netw rks Where in the world? When did it happen? Opening the West Lesson 1 Mining and Railroads in the West ESSENTIAL QUESTION Terms to Know

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1 NAME DATE CLASS Lesson 1 Mining and Rairoads in the West ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why do peope make economic choices? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did mining ead to the creation of new states? 2. How did the rairoads hep the mining industry grow in the West? Terms to Know subsidy money or goods given by a person or government to support a project that benefits the pubic transcontinenta going across a continent time zone a geographic region in which the same standard time is used Where in the word? Mining and the West W S N E Sutter s Mi CASCADE RANGE SIERRA NEVADA CENTRAL PACIFIC R O C K Y M O U N T A I N S Promontory Summit BLACK HILLS UNION PACIFIC Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. God Siver 1890 border Transcontinenta Rairoad When did it happen? Caifornia God Rush begins You Are Here in History 1858 Discovery of god at Pikes Peak Comstock Lode discovered in Nevada 1868 Rairoads meet in Utah at Promontory Summit. Transcontinenta Rairoad compete. 257

2 Lesson 1 Mining and Rairoads in the West, Continued God, Siver, and Boomtowns In 1849, peope rushed to Caifornia to find god. By the mid-1850s, the Caifornia God Rush was over. But miners sti wanted to "strike it rich." They began ooking for god in other parts of the West. In 1858, they found it at Pikes Peak in the Coorado Rockies. By eary 1859, about 50,000 miners had moved into Coorado s god fieds. Some god was found in streams, but most god was deep underground. Mining companies came. They had machinery and many workers. They were more ikey to find a ot of god than a singe miner was. In 1859, miners found one of the word s richest deposits of siver ore in Nevada. It was caed the Comstock Lode. It was named after Henry Comstock. He owned part of the and it was on. A ode is a section of earth where much of a precious minera is found. Thousands of siver mines opened in the area, but few were successfu. Boomtowns grew up very fast in paces near where god and siver were found. Peope got money quicky in boomtowns, but they aso spent or ost it quicky. Few boomtowns had poice or jais. Ordinary citizens chased and punished criminas. Most peope in boomtowns were men. Women who were there ran businesses, taught schoo, cooked, or did other work. Boomtowns asted ony as ong as god or siver was there. When the ore was gone, peope eft. This created "ghost towns." Number of Peope Popuation of a Boomtown (Virginia City, Nevada) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Check 1. Why did many boomtowns turn into ghost towns? Critica Thinking 2. Why were mining companies more successfu than individua miners? Graphs 3. According to the graph, when do you think the most successfu mining took pace in this boomtown? Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies Year 258

3 Lesson 1 Mining and Rairoads in the West, Continued Defining 4. What are subsidies? Soon there was ess and ess god and siver, so miners dug for other metas. They dug for copper, ead, and zinc. Peope moved near the new mines. Thousands of setters moved west. Besides mining, they farmed and started ranches. They opened businesses. By 1890, there were seven new states: Coorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho. Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. Identifying 5. At what pace were the two sets of tracks joined to create the transcontinenta rairoad? Describing 6. Use a two-tab Fodabe and cut the tabs in haf to make four-tabs. Pace it aong the dotted ine over the text that begins with In time, peope saw the need... Write Transcontinenta Rairoad on the anchor tab. Labe the tabs What, When, Where, and Why. As you read, respond to the questions about the rairoad. Rairoads Connect East and West Mining communities needed transportation. God and siver had itte vaue uness it coud reach markets. Peope in boomtowns aso needed suppies. Stagecoaches and wagons were not fast enough. To meet peope s needs, many rairoads were buit between 1865 and Rairoads were so important to the nation that the federa government gave subsidies, or gifts of money or and, to the rairoad companies. The government gave more than 130 miion acres of and to rairoad companies. The government got much of this and by buying it from or making treaties with Native Americans. States and towns aso gave subsidies to have rairoads buit in their areas. Gue Fodabe here In time, peope saw the need for a transcontinenta rairoad. It woud cross the country. It woud connect the Atantic coast and the Pacific coast. Southerners wanted the route of the transcontinenta rairoad to go through the South. Northerners wanted the route to go through the North. During the Civi War, the government chose a northern route. The chaenge of buiding a transcontinenta rairoad was to ay more than 1,700 mies of track. Tracks crossed pains, rivers, and mountains. Two companies buit the rairoad. The Centra Pacific Company worked eastward from Caifornia. The Union Pacific Company worked westward from Nebraska. (Rairoad tracks aready ran as far west as Nebraska.) Both companies worked as fast as they coud. They hired thousands of workers. The Union Pacific Rairoad hired Irish and African American workers. The Centra Pacific Rairoad hired Chinese immigrants. On May 10, 1869, the two sets of tracks met at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory. Leand Stanford, Caifornia's governor, drove the fina spike to finish the rairoad. Then, the message was sent by teegraph: 259

4 Lesson 1 Mining and Rairoads in the West, Continued The ast rai is aid! The ast spike driven! The Pacific Rairoad is competed!" Rairoads had a big effect on the economy. They carried workers and goods to the West. Trains carried metas and other suppies to factories back East. Because train tracks are made of stee, the stee industry grew quicky. The new rairoads heped many other industries grow as we. The coa industry, companies that made rairoad cars, and construction companies got much business because of the rairoads. Peope buit new towns aong the rairoads. Ranchers and farmers moved into the area. Trains had heped to buid sma towns into cities. Denver, Coorado, is one exampe. Trains even changed how we measure time. Before the rairoad, each area kept time based on where the sun was in the sky at noon. For exampe, cocks in Boston tod time 11 minutes ater than cocks in New York City. But differences in timekeeping made probems for trains. There coud be mistakes in panning. There coud even be train crashes. The American Raiway Association came up with a system. In 1883, they divided the country into four time zones. A towns in one time zone had the same time. The next zone was exacty an hour different. That made train trave safer and more reiabe. Trains aso heped to connect Americans in different regions. Trains were changing the way Americans ived. Gue Fodabe here Check for Understanding Name two paces where god and siver were discovered in the West. How did rairoads change ife in America? Check 7. How did rairoads affect America's economy in the 1800s? Defining 8. What is a time zone? 9. Pace a two-tab Fodabe aong the dotted ine to cover Check for Understanding. Write the tite Changes in the West on the anchor tab. Labe the tabs Mines and Trains. On both, write two sentences teing what you found most interesting about how mines and rairoads changed the West. Use your Fodabe to hep answer Check for Understanding. Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. 260

5 Lesson 2 Ranchers and Farmers ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does geography infuence the way peope ive? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did ranchers get their catte to market in the North and East? 2. What brought more setters to the Great Pains? Where in the word? Terms to Know ong drive a trip of severa hundred mies on which ranchers ed their catte to rairoads and distant markets vaquero a cowboy, particuary a Mexican cowboy homestead to earn ownership of and by iving on it sodbuster name given to Great Pains farmers dry farming a farming method that depends on powing after every rain to trap moisture in the soi CANADA Washington PACIFIC OCEAN Oregon Caifornia Nevada Idaho R O C K Y M O U Utah Territory Arizona Territory N T A I N S Montana Wyoming Coorado New Mexico Territory North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Okahoma Territory Texas Minnesota Missouri R. Iowa Unorganized Territory Wisconsin Missouri Arkansas Louisiana Michigan Penn. Ohio Iinois Indiana West Virginia Mississippi R. Mississippi Kentucky Tennessee Virginia North Caroina South Caroina Georgia Aabama N.Y. Forida Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. Farming Ranching Farming and Ranching No Activity MEXICO Rio Grande When did it happen? Congress passes Homestead Act 1865 Civi War ends W N S E Guf of Mexico First refrigerated rairoad cars used 1883 Time zones created 1876 Custer kied in batte with Native Americans at Litte Bighorn River 1889 Okahoma territory setted by non-native Americans 1892 Iowa backsmith buids first tractor 261

6 Lesson 2 Ranchers and Farmers, Continued Catte on the Pains In the 1500s, Spanish exporers first came to Texas. They brought catte for food. Some of the catte escaped. Over time, the catte deveoped into a new breed caed onghorns. Much of Texas was open and. It was not fenced, so catte roamed free. In the 1800s, there were thousands of catte. Setters in Texas rounded them up and started ranches. There were fast-growing markets for beef in the North and the East. The vaue of catte was about $3 to $4 each in Texas. In the North and East, catte sod for $40 each. Ranchers needed a way to get their catte to those markets. By 1865, the Missouri Pacific Rairoad reached Kansas City, Missouri. Later, the rairoads reached Kansas, Nebraska, Coorado, and Wyoming. Texas ranchers began to herd catte to rairoad towns. From there, catte were shipped to the North and East. Sometimes catte were herded hundreds of mies to the cosest rairoad. The trip, caed the ong drive, was worth the time and cost. The catte drives started in spring so catte woud have food to eat on the way. The Chishom Trai was one we-known path that ranchers foowed to get to Kansas. Herding catte, or catte driving, was a hard job for many reasons: The ong drive took two or three months. Cowhands faced many dangers, such as vioent storms and "rusters" who tried to stea catte. They had to contro the herd if a stampede started. Many cowhands had fought in the Civi War. Many were African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics. Hispanic ranch hands in the Spanish Southwest were known as vaqueros. They deveoped the riding, roping, and branding skis that cowhands used. They aso added Spanish words to the anguage. For exampe, the word ranch is from the Mexican word rancho. From the ate 1860s to the mid-1880s, ong drives had moved 5 miion catte. Ranchers became rich when catte prices were high. Then, the market coapsed. There were severa reasons. Ranchers had increased the size of herds. Prices fe. Ranchers ost much of the free grazing and because peope put fences on their property. When there Check 1. How did rairoads increase the vaue of Texas catte? Expaining 2. Why was the ife of a cowhand hard? Identifying 3. Who deveoped the specia skis used by cowhands? Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. 262

7 Lesson 2 Ranchers and Farmers, Continued Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. Expaining 4. Why did peope who first saw the Pains think it was not good for farming? Mark the Text 5. Underine the words that te what a setter did to earn free and under the Homestead Act. were too many catte for sae, the price of beef went down. The catte industry continued, but it was changed forever. Farmers Sette the Pains The peope who first came to the Great Pains did not think it was good farmand. The Great Pains were known as the "Great American Desert." The and was dry and had few trees. Even so, farmers began to sette there in the ate 1860s. There were severa reasons. Lots of rain, free and, and easy trave on the rairoads encouraged peope to move west to farm the and in the 1860s and 1870s. Congress passed the Homestead Act in To homestead means to earn ownership of and by setting on it. The Homestead Act heped peope to sette the Great Pains. The act gave free and to anyone who paid a $10 fee and ived on the and for five years. A setter coud get up to 160 acres (65 hectares) of and. Thousands of new setters moved to the Great Pains. They incuded immigrants and African Americans who no onger fet safe in the South. Some of the setters were women. A married woman coud not caim and. A singe woman or a widow coud caim and through the Homestead Act. In Coorado and Wyoming, 12 percent of the homesteaders were women. Immigrants coud fie homestead caims. Thousands of peope from a part of Europe caed Scandinavia setted on the Great Pains. Some setters bought their and. The rairoad companies advertised the Great Pains as a great pace to ive. So did steamship companies, and seers, and western states and territories. Peope were eager to get cheap and, independence, and easy profits. They moved west. However, ife on the Great Pains was not easy at a. Farming in the Great Pains was hard. There were few trees, so farmers buit houses of sod packed soi hed together by grass roots. The cimate was extreme. Some years there was too much rain. This brought foods to the Great Pains. Other years there was not enough rain. Then there woud be droughts and brushfires. Winter brought deep snow. This coud trap peope in their homes and bury the animas. Farm famiies panned ahead by storing food. The whoe famiy worked on the 263

8 Lesson 2 Ranchers and Farmers, Continued farm. Chidren often had so much farm work that they did not have time to go to schoo. Farmers on the Great Pains were caed sodbusters. They came up with new toos and new ways to farm the hard sod. One way was dry farming. With dry farming, farmers powed the and every time it rained. This trapped water in the soi. Farmers aso dug wes. Sodbusters had to cut through tough ayers of sod. They used stee pows to pow their fieds. They panted a crop caed winter wheat. This crop grows we in dry cimates. Even with these new methods, farmers often coud not grow arge enough crops. Many farmers ost their farms. By the 1880s, ony Indian Territory in present-day Okahoma had not been setted. The aw said ony Native Americans coud ive there. There was one part of Indian Territory that was not assigned to any of the Indian groups. The government agreed to et non-native American homesteaders sette there. On Apri 22, 1889, more than 10,000 peope ined up at the edge of these ands. A signa was given. Homesteaders rushed into the and to caim a piece for themseves. They found that some peope had gone over the ine eary. These peope were caed "sooners," and they got the best and. By 1890, a of America was setted. Life in America had changed, especiay for Native Americans. Gue Fodabe here Check for Understanding How did Texans earn a iving from wid herds of catte? Check 6. What new methods did farmers use on the Great Pains? 7. Pace a three-tab Fodabe aong the dotted ine to cover Check for Understanding. Labe the tabs Catte, Cowboys, and Sodbusters. Use both sides of the tabs to write three or more facts that you remember about the roes of each. Use your Fodabe to hep answer Check for Understanding. Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. What roe did rairoads pay in getting peope to sette the Great Pains? 264

9 Lesson 3 Native American Strugges ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does confict deveop? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did settement on the Great Pains threaten Native Americans? 2. Why did confict start between the Native Americans and the whites? Terms to Know nomadic moving from pace to pace in a fixed pattern reservation an area of and set aside for use by a group Where in the word? W S N E YAKIMA WALLA WALLA PAIUTE NEZ PERCE SPOKANE BLACKFOOT SHOSHONE Route of Nez Perce 1877 ARAPAHO, SHOSHONE UTE SIOUX Batte of Litte Bighorn 1876 Fetterman Massacre 1866 Batte of Wounded Knee 1890 SIOUX SIOUX SIOUX CHIPPEWA Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. When did it happen? 1860 MOHAVE Indian reservation, 1890 Batte 1864 Sand Creek Massacre HOPI APACHE Geronimo surrenders Fetterman Massacre NAVAJO Sand Creek Massacre 1864 APACHE Indian Peace Commission set up CHEYENNE, ARAPAHO COMANCHE, KIOWA, APACHE CHICKASAW APACHE CHOCTAW 1876 The Batte of Litte Big Horn CHEROKEE CREEK 1886 Geronimo gives up 1887 Congress passes the Dawes Act 1890 Batte of Wounded Knee 265

10 Lesson 3 Native American Strugges, Continued First Peope of the Pains In the mid-1850s miners, ranchers, and farmers began to sette on the Great Pains. The region had been home to Native American nations for hundreds of years. Some Pains Indians ived in communities as farmers and hunters. Most Pains Indians were nomadic. They traveed from pace to pace. They aways foowed their main food source, the buffao. After the Civi War, American hunters began to ki arge numbers of buffao. Rairoad companies did not want the buffao to stand on the tracks and bock trains. The companies aso wanted the buffao meat to feed workers who were buiding the rairoads. Hunters kied even more buffao to se their hides in the East. Number of Buffao (in miions) BUFFALO IN NORTH AMERICA Year Check 1. Describe the way of ife of Pains Indians. Mark the Text 2. Underine the sentence that expains why most Pains Indians were nomadic. Expaining 3. Why did rairoad companies and hunters want to ki buffao? Graphs 4. According to the graph, about how many buffao were eft in 1865? Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. Groups of Native Americans iving on the Pains were a different in some way. Yet, in many ways, they were aso aike. The arge Indian nations were divided into smaer groups, or bands. They aso had a governing counci to hep make decisions for the group. Most members took part in making decisions. The women raised the chidren, cooked, and did other chores. The men hunted, traded, and protected their band. Most Pains peope had a beief in the spiritua power of nature. 266

11 Lesson 3 Native American Strugges, Continued Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. Mark the Text 5. Underine the sentence that tes what the Indian Peace Commission was set up to do. Expaining 6. Why was the and on many reservations caed poor and? Expaining 7. Why did white setters want the Native American and in the Back His? Confict on the Pains As setters took more and more and in the Pains, conficts began. In 1867 the government set up the Indian Peace Commission. It woud decide what to do about Native Americans who ived in the United States. The commission recommended that a Native Americans be moved to reservations. A reservation is and set aside for a group. The miitary had the power to move Native Americans by force. Congress set aside the argest reservations on the Great Pains. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was in charge of the reservations. Often, Native Americans were tricked into moving to reservations. Native eaders wanted to be sure their peope coud farm and hunt. Many reservations were on poor and for farming or hunting. The government often did not deiver food or suppies. What they did send was of poor quaity. At first, many Native Americans agreed to move to reservations. When they saw the bad conditions, they wanted to eave. Some Native Americans refused to go. There were fights. In 1862, Sioux fighters burned and ooted the homes of white setters. After that, the U.S. government forced most Sioux to move to reservations. Miners were arriving in Coorado Territory to search for god and siver. Cheyenne and Arapaho raided miners' and setters' wagon trains. They kied 200 setters. The governor tod them to surrender. In November 1864, Cheyenne peope went to make a peace treaty. The army attacked. This became known as the Sand Creek Massacre. The Sioux continued to fight. They saw the U.S. Army buiding forts on a trai to Montana's god mines. The trai ed through Sioux ands. In December 1866, the Sioux trapped and kied 80 U.S. sodiers. This attack became known as the Fetterman Massacre. A treaty in 1868 was supposed to bring peace with the Sioux. The Back His of the Dakotas had been set aside for Native Americans. White setters moved in when they heard that the his contained god. Sitting Bu, a Lakota Sioux eader, refused to se the and. Lieutenant Coone George Custer attacked the Sioux at Litte Bighorn River. Custer and a his men were kied. News of the army s defeat shocked the nation. Before ong, the army sent most Pains Indians to reservations. 267

12 Lesson 3 Native American Strugges, Continued The Nez Perce ived in the Pacific Northwest. In the 1860s, god was discovered on their and. The U.S. government ordered them to eave. Chief Joseph, their eader, eft for Canada. The Nez Perce were caught by sodiers on the way. They were brought to a reservation. Chief Joseph spent the rest of his ife trying to get better treatment for Native Americans. The Chiricahua Apache were moved to a reservation in Arizona. Their eader, Geronimo, fed to Mexico. During the 1880s, he ed raids in Arizona. In 1886 he surrendered. Reservations, army attacks, and the kiing of buffao changed Native Americans ives. Reformers aso tried to change things. They wanted Native Americans to take on white cuture. Congress passed the Dawes Act in It tried to break up reservations and triba groups. Reformers hoped that Native Americans woud become farmers. Some did, but many did not want to farm or to earn how. In 1889, many Native Americans in the West began performing a ceremony caed the Ghost Dance. It showed their hope that white setters woud go away, buffao woud return, and Native Americans woud go back to their od way of ife. In 1890 poice kied Sitting Bu, whom the government thought had started the Ghost Dance. Hundreds of Lakota Sioux gathered at Wounded Knee, a creek in South Dakota. The army went there to take any Sioux weapons. A shot was fired. Then the army fired on the Sioux. More than 200 Sioux and 25 sodiers were kied. This event marked the end of armed confict between the U.S. government and Native Americans. Gue Fodabe here Check for Understanding What was the main source of confict between Native Americans and whites? How did Native Americans react to being forced to ive on reservations? Check 8. How effective was the Dawes Act? Sequencing 9. Number these events in the order they happened. Massacre at Wounded Knee Geronimo escapes to Mexico Sitting Bu is kied The Dawes Act 10. Pace a two-tab Fodabe aong the dotted ine to cover Check for Understanding. Write the tite Conficts on the Pains on the anchor tab. Labe the tabs Causes and Effects. List the facts that you remember about the conficts between Native Americans and the setters of the Pains. Use both sides of the tabs. Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. 268

13 Lesson 4 Farmers A New Poitica Force ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do governments change? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How did the Nationa Grange and the Farmers Aiances try to hep farmers? 2. What were the ideas of the Popuist Party? Terms to Know Nationa Grange network of oca farmers groups cooperative cash-ony store where farmers bought from each other popuism an appea to the common peope Where in the word? 1896 Presidentia Eection ELECTORAL VOTE Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. CA OR WA NV ID UT AZ TERR. MT WY CO NM TERR. When did it happen? Civi War ends FL NH VT ND MN SD WI NY MI IA PA NE IL IN OH WV KS MO VA KY NC OK/IND. TN TERR. AR SC AL GA LA MS TX ME MA RI CT NJ DE MD 39.4% 60.6% POPULAR VOTE 46.71% 51.02% McKiney (Repubican) Bryan (Democrat) Other Mixed 2.27% * Eight eectors in Caifornia voted for McKiney and one voted for Bryan. ** Tweve eectors in Kentucky voted for McKiney and one voted for Bryan transcontinenta rairoad competed 1889 Okahoma Territory setted by whites 1866 first transcontinenta teegraph cabe 1876 Gen. Custer kied at Batte of Litte Bighorn, Montana 269

14 Lesson 4 Farmers A New Poitica Force, Continued Farmers Unite Farming expanded in the West and South after the Civi War. The suppy of crops grew faster than the demand for them. Prices fe. However, farmers expenses were sti high. Farmers bamed companies in the East that charged high prices. They bamed banks for charging high interest rates. Most of a they bamed the rairoads for high shipping costs. Senator Wiiam A. Peffer of Kansas said that the rairoad companies "took possession of the and" and the bankers "took possession of the farmer." To sove their probems, farmers began to band together. They fet this woud give them more power. Before ong, they created a poitica movement. The first organization they set up was a network of groups. This became the Nationa Grange. Poitica Invovement Economic Support The Nationa Grange Cooperatives Grange Education Library Feowship Socia Gatherings The Grange was made up of oca groups. It offered education, friendship, and support to farmers. It provided books about panting crops and raising farm animas. In the 1870s, the nation's economy took a downturn. The Grange wanted to hep farmers support themseves. One way it did this was to set up cooperatives. These were stores where farmers bought goods from each other. Cooperatives charged ower prices than reguar stores charged. They were aso a way for farmers to se their crops. To keep farmers out of debt, cooperatives accepted cash ony. The Grange became active in poitics. It asked states to imit rairoad shipping rates. Many states in the Midwest passed these aws. By 1878, the rairoads were pressuring the states. They repeaed the aws. Farmers often had to borrow money unti they sod their next crop. Cash-ony Check 1. Why did farmers create organizations such as the Grange and the Farmers Aiances? Visuaize It! 2. According to the chart, the Grange gave support in three areas: Economic Support, Feowship, and Mark the Text 3. Circe the word that names the specia stores where farmers bought from one another.. Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. 270

15 Lesson 4 Farmers A New Poitica Force, Continued Identifying Causes 4. Why did the Grange s cooperatives fai? Check 5. Why did peope support the Popuist Party? cooperatives coud not survive when their customers had no cash. The Farmers Aiances were aso set up to hep farmers. This network was mosty in the West and the South. By 1890, the Southern Aiance had more than 3 miion members. There was a separate group caed the Coored Farmers' Nationa Aiance. This was a group of African American farmers. The group had one miion members. Like the Grange, the Farmers' Aiances supported cooperative buying and seing. They asked the government to store their crops in warehouses and end them money. When prices rose the crops coud be sod and the farmers woud pay back the money. This woud reduce the power that banks had over them. The aiances coud have been a powerfu force, but regiona differences and personaity differences got in the way of achieving this goa. Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. Mark the Text 6. Underine the sentence in the text that defines free siver. Finding the Main Idea 7. Why did the Popuists beieve free siver woud hep farmers and debtors? A Party of the Peope In 1890 the Farmers Aiances formed a poitica party. They caed it the Peope s Party of the U.S.A. It was aso known as the Popuist Party. The candidates were eected governor in 6 states, won 3 seats in the U.S. Senate, and won 50 seats in the House of Representatives. The party s goas were based on popuism an appea to the common peope. Popuists wanted to repace the god-based money system with one based on free siver. That does not mean that money is free. It just means there is an unimited production of siver coins. Popuists beieved that with more siver coins in circuation, more farmers coud pay their debts. The Popuist Party aso: thought the government shoud own rairoads and teegraph ines. wanted the president and vice president to serve ony one term. wanted to eect senators directy. fought for shorter hours for workers. fought for a nationa income tax that woud tax richer peope at higher rates. Farmers and peope who owed money iked the idea of free siver. They hoped to pay their oans more cheapy. Siver-mining companies aso iked the idea. 271

16 Lesson 4 Farmers A New Poitica Force, Continued In the 1896 eection, Democrat Wiiam Jennings Bryan and Repubican Wiiam McKiney ran for president. The Popuist Party endorsed Bryan. He supported free siver and other Popuist ideas. McKiney opposed free siver. By eection time, the economy was improving and McKiney won by a andside. Sti, the Popuist Party made its mark. In the 1900s, the nation ended the god standard. It aso adopted an eighthour workday, an income tax, and the direct eection of senators. Gue Fodabe here Check for Understanding List two ways that the Grange and Farmers Aiances heped farmers. Which Popuist Party ideas were eventuay adopted by the government? 8. Pace a three-tab Fodabe aong the dotted ine to cover Check for Understanding. Write the tite on the anchor tab. Labe the tabs Grange, Farmers Aiance, and Popuist Party. Write one or more sentences teing how each group affected farmers in the West and around the country. Use both sides of the tabs. Use your Fodabe to hep answer Check for Understanding. Copyright by The McGraw-Hi Companies. 272