Behavioural responses of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) toa Lofitech sealscarer
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1 Behavioural responses of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) toa Lofitech sealscarer Miriam Brandt, Caroline Höschle, Ansgar Diederichs, Klaus Betke& Georg Nehls
2 INTRODUCTION Background: mitigationmeasureneededforpreventingphysicalinjurydue to piling during offshore windfarm construction deterringeffectsofpingersnot sufficient sealscarer an option? (unwantedsideeffectsin fisheriesbut opportunityduringoffshore construction) PreviousStudies: Effectsin > 1 km [Johnston 2002, Olesiuket al. 2002]
3 INTRODUCTION Study objectives: How effective is the sealscarerin deterring harbour porpoises? How far does such a deterring effect reach? Down to what noise levels do porpoises react? How fast do harbour porpoises react to the sealscarer? How long does a deterring effect last after the sealscareris deactivated?
4 METHODOLOGICALAPPROACHES 1. Study in the open North Sea: PAM (T-PODs) withexperimental exposure Aerial surveys of porpoise density (Acoustic recordings of seal scarer) 2. Shore-based study in the Baltic Sea: Visual observations of porpoiose occurranceduring experimental exposure Theodolite trackingof porpoises before, during and after controlled exposure (PAM usingt-pods) (Acoustic recordings of seal scarer)
5 INTRODUCTION Lofitech Seal scarer Frequency: 14 khz Signal duration: 0.5 sec Repetition rate: random, between <1 to 40 sec Source level: ~ 189dB re 1m (rms)
6 1. PAM STUDY IN OPEN WATER POD-recordings (Aerial surveys) Noise measurements 2. OBSERVATIONALSHORE-BASEDSTUDY
7 METHODS -PAM PAM-design: 16 PODs at 6 distances 10 exposuretrials(4 h) (separatedby at least 4 d)
8 METHODS -PAM PAM Data availability distance 0 km 0.75 km 1.5 km 3 km 5 km 7.5 km sealscarer trial/podnumber X X X - X X X X X X X X X - X X 2 X X X - X X X X X X X X X - X X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X - X X 4 X X - X - X X X X X X X - - X X 5 X X X X - X X X X X - X X - X X 6 X X X X - X - X - X - X X - - X 7 X X X X - X - X - X - X X - - X 8 X X X X - - X X X X - X X - X X 9 X X X X - - X X X X - X X - X X 10 X X X X - - X X - X X X sample size Ofall potential POD-trials: 30% data loss (24% due to equipment loss or malfunctioning, 7% due tonoise)
9 RESULTS PAM POD-recordingsrevealsignificantdeclinesin porpoisedetectionsin upto7.5 km! But nocompletedeterrence: 2 min withdetections(0.2 %) at 0 m and73 min (17 %) at 750 m fromsealscarer Beforeseal scarer During seal scarer * * ns * ns * 7500 Wilcoxon test for two dependent samples (within POD-position)
10 RESULTS PAM Effects onlyseem to last for about6 h after sealscarer exposure distance: 750 m % PPM 3 h periods relative to sealscarerexposure Distances -1 to 0-1 to 1-1 to 2-1 to 3 0 * n.s. n.s. n.s *** n.s. * n.s. * * n.s. n.s ** * n.s. n.s n.s. n.s. * n.s ** * n.s. n.s. Wilcoxon test for two dependent samples (within POD-position)
11 METHODODS aerialsurveys Aerial surveys: 12 transects, 30 km long, 3 km spacing 990 km² area 3 surveysplanned, 1 conducted
12 RESULTS aerialsurveys sealscarer Harbour porpoisedensity declined by89 % from 2.4 ind/km² to 0.3 ind/km² before seal scarer (38 ind.) 1 (2.6 km) CAD: 2.5 vs. 7 km duringseal scarer (4 ind.)
13 RESULTS noisemeasurements 120 db rms 113 db rms
14 1. PAM STUDY IN OPEN WATER 2. OBSERVATIONALSHORE-BASEDSTUDY Sightingrates Theodolite tracking (POD-recordings) Noise measurements
15 STUDY AREA FYN, DENMARK
16 METHODS POD-position C. Höschle 1. Sightingrates(2-3 min scan every10 in) 2. Theodolite tracks(cyclops)
17 METHODS Sightingrates 9 d baseline, 7 d withsealscarerexposure(4 h after 1 h ofbaseline) standardised2-3 min scansevery10 min plus continuousobservationof vicinity randomisedblind trialsafter first4 baselinedays Theodolite tracking Theodolite tracking during the baseline Start ofsealscarertrialafter firsttrackedanimal after thefirsthourandafter obtaining5 positions Data transmittedtocomputerandcompletedin real time
18 RESULTS sightingrates Sightingratessignificantlylowerwithactivesealscarer in uptoatleast 1 km 2 porpoises/ 28 hrs Closestappoachdistance: 800 m 1 (2.6 km) L. von der Heide n = 9 days n = 7 days 31 porpoises/ 4hrs 0.3 porpoises/ 4hrs
19 RESULTS theodolitetracks before while after last surfacing m distancefrom sealscarer: 1 (2.6 km)
20 RESULTS theodolitetracks before while after last surfacing m distancefrom sealscarer: 1 (2.6 km) 6x immediate disappearence 1x avoidance
21 RESULTS theodolitetracks 13 trials, porpoisesat km distancetothesealscarer (5 min activity) before while after last surfacing in 1.6 km
22 RESULTS theodolitetracks 13 trials, porpoisesat km distancetothesealscarer (5 min activity) before while after last surfacing in 1.9 km
23 RESULTS theodolitetracks 13 trials, porpoisesat km distancetothesealscarer (5 min activity) in 2.1 km before while after last surfacing 1 (2.6 km)
24 RESULTS theodolitetracks Exampleofshamexposure before duringsham before while after last surfacing last surfacing 1 (2.6 km)
25 RESULTS theodolitetracks Tracks analysedusinglinearity index, mean steplength, swimming speed, anddistance and angle to the sealscarer. Compared to before exposureall tracks judgedas avoidance reactions showed an increase in maximal distanceto the sealscarer an increase in swimming angle tothe sealscerer an increase in the distance between two surfacings (faster swimming speed) 1 (2.6 km) higher linearity duringsealscarer.
26 RESULTS theodolitetracks Distance m 1555 m 1721 m 1892 m 2050 m 2209 m 2325 m 2378 m 2583 m 2974 m 3108 m 3120 m 3262 m reaction disappearance (7) avoidance (1) avoidance disappearance avoidance no no avoidance avoidance no no no no no CAD: 800 m
27 RESULTS: PAM POD-data Porpoisedetections (% PPM) also declinedduringsealscarer activity Data availability Positions and trials north X X (X) X X X X west X X (X) (X) X X X south X X X (X) X X X
28 RESULTS noisemeasurements Sound level (rms), db re 1 µpa Fyns Hoved log D Fyns Hoved, shadow zone (2.6 km) ,000 10,000 Distance from seal scarer, metres
29 RESULTS noisemeasurements / theodolitetracks Distance Calculated sound level rms reaction m 128 db disappearance (7) avoidance (1) 1555 m 124 db avoidance 1721 m 123 db disappearance 1892 m 122 db avoidance 2050 m 2209 m 121 db 120 db no no 2325 m 119 db avoidance 2378 m 2583 m 119 db 118 db avoidance no 2974 m 116 db no 3108 m 116 db no 3120 m 116 db no 3262 m 115 db no CAD: 800 m at~132 db
30 RESULTS noisemeasurements Sound propagationvery different in deeper water!! Further reaching deterrance effects expected (> 7 km) Fyn Offshore North Sea
31 SUMMARY Study 1 (offshore): evidenceforavoidancereactionsin upto7.5 km (somewherebetween 113 and 119 db rms) despitestrong avoidancereaction, avoidancenot completeevenin close proximity not onlybasedon a changein echolocationbevaviour effectisonlyshort-lasting (about6 h) Study 2 (landbased): completeavoidance untill1.9 km (~ 122 db (CAD 132 db) partial avoidanceuntil 2.4 km (~ 119 db) noavoidancefromafter 2.4 km(~ <119 db) porpoisesreactedimmediately verystrong reactionat closedistance effectseems short-lasting
32 CONCLUSIONS Concerns aboutthewideuse ofsealscarers in fishfarming andconsequenthabitat exclusionof porpoises arejustified The use ofsealscarers duringoffshore constructioncangreatlyreducethenumber of animalsthatareat risk frominjury HOWEVER Seal scarer shouldhavea soft starttoavoidpaniclike reactions Evaluations of needed deterrenceranges need to be project specific Seal scarer cannot reducedisturbanceand shouldonlybeseen asan additional measureto sound reduction(e.g. bubblecurtains) Withrecentadvancesin noise mitigationsealscarersmay causemore disturbanceto harbour porpoises thanpilingitself. This callsfora deterrentdevicespecifically designedforporpoises withadjustablenoiselevels(nowavailablefromseamarcoand Genuswave)
33 METHODOLOGICALAPPROACHES Why severaldifferent approaches? Limited possibilitiesforvisualobservationsin theopen seabut necessityto addressquestions wheretheyarerelevant (so PAM) Visual methods verydependenton weatherconditions(so PAM) PAM studiesarealwayspronetocritiquewithrespecttothenatureof changes (vocalbehaviouror avoidance?) (visualin addition) Thereis alwaystheproblemofhigh variabilityin acousticdetectionsandaerial surveysposingthequestionof statisticalpower todetectchanges(tracking individuals!) PAM studiesandaerialsurveysneeda large sample sizeandcanbeexpensive in theopen sea(trackingindividuals) Bettercontroloverthedose withexperimental trialsandobservationof individualswitheasierinterpretation(trackingindividuals)
34 Manythanksto: Rainer Matuschek, Sophie Hansen, Sophie Hanak, Puk Faxe Sabinsk, Ida Eskesen, Daniel Bode, Kristin Scheuer, Laura Wollheim, Sophia Witte, Magnus Wahlberg, Mats Amundin Fundedby: Dong energy BMU (German Federal Ministry for theenvironment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) thanks toptj (Project Management Jülich) Publishedin: Brandt MJ, Diederichs A, Betke K & Nehls G, 2013: Far-reachingeffects ofa sealscarer on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), Aquatic Conserv, 23: Brandt MJ, Diederichs A, Betke K, Matuschek R & Nehls G, 2013: Seal scarers asa tooltodeterharbour porpoises from offshore construction sites, Mar EcolProg Ser, 475:
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