheries (Leningrad) (625)* Senecella calanoides Juday was first presented as part of the fauna of the USSR in a paper by G.Kh. Shaposhnikova (1940). While processing some material on the feeding habits of the omul collected in the vicinity of Cape Drovyany (northern part of Ob Bay), G.Kh. Shaposhnikova discovered a great number of large copepods in the stomachs of this fish. According to S.S. Smirnov, these turned out to be S. calanoides, previously not indicated for Ob Bay or other similar regions of the northern part of the European-Asian or American continents '. Soon afterwards, this species was detected in Gyda Bay, the Gyda River ** ** estuary, in Lake Yazhbuto, the Gadasyo River and a nearby small flood-plain lake (Burmakin, 1941). M.A. Virketis describes S. calanoides as a form typical of the fresh water areas of the Kara Sea. 'The immature individuals of Gaidius sp. 2 indicated in V.A. Yashnov's work on the plankton of the Kara Sea (1927), judging by figs. 6-8, belong to S. calanoides. Translator's notes. *The numbers in the right-hand margin are the pages of the Russian text; **transliterated from the Russian. SC' b zoa

4 2 The hydrobiological material collected by G.P. Kozhevnikov in the northern part of Ob Bay in 1952 and processed by the author shows that S. calanoides is a characteristic component of the plankton of this brackishwater area. Here Senecella exists alongside a number of euryhaline marine and brackish-water species such as the jellyfish Halitholus cirratus Hartlaub, Sagitta elegans arctica Auriv., Limnocalanus grimaldii (Guerne), Drepanopus bungei Sars, Derjuginia tolli (Linko), Calanus finmarchicus (Gunner), Pseudalibrotus birulai Gurjanovi and Mysis oculata (Fabr.). At the end of August and beginning of September 1952, Senecella was an abundant form in this area; its numbers reached 47,360 specimens/m 3 even in conditions of intensive consumption by the omul. Due to its great abundance and large individual weight (an average 0.8 mg; we determined the weight by means of total weighing of 100 specimens that were very similar in size), its total biomass amounted to 37.9 g/m 3, which is rather significant. While processing the material on winter zooplankton collected (626) hy R.I. Nadyrova in the vicinity of Cape Bykov (south-eastern part of the Lena River delta), I found S. calanoides in three samples from the northern, winter-salinized part of Neyelov Bay and in a December sample from the Dzheribaidakh channel; here the -salinity of the water in December ranged from 4.5 to 9 %. The specimens encountered were large (mature!), the males having a 5th pair of legs that were massive and extremely characteristic in structure (fig. 1). The samples were also found to contain Drepanopus bungei and Limnocalanus grimaldii, with a large number of Tintinnopsis meunieri Kof. et Campb. in the samples from the Dzheribaidakh channel. The summer plankton of this channel and Neyelov Bay contained neither Senecella, nor Drepanopus (Pirozhnikov and Shurga, 1957).

5 3 Fig. 1. Senecella calanoides Juday a - terminal segment of thorax and first segment of abdomen; o, b - leg of first pair; c - leg of 2nd pair; d - leg of 4th pair; e - 5th pair of legs of male. Diagrams based on specimens from Neyelov Bay; Bsp.I - 1st segment of basipodite, Enp. I - 1st segment of endopodite, Exp. III - 3rd segment of exopodite. The discovery of S. calanoides in the northern part of Western Siberia and Yakutia, both in fresh waters and seawater, is extremely interesting in the zoogeographic and ecological respect, as Senecella had previously been known to exist only in the freshwater lakes of North America.

6 4 S. calanoides was first encountered in the plankton of lakes Seneca, Cayuga and Owasco (in the state of New York) by Ch. Juday (1925). Juday concluded that the encountered species could be considered as a new one, and so he named it after the first of the indicated lakes. He noted that Senecella was similar to some of the marine Calanoida, but did not indicate which ones. In our opinion, Senecella resembles the genus. Euchirella in a number of characters (the terminal segment of the thorax with highly recurved and rounded lobes, the presence of a large spur on the first basipodite of the 4th pair of legs, etc.), and therefore can be related to the family Aetideidae. S. calanoides has also been encountered in two Canadian lakes (Timagami and Nipigon). According to Juday, this species should also include the copepods from lakes Payne and Superior (near Duluth). Recently, Rawson (1956) in a study on the plankton of Great Slave Lake showed that S. calanoides was widely distributed in this vast body of water; constituting only an average 0.4% of the (627) total numbers of Entomostraca in the large eastern bay of the lake, it nevertheless accounts for a considerable volume of the planktonic crustaceans (10.5%) due to its large size. Most of the American lakes where Senecella is known to exist also contain Limnocalanus macrurus Sars. The latter is far more abundant than the first, however it does not inhabit the lakes in the state of New York. Senecella is not encountered in these lakes at depths less than 15 m, however it can be found at depths not exceeding 2 m in Lake Nipigon. In Great Slave Lake, Senecella can be found in open water from the surface down to a depth of 600 m. The maximum concentration of this crustacean in the open part of the lake falls within the m layer.

7 5 On the basis of data pertaining to the distribution of S. calànoides in North America and the nature of the water bodies inhabited by it, we can say that this species is analogous to Limnocalanus macrurus and Mysis relicta, the range of which was determined in connection with the Quaternary Period of glaciation in Eurasia and North America and boreal transgression. Therefore, the S. calanoides in North America represents another glaciomarine relict, the distribution of which is restricted mainly to the area of boreal transgression and maximum glaciation. The glaciomarine relicts have not been preserved everywhere on the territory that was covered by the sea and glacier shield, as the ecological conditions in many of the small water bodies deteriorated for these psychrophilic and oxyphilic species (Pirozhnikov, 1955). Of these species, S. calanoides can be considered as eurythermal and less demanding to the oxygen content of the water, which enables it to inhabit smne of the lakes in the states of Minnesota and New York where other relicts are not encountered. Ktl...ra.. Sec, ' -,r pc IC 0 E M 0 i'l e:1 11 vti -k:fsk 1( A 110 iil ti ,11 i ii,1 IIII1 1_1 11 : I! ' :- L ia. -1. ev Sea 1 i 1..,, l. 1!! p " r::.. :el !.;\ ' :.. 11,1 111?11.1.V I I. -r ). Fig. 2. Range of Senecella calanoides in Siberian seas. t.'ï.,.., cimurcrol (-1 x ' sty?* - '. ill11',.% ' 1,. '-' '-' ' - - ',,... ;...1 rt,,,. si,f bo.. ict.,/ f. ' c..-:. :..., c:.,.:,,,, 1 1 ;,,;;; \ 571-e z*, --r iv ; ' th.) m.,..f ti N/ 1.4»,, " j 11 - ": 1 11::," : 11 I lit" I I " 'elf/1.r.q.,111,111, «11.,1.,4. ' ' j.1. 1',, e (s- 1j14W, ; ** tr )..". 1 : _ et.z; ,11"0»:..,.., r'.. ;. r', :v.' - 4 `...,. 't: '4'.. );.& i» , 1 ' e-e "1-4-e- 1t; ' r M'-`` 141s; 2. ' ct, kt.t>',- b -. =-;:','; -ce". v - e. `'. ' \'is:, '. '.4k,-) " CL.'").. ' ). -'5.-U:'. `). '? %À% Ut.j.,` f'?"7 1::;- '.1 _L Shaded area - regions of likely distribution of species

8 6 With these ecological characteristics, Senecella would have to be a part of the fauna of many of the lakes of Sweden, Finland, Northern Germany, the Baltic area and the Karelian ASSR, as well as Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega; however, it has never been encountered in these bodies of water. In our opinion, the absence of S. calanoides in the northwestern part of Europe is due to the peculiarities of its sea range 3. There are few data on the distribution of Senecella in Arctic seas. We still do not know whether Senecella inhabits the seas washing Alaska and Canada. The presence of Senecella within the range of influence of the Mackenzie River is highly probable, as this river basin contains Great Slave Lake from which copepods may possibly be carried down to the mouth and into the sea. Howaccording ever;cfô A. Willey (1920), the materials of the Canadian Arctic expedition of did not include S. calanoides. This species is not mentioned in either the detailed work of M. Fontaine (1955) on the planktonic copepods of Ungava Bay, or in Ch. Davis's report (1949) on the pelagic copepods of the northeastern part of the Pacific. The lack of data on the distribution of Senecella in the seas and the vagueness of its ecology was probably why it was not included in either V.A. Yashnov's key to Copepoda (1948), or K.A. Brodsky's report on Calanoida of the northern seas of the USSR (1950). (628) There now is reason to believe that the present sea range of S. calanoides (fig. 2) extends from the northern part of Ob Bay and the contiguous area of the Kara Sea to the Strait of Virkitsky; beyond that, Senecella is encountered in 3 V. Brehm (1949) considers S. calanoides to be zoogeographically similar to Limnocalanus macrurus, but does not distinguish the above peculiarities of the range of Senecella, which differs from that of L. macrurus and L. grimaldii.

9 7 the south-eastern part of the Laptev Sea. Perhaps it may also be folind farther eastward, within the range of influence of the Indigirka and Kolyma rivers 4. There is no S. calanoides (or Drepanopus bungei and Derjuginia tolli) west of Yamal, including the Barents and White Seas; neither is it encountered in the Baltic Sea where we do find the Arctic glaciomarine relicts Limnocalanus, Mesidothea,Pontoporeia and Mysis which probably appeared in this sea and many of the lakes of northwestern Europe as a result of passive distribution during the late-glacial period, as can be assumed on the basis of the data provided by N.B. Lomakina (1952) and S.G. Segerstrale (1956). Therefore, it is not clear why Senecella does not inhabit the brackish and fresh waters west of Yamal. The present broken range of S. calanoides has undoubtedly resulted from a complex change in the initially vast and continuous range of this brackish-water species; this change, which was apparently due to the level fluctuations of Arctic seas, resulted in the emergence of a freshwater colony which in turn divided into a number of local populations, as well as in a diminution of the main (sea) range into a number of brackish water regions within the range of influence of large Siberian rivers. These processes took place so recently (from the geological point of view) that morphological differences have not yet had time to appear in the numerous local populations of Senecella. The great diversity of the ecological conditions in which S. calanoides exists in the northern part of Western Siberia and Yakutia and in the lakes of Canada and the USA, as well as its large size, abundance, high food value 4 Judging by the works of V.S. Stepanova (1937) and V.A. Yashnov (1935), there is no Senecella in the Chukcha and Bering seas, or in the vicinity of Wrangel Island.

10 and its already established importance as a food for the omul allows us to regard this species as an object for acclimatization in oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes and reservoirs, as well as in the lower reaches of large northern rivers and contiguous regions of corresponding seas. REFERENCÈS 1. Brodsky K.A. Calanoida copepods of Far Eastern Seas of the USSR and the Polar Basin. Publ. AN. SSSR Burmakin Ye.V. Feed resources of Gyda Bay and contiguous water bodies. Trudy In-ta polyarn. zemled. i promysl. khoz-va, 1941, No Virketis M.A. Zooplankton as an indicator of the hydrologic cycle of the Kara Sea. Problemy Arktiki, 1945, No. 1; Zooplankton of the Strait of Vil i kitsky as an indicator of the hydrologic cycle. Problemy Arktiki, 1946, No Lomakina N.B. The origin of glacial relict amphipods with respect to the late-glacial White Sea-Baltic consolidation. Uch. zap. Karelo-Finsk. un-ta, 1952, vol. IV, No Pirozhnikov P.L. Enrichment of the fauna of lakes and reservoirs. Zool. zhurn., 1955, vol. XXXIV, No Pirozhnikov P.L. and Shul t ga Ye.L. Main characteristics of the zooplankton in the lower reaches of the Lena River. Tr. Vsesoyuz. gidrobiol. o-va, 1957, vol. VIII. 7. Stepanova V.S. Distribution of the waters of the Bering and Chukcha seas. Tr. Arktich. In-ta, 1937, vol Shaposhnikova G.Kh. Feeding habits of omul in Ob Bay. Tr. in-ta polyarn. zemled. i promysl. khoz-va, 1940, No. 10.

11 9 9. Yashnov V.A. Zooplankton of the Kara Sea. Tr. Plavucheào morsk. nauchn. in-ta, 1927, vol. II, No. 2; Fauna of brackish water bodies of Wrangel Island. "Issledovaniye morei SSSR", 1935, No. 22; The order Copepoda. IN: "Opredeliter fauny i flory severnykh morei SSSR", 1948, "Sov. nauka" Publ., Moscow. 10. Brehm V. Some comments on the systematics and zoogeography of North American diaptomids. Schweiz. Zschr. Hydrol., 1949, Vol. XI. D a.v iclis., The 'plagie Copepoda of the Nortitia-sie-rn. "- i;ac-ific- Occan, Univ. af Washingt. public, in biology, vol. 14. Fontaine M., The Planktonic Copepods of Ungava Bay, with special Referen'. to the Biology of Pseuclocalanus minutus and Cala nus fininarchicus, J. Fish. es.s Board Canada, vol. XII, No. 6. Juday C h., Senecella calanoides, a recently described fresh-water copepod, Pre. U. S. Nation. Museum, vol. 66, Art. 4. Rawson D. S., The Net Plankton of Great Slave Lake, J. Fisher. Res. nomj. Canada, vol. 13, No. I. Segerstr ale S. G., The Distribution of Glacial Relicts in Finland and djacat Russian Areas. Soc. Scient. Fenn., Comment Biol., XV, 18. Willey A., Report on the Marine Copepoda collected during Canad. Aret. ExPed Report Canad. Arct. Bxp , vol. VII, Part,K..