Pesticide Use in California: Benefits and Trends. Leonard P. Gianessi

Transcription

1 Pesticide Use in California: Benefits and Trends Leonard P. Gianessi

2 Data Sources Benefits- CropLife Foundation Reports Herbicides- 23, Updated 26 Fungicides- 25 Insecticides- For Release, June 28 Fumigants- Ongoing Growth Regulators- Ongoing Use Trends- Cal DPR

3 CALDPR Data Project State-Level Treatments 4 Crops Categories Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Fumigants Growth Regulators

4 Preliminary Crop Analysis Walnuts Kiwi Rice Pistachios Asparagus Lettuce Carrots Garlic Dates Olives Celery Strawberries

5 Walnut Blight: California Production losses of 5% in the early 19 s. Copper sprays became standard practice in the 194 s.

6 WALNUTS: Fungicide Use, Walnut Blight Treatm ents 2 COPPER 15 1 Total s

7 4 WALNUTS: Fungicide Use, Walnut Blight Treatm ents COPPER MANEB Total s

8 Rice Blast Disease: California First found in the state in Fungicides prevent yield losses of 15-3%. Rice Blast Spores

9 RICE: Fungicide Use, Blast Treatm ents 3 AZOXYSTROBIN 2 Total s

10 Garlic: Rust Untreated Fungicide Treated First Discovered in California in 1998.

11 12 GARLIC: Fungicide Use 1 Treatments 8 6 Fungicide Use Total s

12 5 GARLIC: Fungicide Use, Rust 4 AZOXYSTROBIN CHLOROTHALONIL Treatments 3 2 MANCOZEB MEFENOXAM METALAXYL PYRACLOSTROBIN SULFUR 1 TEBUCONAZOLE

13 Carrots: Cavity Spot Fungal Infection Infected Carrots Unacceptable for Fresh Market Entire Fields have been Abandoned

14 CARROT: Fungicide Use, Cavity Spot 12 1 Treatments 8 6 METALAXYL Total s

15 CARROT: Fungicide Use, Cavity Spot Treatments 6 MEFENOXAM METALAXYL Total s

16 Pistachios Healthy Panicle & Shoot Blight

17 225 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria Treatments 1 Fungicide Use Total s

18 9 8 7 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria AZOXYSTROBIN BENOMYL BOSCALID 6 COPPER 5 Treatments IPRODIONE PYRACLOSTROBIN TEBUCONAZOLE THIOPHANATE- METHYL TRIFLOXYSTROBIN

19 9 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria 8 7 BENOMYL 6 5 Treatments 4 3 COPPER

20 9 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria 8 7 BENOMYL 6 5 Treatments 4 COPPER 3 2 IPRODIONE

21 9 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria 8 BENOMYL Treatments 4 COPPER IPRODIONE 3 2 TEBUCONAZOLE

22 9 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria 8 AZOXYSTROBIN 7 6 BENOMYL 5 Treatments 4 3 COPPER IPRODIONE 2 1 TEBUCONAZOLE

23 9 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria 8 AZOXYSTROBIN 7 BENOMYL 6 5 Treatments 4 COPPER IPRODIONE 3 PYRACLOSTROBIN 2 1 TEBUCONAZOLE

24 9 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria 8 AZOXYSTROBIN 7 BENOMYL 6 BOSCALID 5 Treatments COPPER IPRODIONE PYRACLOSTROBIN TEBUCONAZOLE

25 9 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria Treatments AZOXYSTROBIN BENOMYL BOSCALID COPPER IPRODIONE PYRACLOSTROBIN TEBUCONAZOLE THIOPHANATE- METHYL

26 9 8 7 PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria AZOXYSTROBIN BENOMYL BOSCALID 6 COPPER 5 Treatments IPRODIONE PYRACLOSTROBIN TEBUCONAZOLE THIOPHANATE- METHYL TRIFLOXYSTROBIN

27 OLIVES: Insecticide Use CARBARYL 9 Treatm ents METHIDATHION PETROLEUM OIL Total s

28 Olive Fruit Fly First noticed Very few natural enemies in Europe or U.S.

29 OLIVES: Insecticide Use CARBARYL METHIDATHION Treatm ents PETROLEUM OIL SPINOSAD Total s

30 RICE: Insecticide Use, Rice Water Weevil 6 5 Treatm ents 4 CARBOFURAN 3 2 Total s

31 RICE: Insecticide Use, Rice Water Weevil 6 5 (S)- CYPERMETHRIN 4 Treatm ents 3 CARBOFURAN DIFLUBENZURON 2 LAMBDA- CYHALOTHRIN 1 Total s

32 RICE: Herbicide Use Treatm ents 75 5 Herbicide Use Total s

33 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON BISPYRIBAC CARFENTRAZONE CLOMAZONE CYHALOFOP FENOXAPROP GLYPHOSATE MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB TRICLOPYR

34 425 RICE: Herbicide Use BENSULFURON Tre atments MOLINATE

35 425 RICE: Herbicide Use ,4-D BENSULFURON Tre atments MCPA MOLINATE

36 425 RICE: Herbicide Use ,4-D BENSULFURON 25 Tre atments MCPA MOLINATE THIOBENCARB

37 425 RICE: Herbicide Use ,4-D BENSULFURON 275 Tre atments MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB

38 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB 75 5 TRICLOPYR

39 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON CYHALOFOP MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB TRICLOPYR

40 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON BISPYRIBAC CYHALOFOP MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB TRICLOPYR

41 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON BISPYRIBAC CLOMAZONE CYHALOFOP MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB TRICLOPYR

42 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON BISPYRIBAC CARFENTRAZONE CLOMAZONE CYHALOFOP MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB TRICLOPYR

43 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON BISPYRIBAC CARFENTRAZONE CLOMAZONE CYHALOFOP GLYPHOSATE MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB TRICLOPYR

44 425 RICE: Herbicide Use 4 Tre atments ,4-D BENSULFURON BISPYRIBAC CARFENTRAZONE CLOMAZONE CYHALOFOP FENOXAPROP GLYPHOSATE MCPA MOLINATE PROPANIL THIOBENCARB TRICLOPYR

45 Unfumigated Carrots: Nematode Damage 25% Yield Loss w/o Fumigant Use Field May be Abandoned USDA

46 1 CARROT Fumigant Use Treatments 5 1,3-D 4 Total s

47 1 CARROT Fumigant Use Treatments ,3-D CHLOROPICRIN METHYL BROMIDE Total s

48 1 CARROT Fumigant Use Treatments ,3-D CHLOROPICRIN METAM- SODIUM METHYL BROMIDE Total s

49 Herbicide Experiment 196s Carrots: Linuron Treated Untreated

50 CARROT Herbicide Use Treatments LINURON TRIFLURALIN FLUAZIFOP CLETHODIM Total s

51 Asparagus Harvest: California Asparagus is a perennial plant producing spears for 15-2 years.

52 U.S. Fresh Asparagus Market Thousand Metric Tons 8 Exports Imports Production 6 Consumption

53 Costs & Returns to Produce Asparagus, California (27) $/ Pesticide Costs Other Costs Labor Costs Total Costs Returns

54 Asparagus: Fungicide Use, Rust Treatments 2 Fungicide Use Total s

55 Asparagus: Fungicide Use, Crown & Spear Rot Treatments 25 2 Fungicide Use Total s

56 Asparagus: Insecticide Use, Aphid Organophosphates 4 Treatments Insecticide Use Total s

57 Asparagus: Herbicide Use Treatments 4 Herbicide Use Total s

58 Weedy Asparagus: California Without weed control, it is difficult to harvest. Workers will not enter weedy fields.

59 PISTACHIOS: Sulfur Use, Mite Control Treatments SULFUR Total s

60 PISTACHIOS: Soil Residual Herbicide Use Treatments ORYZALIN OXYFLUORFEN Total s

61 PISTACHIOS: Glyphosate Use GLYPHOSATE 125 Treatments 1 Total s

62 Pistachio Herbicides $/ Oxyfluorfen 14 Oryzalin 22 Glyphosate 2 Hembree & Beede

63 35 PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use Treatments 15 Insecticide Use Total s

64 PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use Treatments CARBARYL

65 PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use Treatments AZINPHOS-METHYL 1 8 CARBARYL

66 PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use Treatments AZINPHOS-METHYL CARBARYL PHOSMET

67 PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use Treatments AZINPHOS-METHYL CARBARYL PHOSMET SPINOSAD

68 PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use Treatments AZINPHOS-METHYL CARBARYL METHOXYFENOZIDE PHOSMET SPINOSAD

69 PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use Treatments AZINPHOS-METHYL CARBARYL METHOXYFENOZIDE PERMETHRIN PHOSMET SPINOSAD

70 Celery: Pink Rot Yield decline of 1-15% without soil treatment.

71 CELERY: Fungicide Use, Pink Rot 7 6 DICLORAN 5 4 Treatments 3 2 Total s

72 Bacterial Blight of Celery This disease organism infects only celery.

73 CELERY: Fungicide Use, Bacterial Blight 7 6 COPPER 5 4 Treatments 3 2 Total s

74 Celery: Late Blight 5 million spores can be produced on a single celery plant.

75 14 CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight 12 1 Total Fungicide Use Treatments Total s

76 7 CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight 6 ANILAZINE 5 BENOMYL 4 Treatments 3 THIOPHANATE- METHYL 2 Total s

77 7 CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight 6 ANILAZINE 5 BENOMYL Treatments 4 3 CHLOROTHALONIL THIOPHANATE- METHYL 2 Total s

78 7 CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight 6 ANILAZINE 5 BENOMYL 4 Treatments 3 CHLOROTHALONIL PROPICONAZOLE 2 THIOPHANATE- METHYL Total s

79 7 CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight ANILAZINE 6 AZOXYSTROBIN 5 BENOMYL CHLOROTHALONIL 4 Treatments 3 2 PROPICONAZOLE PYRACLOSTROBIN THIOPHANATE- METHYL TRIFLOXYSTROBIN 1 Total s

80 Lettuce Downy Mildew Plant resistance to Downy Mildew broke down in the early 199 s.

81 LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew 35 3 COPPER 25 FOSETYL-AL Treatments 2 15 MANEB METALAXYL 1 Total s

82 LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew 35 3 COPPER 25 FOSETYL-AL Treatments 2 15 MANEB METALAXYL 1 Total s

83 LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew 35 3 COPPER 25 FOSETYL-AL Treatments 2 15 MANEB MEFENOXAM METALAXYL 1 Total s

84 LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew COPPER CYMOXANIL/ FAMOXADONE DIMETHOMORPH FOSETYL-AL Treatments MANEB MEFENOXAM METALAXYL FENAMIDONE ACIBENZOLAR Total s

85 Lettuce Drop Disease incidence can be as high as 7% in some fields.

86 LETTUCE HEAD: Fungicide Use, Lettuce Drop Total s 12 1 Treatments 8 Total Fungicide Use

87 LETTUCE HEAD: Fungicide Use, Lettuce Drop BOSCALID DICLORAN 1 Treatments 8 IPRODIONE VINCLOZOLIN 6 Total s

88 3 Strawberry Yields 25 2 Tons/

89 STRAWBERRY: age s 2 Total s

90 STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use METHYL BROMIDE Treatments 2 Total s

91 STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use CHLOROPICRIN Treatments 2 15 METHYL BROMIDE Total s

92 STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use ,3-D 25 CHLOROPICRIN Treatments 2 15 METAM- SODIUM METHYL BROMIDE Total s

93 Strawberries: Gray Mold (Botrytis Fruit Rot) The fungus infests 1% of strawberry acreage.

94 STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot 2 18 IPRODIONE BENOMYL 12 Treatments 1 ANILAZINE 8 6 VINCLOZOLIN 4 2 Total s

95 STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot 2 18 IPRODIONE 16 THIRAM Treatments 1 THIOPHANATE- METHYL BENOMYL 8 ANILAZINE 6 4 VINCLOZOLIN 2 Total s

96 STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot 2 IPRODIONE 18 THIRAM THIOPHANATE- METHYL FENHEXAMID 12 Treatments CYPRODINIL/ FLUDIOXONIL PYRIMETHANIL BENOMYL BOSCALID ANILAZINE VINCLOZOLIN Total s

97 STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot 2 IPRODIONE 18 THIRAM Treatments 1 CAPTAN THIOPHANATE- METHYL FENHEXAMID CYPRODINIL/ FLUDIOXONIL PYRIMETHANIL 8 BENOMYL BOSCALID ANILAZINE VINCLOZOLIN Total s

98 WALNUTS: Growth Regulator Use Treatm ents 1 Ethephon Total s

99 WALNUTS: Growth Regulator Use Treatm ents 1 Ethephon Total s ($2/Treatment)

100 Walnuts: Growth Regulator Use Ethephon application advances harvest by 1-14 days. Early harvest avoids the need for final insecticide spray. Early harvest improves the quality of walnuts.

101 Kiwi: Growth Regulator Use 5% of the 1996 crop went unharvested due to small size. Research demonstrated that hydrogen cyanamide produces a uniform crop with larger sizes.

102 KIWI: Growth Regulator Use Treatments 4 Hydrogen Cyanamide Total s

103 DATES: Miticide Use Treatm ents 6 SULFUR Total s

104 DATES: Miticide Use HEXYTHIAZOX Treatments SULFUR Total s

105 California Pesticide Trends Factors Public Policy Section 18 s FQPA Water Quality Protection Methyl Bromide Phaseout OP Replacement Policy Biopesticide Registrations Non-Chemical Control Research

106 California Pesticide Trends Factors Industry Developments Generics Product Price Changes New Active Ingredients Biotech Crops Nature New Pests Weather Changes Pest Resistance Crop Prices

107 Q: Has pesticide use increased or decreased in California?

108 Q: Has pesticide use increased or decreased in California? A: Yes.

109 Visit Us At: