The control and eradication of Mycoplasma synoviae in Dutch commercial poultry

Transcription

1 The control and eradication of Mycoplasma synoviae in Dutch commercial poultry W.J.M. Landman & A. Feberwee GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands

2

3 X-bacillus 0.5 µm

4

5 Mycoplasmas in birds About 25 species Most important commercial poultry M. gallisepticum (Mg) M. synoviae (Ms)

6 Relevance Disease Synergism High prevalence Trade limitations

7 Mg infections Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens Infectious synusitis of turkeys Production drops Reduced hatch Reduced growth Interactions other pathogens Trade issues

8

9

10

11

12

13 Mg & intercurrent infections Viruses NDV & IBV Vaccin strains! Avian Influenza TRT Bacteria E. coli Avibacterium paragallinarum Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

14 Mg & E. coli 1-day-old broilers 30 Percentage mortality Bradbury, Britisch Poult Sci, 46, Control M. gallisepticum E. coli M. gallisepticum & E. coli

15 50 40 Percentage airsacculitis Bradbury, Britisch Poult Sci, 46, Control M. gallisepticum E. coli M. gallisepticum & E. coli

16 Ms infections Infectious synovitis Airsacculitis Eggshell pathology Synergism other pathogens Trade issues

17

18

19

20

21

22 Ms & intercurrent infections Viruses NDV & IBV Vaccin strains! Bacteria E. coli M. meleagridis

23 Synergism Ms-IBV synovitis Ms aerosol Arthritis 4/19 (21%) IBV D1466 & Ms aerosol Arthritis 6/18 (33%) IBV M41 & Ms aerosol Arthritis 11/20 (55%)

24 Mg seroprevalence Low in areas with control & eradication programs E.g. reproduction stock EU

25 % Mg positive farms Reproduction Layers Meat turkeys

26 Ms seroprevalence High Exception primary breeding stock

27 Farm type # farms % positive Meat grand parent Rearing broiler parent Broiler parent Broilers Layer grand parent 13 0 Layer parent Rearing layers Layers Turkeys 75 16

28 Continent Country % seroprevalence layers Eggshell apex abnormalities Infectious synovitis Airsacculitis NL Belgium + + France + + Europe Germany 95 (PCR) + + Italy + + UK Denmark + Japan Asia China Philipines Korea + + Africa South Africa Oceania Australia USA America Mexico Colombia +

29 Control and eradication Mg & Ms Control measures Eliminate infected flocks Improve hygiëne Monitoring Dectect infection

30 Legal framework Mg/Ms Mg Ms EU Council Directive 2009/158/EC EU Commission Decission 2011/214/EU National legislation

31 Accurate identification (diagnosis) infected flocks Basis successful disease control & eradication program

32 Sampling frequency Reproduction End rearing At 22 weeks, every 8 weeks (GPS) & 12 weeks (PS) Layers End rearing period & end lay Meat turkeys End fattening period

33

34 Confirmation Mg and/or Ms ELISA Monitoring turkeys & GPS Mg/Ms ELISA

35 Confirmation (reproduction) Differentiating Ms PCR (GPS)

36 Control Biosecurity Slaughter Antibiotics Vaccination

37 Mg & Ms control Reproduction stock Improvement biosecurity Slaughter GPS Slaughter of all birds (PS) on an infected farm Seromonitoring replacement pullets Layers Improvement biosecurity Compulsory vaccination infected multi-age farms (!?) Meat turkeys Improvement biosecurity

38 Horizontal transmission

39 Avoid horizontal transmission

40 Kanekalon Hair Nose Ear Skin Cotton Boots Egg yolk Albumen Feathers Food Droppings Shavings Straw Timber Zander S6 Hy S6 NCIC (turkey) (turkey) NZ90 PG Survival time Mg (days) Chandiramani et al., 1966; Christensen et al., 1994; Abolink & Gouws, 2014

41 Nose Ear Kanekalon Hair Skin Cotton Boots Feathers Food ATCC25204 B57/91 (turkey breeders) WVU1853 Shavings Straw Timber Survival time Ms (days) Christensen et al., 1994; Abolink & Gouws, 2014

42

43 Vertical transmission Weeks post infection 4 = 25% 3-6 = 50% 8-15 = 3% = 5%

44

45

46

47 Oxytetracycline temporally halted eggshell apex pathology Residues Resistance Tylosine (Gautier-Bouchardon, 2012)

48

49 Ms vaccines Reduction clinical signs (& vertical transmission?) Impairment seromonitoring DIVA PCR needed live vaccines Spread live vaccines Field isolates colonize despite vaccination Less shedding field strains?

50 Primer/probe design MSH + probe (cy5) MSH M. synoviae field M. synoviae field + probe (FAM)

51

52 Unvaccinated 1 Days post contact D-40 D-2 D2 D3 D4 D5 D7 D9 D11 D14 D18 D21 D25 D28 D32 D35 D42 D46 Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie Unvaccinated Negative neg Field strain fie Unvaccinated 2 Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie

53 Vaccinated 1 Days post contact D-40 D-2 D2 D3 D4 D5 D7 D9 D11 D14 D18 D21 D25 D28 D32 D35 D42 D46 Challenged neg vac fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg vac fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg vac fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie neg Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie neg Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg beidefie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac beidefie fie fie fie fie neg Contact neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg vac vac beidefie fie fie fie fie neg Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac beidefie fie fie fie Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac neg vac vac vac beidebeidefie fie fie Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac fie fie Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac neg Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac Vaccinated Negative neg Field strain fie Vaccine strain vac Field & vaccine strain beide Vaccinated 2 Challenged neg vac fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg vac beidefie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie neg fie fie fie Challenged neg vac beidefie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg vac beidefie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg vac beidefie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie fie Challenged neg vac beidebeideneg vac vac vac neg vac neg neg neg neg neg neg neg neg Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac fie fie fie fie fie Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac neg beidefie fie neg Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac neg Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac neg vac vac vac neg Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac neg vac neg vac vac vac neg Contact neg vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac vac neg vac vac vac vac vac vac

54 Effect vaccination on shedding Mean shedding field M. synoviae in vaccinated contacts (good vaccine-take) 1.0 x 10 6 cfu eq./g trachea mucus Mean shedding remaining birds 8.3 x 10 6 cfu eq./g trachea mucus

55 Effect vaccination on transmission Unvaccinated & not shedding vaccine β = ( ) Vaccinated shedding vaccine β = ( )

56 Ms prevalence (% positive farms) Broiler Layer Category Rearing grandparent 10 7 A Grandparent 0 0 Rearing parent 6 17 Parent Grandparent 0 0 Rearing parent - 10 B Parent Rearing layers Layers Meat turkeys 16 4 A One flock slaughtered B Two flocks (one slaughtered, one in production) = significantly lower than = not significant lower than = significantly higher than

57 Conclusions Horizontal transmission plays a prominent role Low Ms prevalence rearing, high production More emphasis biosecurity (also in vaccinated farms) Monitoring PCR 6-8 weeks earlier detection Vaccination rearing layers for Ms + multiple age farms 1 log 10 less shedding & lower β enough?

58 % Mg positive farms Reproduction Layers Meat turkeys

59 50 years Patience requested!

60 Thank you for your attention!

61