Which of the following condition. When the atmosphere in. Air motion relative to. Which of the following describes

Transcription

1 nr Which of the following condition When the atmosphere in Air motion relative to Which of the following describes

2 The Coriolis force increases as Sea breezes: Geostrophic flow:

3 The Hadley cell: A land breeze In the Northern hemisphere

4 The northeast trade winds Winds along the equator tend to

5 Divergence occurs at the surface of choose surface high The horse latitudes were

6 The subtropical high The is boundary

7 Maps of the global Many of the world s

8 In the northern hemisphere, ocean Ocean currents are generated by

9 Wind systems are Which of the following gives the name for

10 When the atmosphere in one location Wind speeds generally

11 In the Northern Hemisphere, winds A(n) is a center of high atmospheric pressure

12 The Coriolis effect is The Hadley cell

13 A land breeze results from The ITCZ

14 In the Northern hemisphere, winds around the The northeast trade winds

15 Convergence occurs at the surface of a The ITCZ shifts in the

16 In the the westerlies becomes The subtropical high in the northern hemisphere

17 Maps of the global distribution of the The very coal, very dense air at the

18 A(n) is any persistent, dominantly Ocean currents are generated by A is the circulation of large-scale

19 The is a region of persistent high The large temperature The is boundary between cold

20 The are the easterly winds found in Which of these is a consequence Monsoons are most dramatic on

21 Divergence occurs at the Choose Anticyclone As the subpolar spot makes its seasonal Wind system are generated by In which of the following places is the pressure

22 Which of the following gives the name for the force Monsoons in Asia AAAAA

23 A(n)---is a center of low atmospheric pressure CCCCCCCCC The coriolis force

24 Wind at high level above the Earth s surface blowing parallel to The ITCZ shifts---in the northern

25 A low latitude atmospheric circulation cell with rising air over ---are driven be intense solar heating, because the noontime sun DDDDDDD

26 The Ferrel Cell is associated with the Within the---,the strong convergence of warm, moist air produces

27 The single-cell model for general atmospheric circulation The movement of atmospheric mass out

28 The very cold, verry dense air at the poles which descends to the surface, creating surface As the subsolar spot makes its seasonal migrations,

29 The large temperature gradient aloft creates a stronger The --- is a region of persistent high atomospheric pressure centered AAAAAA

30 A --- is the upper portion of the ocean in which the water is well The process where cold ocean waters are circulated to

31 Monsoons in Asia??????? The source of moisture for the Asian monsoon is

32 Which of the following conditions is constant Which of the following terms refers to the amount of

33 cyclones Which of the following is true about the

34 The coriolis Force appears to deflect objects In the Northern hemisphere, winds

35 ---are driven by intense solar heating, because the noontime To measure wind speed near the surface

36 A land breeze results from The ITCZ shifts in the northern hemisphere s winter

37 Divergence occurs at the surface of The northeast trade winds

38 Many of the world s---, including the America and the Congo Basin The --- is boundary between cold polar air masses

39 The subtropical high in the northern hemisphere shifts The subtropical high

40 In ---regions, like these off the coast of Canifornia Which of the following conditions defines the Ekman Spiral

41 What does the spacing of the height contours indicate on Which of the following terms refers to the amount of pressure change that occurs

42 ---are also the cause of global wind motions ---is defined by the wind s direction and speed

43 Sea breezes A(n)---is a center of high atmospheric pressure The coriolis Force appears to deflect objects to the The Hadley Cell was originally envisaged to cover most

44 The ITCZ The Hadley cell

45 In the northern hemisphere, winds at the surface blow To measure wind speed near the surface

46 The horse latitudes were associate with the A land breeze results from

47 Many of the world s ---, including the sahara in Africa, are situated in the vicinity of the Which of these is a con sequence of a strong pressure gradient force, especially in the mid-latitudes, and is

48 The polar front Many of the world s, including the Amazon in south America and Congo Basin in Africa, are

49 The gyre in the Atlantic moves A is the region below the mixed layer in which there is a rapid decrease in ocean temperature Ice 1

50 When does Lake break-up start to occur in Canada? a) March b) November c) May d) January Question 2 Which of the following controls the elevation of the snowline and of the treeline? a) Wind direction b) Latitude c) Longitude d) Moisture source Question 3 Snow measurement: a) uses the same instruments as does rain measurement. b) can only be measured by human beings. c) is best done with a rain gauge. d) usually involves estimating the water content of snow. Hydrologic Cycle 4 What is runoff? a) Water that moves along the land surface and reaches a river b) Water that seeps just below the land surface and reaches a river c) Water that seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater d) Water that is absorbed by the root system of plants Question 5 Which of the following corresponds to water that seeps in the ground? a) Transpiration b) Precipitation c) Evaporation d) Percolation Rivers

51 6 Which of the following also describes a watershed? a) River basin b) Drainage basin c) Catchment d) All of the above Water Balance 7 Which of these locations has on average the highest annual precipitation, in North America? a) North Dakota b) Florida c) Alberta d) Wyoming Question 8 0 / 1 point Which of these locations has on average the highest annual potential evapotranspiration, in North America? a) Alberta b) Wyoming c) Florida d) North Dakota Question 9 0 / 1 point At which of these locations would you expect to measure the lowest PE? Baton Rouge, Louisiana Las Vegas, Nevada Churchill, Manitoba Houston, Texas Lecture 14 - winds 10 Air motion relative to the Earth's surface is known as. a) vertical wind b) wind c) radiosonde

52 d) pressure gradient Question 11 are also the cause of global wind motions. a) Pressure gradients b) Radiosondes c) Anemometers d) Velocities Question 12 On an upper-level isobaric chart, which of the following is generally associated with a centre of surface low pressure? a) convergence b) zonal flow c) a ridge d) a trough Lecture 14 - maps 13 is the change of atmospheric pressure measured along a line at right angles to the isobars. a) Isobars b) Pressure gradient c) Constant height d) Sea level pressure Lecture 14 - gradient 14 0 / 1 point The pressure gradient force is proportional to: a) the change in temperature expressed in Kelvin degrees. b) the change in air density. c) the slope of the isobars. d) the speed necessary to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft 15 In the Northern hemisphere, winds aloft blow around an anticyclone. a) counterclockwise

53 b) slow c) clockwise d) fast Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems 16 A wind can sublimate snow or dry out soils very rapidly. a) Katabatic b) Santa Ana c) Land d) Foehn Question 17 The Santa Ana winds: a) are named after a former leader of Mexico. b) result from high pressure over the Rocky Mountains. c) receive much of their heat from the hot deserts over which they travel. d) are most common in summer. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient 18 A sea breeze often occurs: a) at sunrise b) always c) at day d) at night Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface 19 0 / 1 point Divergence occurs at the surface of a(n). a) cyclone b) surface high c) geostrophic wind d) anticyclone Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds 20

54 To measure wind speed near the surface, we use. a) anemometers b) vertical winds c) radiosonde Question 1 d) pressure gradients Snow and Ice Lake effect precipitation is caused by: a) wind blowing over an unfrozen lake surface. b) orographic effects only. c) a land breeze. d) wind blowing over a frozen lake surface. Question 2 Snow measurement: a) can only be measured by human beings. b) usually involves estimating the water content of snow. c) is best done with a rain gauge. Question 3 d) uses the same instruments as does rain measurement. 0 / 1 point Average annual snowfall in North America: a) is highest in upstate New York. b) is very high in parts of British Columbia. c) d) Question 4 peaks along the southern shores of Hudson Bay. in general decreases with increasing latitude. Hydrologic Cycle Water resides the longest in:

55 a) Lakes b) Seas c) Swamp s d) River s Question 5 Total is about six times greater over oceans than land, because oceans cover most of the planet and because land surfaces are not always wet enough to yield much water. a) evaporation b) condensatio n c) freezing Question 6 d) melting Rivers Which of the following is the point on the map where a river discharges into the ocean? a) Upstream b) Downstrea m c) Confluenc e Question 7 d) Mouth Water Balance 0 / 1 point Which type of drought can be defined based on conditions leading to water rationing? a) Agricultural drought b) Meteorological drought c) Socioeconomic drought d) Hydrological drought Question 8

56 Which of the following parameters of the soil moisture availability is specifically determined by the soil type? a) Wilting point b) Gravitational water c) Field capacity d) Hygroscopic water Question 9 0 / 1 point Based on the calculation of the Palmer drought index, which of the following would result in a greater loss? a) Increasing STavailable at soil surface b) Increasing L storage c) Increasing P d) Decreasing STavailable at soil surface Lecture 14 - winds Question 10 0 / 1 point On an upper-level chart, in which direction does the wind blow? a) It tends to blow at constant speed b) It tends to blow at right angles to the isobars or contour lines. c) It tends to blow parallel to the isobars or contours. Question 11 d) It tends to blow at an angle between 10 and 30 degrees to the contours and towards lower pressure. 1 / 1 point Which of the following terms refers to the amount of pressure change that occurs over a given horizontal distance? a) Coriolis parameter b) pressure gradient c) pressure tendency

57 d) potential gradient Question 12 0 / 1 point On a 500 mb (hpa) chart, which of the following represents horizontal changes in altitude that correspond to horizontal changes in pressure? a) isotherms b) isobars c) contour lines Question 13 d) isotachs Lecture 14 - maps 0 / 1 point The pressure gradient force: a) is unrelated to the speed of air movement. b) creates wind if it is horizontal. c) will not necessarily result in the movement of air. d) can be measured by knowing the sea level pressure of just one point. Lecture 14 - gradient Question 14 The distance between pressure levels are called. a) Pressure forces b) isobaric surfaces c) geopotential heights d) centripetal force Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft Question 15 The Coriolis Force appears to deflect objects to the in the Southern hemisphere. a) center b) right c) left

58 d) high pressure Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems Question 16 0 / 1 point Which of these winds is associate with the american Great Plains? a) none of the above b) foehn c) santa ana d) chinook Question 17 A cold air drainage wind is called a: Question 18 a) Katabatic wind. b) Santa Ana wind. c) Foehn. d) Bora. e) Sea breeze. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient 0 / 1 point A breeze is caused by the longwave radiation emitted from the mountain hill, where cold air sinks down the mountain slope. a) sea breeze b) land breeze c) valley breeze d) mountain breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface Question 19 In the Northern hemisphere, winds at the surface blow of an anticyclone. a) counterclockwise and towards the center b) counterclockwise and away from the center

59 c) clockwise and away from the center d) clockwise and towards the center Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds Question 20 To measure winds aloft where there is no fixed station location, we use. a) vertical winds b) radiosonde c) pressure gradients d) wind Quiz Submissions - Quiz 3 d Ice n 1 0 / 1 point Lake-effect snow is most common near this lake: a) Lake Erie. b) Great Salt Lake. c) Lake Tahoe. d) Lake Champlain. Question 2 Which of the following leads to a stable homogenous snow cover? a) Calm conditions b) Warm ground temperature c) Ground with no vegetation d) Low density snow Question 3 Why does sea ice forms more easily in shallow waters? a) Because of their high salinity

60 n 4 b) Because of their low density c) Because areas with high heat capacity are easier to cool d) Because areas with low heat capacity are easier to cool Hydrologic Cycle The is known as pathways of active movement of water between the ocean, atmosphere, and land surface. a) deposition cycle b) evaporation cycle c) hydrologic cycle d) condensation cycle Question 5 Which type of soil water returns to the atmosphere by evaporation & transpiration? a) Deep groundwater b) Hygroscopic water c) Capillary water n 6 d) Gravitational water Rivers 0 / 1 point When do most flood-related disasters tend to occur in Canada? a) Winter b) Spring Fall c) n 7 d) Summer Water Balance 0 / 1 point At which of these locations would you expect to measure the highest PE? Question 8 What doe S account for in the water balance equation? a) b) Amount of moisture that exceeds AE Amount of moisture that exceeds PE

61 c) Amount of moisture below PE d) Question 9 Amount of moisture below AE 0 / 1 point Which type of drought can be defined based on soil moisture affecting crop yields? a) Socioeconomic drought b) Meteorological drought c) Hydrological drought n 10 d) Agricultural drought Lecture 14 - winds Which of the following terms refers to lines connecting points of equal pressure? a) contours b) isobars c) isotherms d) millibars Question 11 Which of the following gives the name for the force that causes a stationary parcel of air to begin to move horizontally? a) Coriolis force b) pressure gradient force c) centripetal force d) frictional force Question 12 Updrafts and downdrafts are also known as. a) vertical winds b) wind c) pressure gradients n 13 d) radiosonde Lecture 14 - maps are lines on a map drawn through all points having the same atmospheric pressure.

62 n 14 a) Pressure gradient forces b) Sea levels c) Isobars d) Constant heights Lecture 14 - gradient Wind systems are generated by: n 15 a) the interaction of the atmosphere with the charged particles of the solar wind. b) different pressures in different places. c) the movements of ocean currents. d) the drag on the atmosphere caused by the earth's rotation. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft In the Northern hemisphere, winds aloft blow around a cyclone. n 16 a) counterclockwise b) clockwise c) fast d) slow Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems winds are caused by the sinking of cold, dense air from higher elevations to lower ones. a) Land b) Katabatic c) Santa Ana d) Foehn Question 17 Sea breezes: n 18 a) require a surface region of high pressure inland. b) are usually less intense than land breezes. c) occur when the temperature at the seashore is higher than that inland. d) result from the fact that water both warms and cools more slowly than land. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient 0 / 1 point

63 A breeze is caused by the intensely heated sun on the mountain hill. n 19 a) valley breeze b) sea breeze c) land breeze d) mountain breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface Convergence occurs at the surface of a. n 20 a) anticyclone b) geostrophic wind c) cyclone d) surface high Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds n 1 Where would you expect to find the cryosphere? a) In Greenland b) In Saudi Arabia c) In the Sahara Desert d) In the Amazon Forest Question 2 What defines permafrost? a) Ground temperature less than 0 C for five or more years b) Ground temperature less than -10 C for five or more years c) Ground temperature less than 0 C for two or more years d) Ground temperature less than -10 C for two or more years Question 3 Which of these processes has the strongest influence on snowfall, in Western North America? a) Orographic uplift b) Air from the Gulf of Mexico c) Air from the Atlantic Ocean

64 n 4 d) Lower elevation Hydrologic Cycle Vapor and cloud droplets in the atmosphere make up only % of the hydrosphere. a) 1 b) c) 10 d) 50 Question 5 0 / 1 point Which type of water eventually becomes groundwater? n 6 a) Deep groundwater b) Hygroscopic water c) Capillary water d) Gravitational water Rivers Which of the following describes the volume of water flowing past a given point during a given period of time? a) Stream area b) Stream velocity c) River gradient n 7 d) River discharge Water Balance Which type of drought can be defined based on conditions leading to water rationing? a) Socioeconomic drought b) Hydrological drought c) Meteorological drought d) Agricultural drought Question 8 What doe S account for in the water balance equation? a) Amount of moisture below AE b) Amount of moisture that exceeds AE

65 c) Amount of moisture below PE d) Amount of moisture that exceeds PE Question 9 Which type of drought can be defined based on soil moisture affecting crop yields? n 10 a) Agricultural drought b) Hydrological drought c) Meteorological drought d) Socioeconomic drought Lecture 14 - winds On an upper-level isobaric chart, which of the following is indicated by a ridge? a) higher-than-average heights b) lower-than-average heights c) a region with calm winds d) average heights Question 11 0 / 1 point Consider an airplane flying from standard temperature air into warmer-than-standard temperature air. Without making any correction, the altimeter in the warmer air would indicate which of the following conditions? a) an altitude exactly the same as the airplane s altitude b) an altitude correction factor to be used by the pilot c) an altitude lower than the airplane s actual altitude d) an altitude higher than the airplane s actual altitude Question 12 Which of the following statements does NOT describe the pressure gradient force? a) It points from high pressure to low pressure at the equator. b) It points from high to low pressure in the Northern Hemisphere. c) It points from high to low pressure in the Southern Hemisphere. d) It points from high pressure to high pressure at the equator. Lecture 14 - maps n gradient n 14 The pressure gradient force is proportional to: 0 / 1 point

66 n 15 a) the change in temperature expressed in Kelvin degrees. b) the change in air density. c) the speed necessary to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium. d) the slope of the isobars. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft 0 / 1 point Which of the following is not an effect of friction? n 16 a) slows airflow b) increases the Coriolis Effect c) causes airflow to cross isobars rather than run parallel to them d) none of the above Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems A cold air drainage wind is called a: a) Foehn. b) Katabatic wind. c) Sea breeze. d) Santa Ana wind. e) Bora. Question 17 Katabatic winds: n 18 a) are most common in equatorial regions. b) typically require a high-level plateau. c) usually have very high speeds. d) originate in high-pressure systems. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient 0 / 1 point A breeze is caused by the longwave radiation emitted from the mountain hill, where cold air sinks down the mountain slope. a) valley breeze b) land breeze c) sea breeze d) mountain breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface

67 n 19 0 / 1 point is the force applied to atmospheric motions due to differences between the wind velocity and the velocity of the surface over which the wind moves. n 20 a) Frictional force b) Pressure gradient force c) Geostrophic wind d) Coriolis force Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds 0 / 1 point Which of the following measure wind direction and speed? a) aerovane b) anemometer c) wind vane d) all of the above Snow and Ice Question 1 Which of the following leads to a stable homogenous snow cover? a) Low density snow b) Warm ground temperature c) Calm conditions d) Ground with no vegetation Question 2 Which of these factors dictate whether or not a river will freeze-up? a) Its location b) Its size

68 c) Its flow characteristics d) All of the above Question 3 Hydrologic Cycle Question 4 Liquid water at the ground does not always flow along the land surface, but instead penetrates into the ground in the process called: a) evaporation b) interception. c) transpiration. d) infiltration. Question 5 Water resides the shortest in: a) Glaciers b) Atmosphere c) Seas d) Lakes and reservoirs Rivers Question 6 In which of the following drainage patterns does all the water flow in the same direction?

69 a) Radial b) Annular c) Parallel d) Rectangula r Water Balance Question 7 At which of these locations would you expect to measure the highest PE? a) Las Vegas, Nevada b) Halifax, Nova Scotia c) Vancouver, British Columbia d) Montreal, Quebec Question 8 Which type of drought can be defined based on lower precipitation? a) Socioeconomic drought b) Meteorological drought c) Agricultural drought d) Hydrological drought Question 9 0 / 1 point Lecture 14 - winds Question 10 0 / 1 point

70 Which of the following describes pressure change in relation to direction? a) more rapid in the vertical direction than in the horizontal b) more rapid in the vertical over land than over the ocean. c) more rapid in the horizontal direction than in the vertical d) the same rate in horizontal and vertical directions Question 11 Since the surface weather map is a sea-level chart, which of the following gives another name for a surface weather map? a) constant pressure chart b) constant latitude chart c) constant height chart d) isobaric chart Question 12 Updrafts and downdrafts are also known as. a) vertical winds b) pressure gradients c) wind d) radiosonde Lecture 14 - maps Question 13

71 is the change of atmospheric pressure measured along a line at right angles to the isobars. a) Sea level pressure b) Isobars c) Pressure gradient d) Constant height Lecture 14 - gradient Question 14 Wind speeds generally increase with height between the surface and the tropoause mostly because of: a) the pressure gradient force is stronger at high altitudes. b) decreasing friction. c) increasing friction. d) the pressure gradient force is stronger at low altitudes. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft Question 15 Which of the following is true about the geostrophic flow? a) Pressure gradient force equals the Coriolis force. b) It occurs only in the upper atmosphere. c) Friction is not present.

72 d) all of the above Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems Question 16 0 / 1 point The Mistral is: a) an European sea breeze. b) a foehn type wind. c) an on-shore flow. d) a Santa Ana type wind. e) a katabatic wind. Question 17 0 / 1 point can cause their own local winds as the intense heat produces a low pressure, which develops into a stronger pressure gradient and a surface wind that feeds the flame with oxygen. a) Wildfires b) Santa Ana c) Chinook d) Foehn Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient Question 18 A breeze that moves from the surface to over water is also called a: a) land breeze

73 b) valley breeze c) sea breeze d) mountain breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface Question 19 In the Northern hemisphere, winds at the surface blow of an anticyclone. a) clockwise and towards the center b) counterclockwise and away from the center c) clockwise and away from the center d) counterclockwise and towards the center Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds Question 20 To measure wind speed near the surface, we use. a) vertical winds b) pressure gradients c) radiosonde d) anemometers d Ice n 1 0 / 1 point Which of the following is a form of ground ice that is structure-forming?

74 a) Pingo b) Hydrolaccolith c) Articulated ice d) Reticulated ice Question 2 0 / 1 point Lake effect precipitation is caused by: a) a land breeze. b) wind blowing over a frozen lake surface. c) orographic effects only. d) wind blowing over an unfrozen lake surface. Question 3 0 / 1 point When is the earliest start of continuous snow cover in Canada? n 4 a) July b) September c) August d) October Hydrologic Cycle Vapor and cloud droplets in the atmosphere make up only % of the hydrosphere. a) b) 1 c) 50 d) 10 Question 5 Water resides the longest in: a) Lakes b) Seas c) Swamps n 6 d) Rivers Rivers 0 / 1 point Which term is used to describe the delineation between two river basins?

75 n 7 a) Outlet b) Divide c) Gradient d) Pattern Water Balance 0 / 1 point Which type of drought can be defined based on lower precipitation? a) Agricultural drought b) Meteorological drought c) Hydrological drought d) Socioeconomic drought Question 8 Which of these locations has on average the highest annual potential evapotranspiration, in North America? a) Florida b) North Dakota c) Wyoming d) Alberta Question 9 0 / 1 point Which type of soil water cannot help the moisture requirements determined by the PE? a) Gravitational water b) Capillary water c) Field capacity water n 10 d) Hygroscopic water Lecture 14 - winds Which of the following statements does NOT describe the pressure gradient force? a) It points from high pressure to high pressure at the equator. b) It points from high to low pressure in the Northern Hemisphere. c) It points from high pressure to low pressure at the equator. d) It points from high to low pressure in the Southern Hemisphere. Question 11 Which of the following defines the ridges on a weather map?

76 a) dying hurricanes b) mountains that stall the movement of storms c) elongated high pressure areas d) elongated low pressure areas Question 12 Consider an airplane flying from standard temperature air into warmer-than-standard temperature air. Without making any correction, the altimeter in the warmer air would indicate which of the following conditions? n 13 a) an altitude exactly the same as the airplane s altitude b) an altitude lower than the airplane s actual altitude c) an altitude higher than the airplane s actual altitude d) an altitude correction factor to be used by the pilot Lecture 14 - maps is the change of atmospheric pressure measured along a line at right angles to the isobars. n 14 a) Constant height b) Sea level pressure c) Pressure gradient d) Isobars Lecture 14 - gradient Hydrostatic equilibrium occurs when: n 15 a) the force of gravity and the vertical pressure gradient have equal value and oppose each other. b) large air masses are moving either up or down. c) d) the force of gravity and the vertical pressure gradient both act to push air upward. the force of gravity and the vertical pressure gradient both act to push air downward. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft A geostrophic wind: a) follows the pressure gradient force. b) is usually not affected by the Coriolis force. c) flows perpendicular to the pressure gradient force.

77 n 16 d) curves around to flow toward its original source. Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems The Santa Ana winds: Question 17 a) are named after a former leader of Mexico. b) result from high pressure over the Rocky Mountains. c) A cold air drainage wind is called a: receive much of their heat from the hot deserts over which they travel. d) are most common in summer. n 18 a) Santa Ana wind. b) Sea breeze. c) Bora. d) Foehn. e) Katabatic wind. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient A breeze that moves from the surface to over water is also called a: n 19 a) mountain breeze b) valley breeze c) sea breeze d) land breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface In the Northern hemisphere, winds around the cyclone move: n 20 a) counterclockwise and away from the center b) clockwise and towards the center c) clockwise and away from the center d) counterclockwise and towards the center Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds Which of the following measure wind direction and speed?

78 a) aerovane b) anemometer c) wind vane d) all of the above Which of the following is a factor that influences the depth of the cryotic layer? a) Drainage b) Snowfall c) Temperature of the active layer d) Depth of the active layer Question 2 Average annual snowfall in North America: a) is very high in parts of British Columbia. b) peaks along the southern shores of Hudson Bay. c) is highest in upstate New York. d) in general decreases with increasing latitude. Question 3 0 / 1 point When is the earliest start of continuous snow cover in Canada? n 4 a) October b) August c) July d) September Hydrologic Cycle 0 / 1 point Which of the following corresponds to the underground depth at which point the ground is totally saturated with water? a) Zone of saturation b) Soil moisture zone c) Saturation table d) Water table Question 5 Total is about six times greater over oceans than land, because oceans cover most of the planet and because land surfaces are not always wet enough to yield much water. a) condensation

79 b) evaporation c) melting n 6 d) freezing Rivers In which of the following drainage patterns does all the water flow in the same direction? a) Rectangular b) Parallel c) Annular n 7 d) Radial Water Balance 0 / 1 point In the water balance equation, in addition to soil moisture, which other process may account for ΔST? a) Clouds b) Snow pack c) Ocean water d) Precipitation Question 8 Which of the following term(s) is used to characterize a period of prolonged deficit, in the water balance? a) Extreme deficit b) Drought c) Extreme Heat d) Shortage Question 9 Which system is able to incorporate soil moisture in its measurement of PE, at a given location? a) Evaporimeter b) Lysimeter c) Agrometer n 10 d) Evaporation pan Lecture 14 - winds Which of the following terms refers to the amount of pressure change that occurs over a given horizontal distance?

80 a) Coriolis parameter b) pressure gradient c) pressure tendency d) potential gradient Question 11 Which of the following conditions is constant on an isobaric surface? a) density b) temperature c) altitude n 13 d) pressure Question 12 Lecture 14 - maps are lines on a map drawn through all points having the same atmospheric pressure. n 14 a) Isobars b) Sea levels c) Constant heights d) Pressure gradient forces Lecture 14 - gradient Wind speeds generally increase with height between the surface and the tropoause mostly because of: n 15 a) the pressure gradient force is stronger at high altitudes. b) increasing friction. c) the pressure gradient force is stronger at low altitudes. d) decreasing friction. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft is the force produced by the Earth's rotation that appears to deflect a moving object on the Earth's surface. n 16 a) Pressure gradient b) Geostrophic c) Friction force d) Coriolis Force Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems

81 The wind of the Rhône Valley in southern France is a well-known example of a katabic wind as it is a cold, dry local wind. a) land b) Santa Ana c) foehn d) mistral Question 17 winds result when strong regional winds pass over a mountain range and descend on the lee side. n 18 a) Foehn b) Katabatic c) Land d) Santa Ana Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient A breeze that brings cool air off the water is also called a: n 19 a) mountain breeze b) valley breeze c) sea breeze d) land breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface The movement of atmospheric mass into a region is known as: n 20 a) divergence b) pressure gradient force c) geostrophic wind d) convergence Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds can be used to determine the intensity of winds blowing toward or away from the radar site up to 15 km above the surface. a) Thermometers b) Anemometers c) Doppler radar d) Pressure gradients

82 Snow and Ice Question 1 0 / 1 point Which of the following best describes the patterns of snow cover? a) The highest maximum depth is observed at temperate latitudes b) The longest longevity is observed at temperate latitudes c) The highest maximum depth is observed at polar latitudes Question 2 d) The shortest longevity is observed at polar latitudes Lake-effect snowfall: a) requires that the lake be relatively warm. b) extends for up to 160 km south of the lake. c) requires the presence of stable air. d) is most common in late winter. Question 3 0 / 1 point When does Lake freeze-up start to occur in Canada? a) November b) December c) October Question 4 d) Septembe r Hydrologic Cycle Most is/are held in deep storage, where plant roots cannot reach. a) ice sheets b) groundwater c) atmosphere d) freshwater lakes Question 5

83 Most of Earth's water is located in the. a) freshwater lakes b) ocean c) atmosphere Question 6 d) groundwater Rivers Which of the following is a direction towards a river discharges into the ocean? a) Mouth b) Downstrea m c) Confluenc e Question 7 d) Upstream Water Balance 0 / 1 point Based on the Palmer drought index, which of the following classes is considered to an extreme drought? a) 0 1 b) 0 4 c) 0 2 d) 0 3 Question 8 Which type of soil water cannot help the moisture requirements determined by the PE? a) Capillary water b) Field capacity water

84 c) Hygroscopic water d) Gravitational water Question 9 0 / 1 point Which of these locations has on average the lowest annual precipitation, in North America? a) Georgia b) New Brunswick c) Mississippi d) Saskatchewan Question 10 Lecture 14 - winds 0 / 1 point Which of the following describes the relation on an upper-level chart, between air temperature and pressure? a) Normally constant air temperature is associated with low pressure b) Normally warm air is associated with high pressure c) Normally cold air is associated with high pressure d) Normally changing air temperature is associated with low pressure Question 11 0 / 1 point Which of the following describes what contour lines represent on a 500 mb (hpa) chart? a) lines of constant pressure b) lines of constant altitude c) lines of constant density d) lines of constant wind direction Question 12 Which of the following terms refers to the amount of pressure change that occurs over a given horizontal distance? a) pressure tendency b) pressure gradient

85 c) Coriolis parameter Question 13 d) potential gradient Lecture 14 - maps The pressure gradient force: a) can be measured by knowing the sea level pressure of just one point. b) is unrelated to the speed of air movement. c) creates wind if it is horizontal. d) will not necessarily result in the movement of air. Lecture 14 - gradient Question 14 The source of moisture for the Asian monsoon is: a) the Ganges River delta. b) the snows of the Tibetan Plateau. c) evapotranspiration from southeast Asian jungles. d) the Indian Ocean. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft Question 15 A(n) is a center of low atmospheric pressure. a) anticyclone b) surface high c) cyclone d) geostrophic wind Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems Question 16 Katabatic winds: a) are most common in equatorial regions.

86 b) usually have very high speeds. c) typically require a high-level plateau. d) originate in high-pressure systems. Question 17 The wind of the Rhône Valley in southern France is a well-known example of a katabic wind as it is a cold, dry local wind. a) land b) Santa Ana c) foehn Question 18 d) mistral Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient A land breeze results from: a) high pressure. b) the warm air that develops over the land. c) radiation cooling over land creates a reversal of the thermally-driven winds, developing a land breeze. d) Santa Ana winds. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface Question 19 The movement of atmospheric mass out of a region is known as: a) geostrophic wind b) convergence c) divergence d) Question 20 pressure gradient force Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds Ice 1 0 / 1 point

87 Which of these locations has the lowest average maximum snow depth in Canada? a) Yukon b) Quebec c) Prairies d) British Columbia Question 2 When is the earliest start of continuous snow cover in Canada? a) August b) July c) September d) October Question 3 Which of the following is a form of ground ice that is structure-forming? a) Hydrolaccolith b) Pingo c) Reticulated ice d) Articulated ice Hydrologic Cycle 4 Water resides the shortest in: a) Glaciers b) Atmosphere c) Lakes and reservoirs d) Seas Question 5 Which type of water eventually becomes groundwater? a) Deep groundwater b) Hygroscopic water c) Gravitational water d) Capillary water

88 Rivers 6 Which term is used to describe the delineation between two river basins? a) Divide b) Gradient c) Pattern d) Outlet Water Balance 7 Based on the Palmer drought index, which of the following classes is considered to an extreme drought? a) 03 b) 01 c) 02 d) 04 Question 8 In the water balance equation, in addition to soil moisture, which other process may account for ΔST? a) Clouds b) Precipitation c) Ocean water d) Snow pack Question 9 Which of these locations has on average the lowest annual average of precipitation, in North America? a) Mississippi b) Georgia c) Louisiana d) Saskatchewan Lecture 14 - winds 10 Which of the following defines the ridges on a weather map? a) mountains that stall the movement of storms b) elongated high pressure areas

89 c) elongated low pressure areas d) dying hurricanes Question 11 Updrafts and downdrafts are also known as. a) vertical winds b) pressure gradients c) radiosonde d) wind Question 12 Which of the following conditions is constant on an isobaric surface? a) temperature b) density c) pressure d) altitude Lecture 14 - maps 13 are lines on a map drawn through all points having the same atmospheric pressure. a) Constant heights b) Sea levels c) Pressure gradient forces d) Isobars Lecture 14 - gradient 14 0 / 1 point Monsoons in Asia: a) start when the interior of the continent heats up in summer. b) occur when the winds blow south from the Himalayas. c) require an offshore wind. d) are strongest in January and February. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft 15 The Coriolis force:

90 a) is caused by pressure gradient forces. b) affects the speed of motion. c) is constant. d) affects the direction of motion. Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems 16 Sea breezes: Question 17 a) are usually less intense than land breezes. b) occur when the temperature at the seashore is higher than that inland. c) require a surface region of high pressure inland. d) result from the fact that water both warms and cools more slowly than land. The Mistral is: a) a Santa Ana type wind. b) an on-shore flow. c) a katabatic wind. d) a foehn type wind. e) an European sea breeze. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient 18 A breeze that moves from the surface to over water is also called a: a) sea breeze b) mountain breeze c) valley breeze d) land breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface 19 In the Northern hemisphere, winds at the surface blow of an anticyclone. a) clockwise and away from the center b) counterclockwise and away from the center

91 c) clockwise and towards the center d) counterclockwise and towards the center Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds 20 Which of the following measure wind direction and speed? a) aerovane b) anemometer c) wind vane d) all of the above Regarding hydrostatic equilibrium and movements toward hydrostatic equilibrium, it is true that: a) upward vertical movements are likely to occur more rapidly than downward m ovements. b) the vertical pressure gradient force is no match for the force of gravity. c) air density has no effect on the up or down motion of air masses. d) a sparse atmosphere feels a stronger gravitational pull than does a dense atmosphere. Ice 1 Which of these factors dictate whether or not a river will freeze-up? a) Its location b) Its size c) Its flow characteristics d) All of the above Question 2 Where would you expect to find the cryosphere? a) In the Sahara Desert b) In Saudi Arabia c) In the Amazon Forest d) In Greenland Question 3 Which percentage of the land surface in Canada is underlain by permafrost?

92 a) 15% b) 50% c) 80% d) 25% Hydrologic Cycle 4 Most is/are held in deep storage, where plant roots cannot reach. a) groundwater b) atmosphere c) freshwater lakes d) ice sheets Question 5 The process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere by evaporation through leaf pores is: a) deposition b) transpiration c) sublimation d) evaporation Rivers 6 Water flowing in rivers is also known as. a) melting b) condensation c) runoff d) freezing Water Balance 7 Which type of drought can be defined based on soil moisture affecting crop yields? a) Meteorological drought b) Socioeconomic drought c) Hydrological drought

93 d) Agricultural drought Question 8 Based on the calculation of the Palmer drought index, which of the following would result in a greater loss? a) Increasing L storage b) Decreasing ST available at soil surface c) Increasing P d) Increasing ST available at soil surface Question 9 Which system is able to incorporate soil moisture in its measurement of PE, at a given location? a) Lysimeter b) Evaporation pan c) Evaporimeter d) Agrometer Lecture 14 - winds 10 On an upper-level isobaric chart, which of the following is indicated by a ridge? a) average heights b) lower-than-average heights c) a region with calm winds d) higher-than-average heights Question 11 Which of the following corresponds to low pressures observed on a constant height chart? a) High heights on a constant pressure chart b) Low pressures on a constant pressure chart c) Low heights on a constant pressure chart d) High pressures on a constant high chart Question 12 When the atmosphere in one location is heated to a temperature that is higher than that in another location, a difference in pressure, or, results. a) radiosonde b) wind

94 c) vertical wind d) pressure gradient Lecture 14 - maps 13 Horizontal pressure gradients: a) are smallest when measured across a hurricane. b) can be quite large when compared with the average value of the air pressure. c) are typically quite large. d) often range over distances of hundreds of kilometers when viewed in large scale. Lecture 14 - gradient 14 0 / 1 point If a column of air is heated, it will: a) become more dense. b) have a lower pressure at its base. c) contract. d) have a smaller vertical pressure gradient. n 1 When does Lake break-up start to occur in Canada? a) March b) May c) January d) November Question 2 Lake-effect snowfall: a) requires the presence of stable air. b) requires that the lake be relatively warm. c) is most common in late winter. d) extends for up to 160 km south of the lake. Question 3 0 / 1 point What controls the length of snow cover in Canada?

95 n 4 a) Moisture sources b) Spring temperature c) Winter temperature d) Relative Humidity Hydrologic Cycle The process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere by evaporation through leaf pores is: a) sublimation b) transpiration c) evaporation d) deposition Question 5 0 / 1 point Which of the following has the highest stream discharge after a rain event? n 6 a) Natural base flow b) Stream base flow c) Preurban streamflow d) Urbanized streamflow Rivers When do most flood-related disasters tend to occur in Canada? a) Spring b) Summer Fall c) n 7 d) Winter Water Balance Which of these locations has on average the highest annual potential evapotranspiration, in North America? a) North Dakota b) Wyoming c) Florida d) Alberta Question 8

96 When did the prolonged decrease in rainfall start in the Sahel, in Africa? a) 1980s b) 1990s c) 1960s d) 1950s Question 9 Which of these locations has on average the highest annual precipitation, in North America? a) Florida b) Alberta c) North Dakota n 10 d) Wyoming Lecture 14 - winds Which of the following defines the ridges on a weather map? a) dying hurricanes b) elongated low pressure areas c) elongated high pressure areas d) mountains that stall the movement of storms Question 11 are also the cause of global wind motions. a) Anemometers b) Pressure gradients c) Velocities d) Radiosondes Question 12 Since the surface weather map is a sea-level chart, which of the following gives another name for a surface weather map? a) constant pressure chart b) constant height chart c) isobaric chart n 13 d) constant latitude chart Lecture 14 - maps The pressure gradient force:

97 n 14 a) is unrelated to the speed of air movement. b) will not necessarily result in the movement of air. c) creates wind if it is horizontal. d) can be measured by knowing the sea level pressure of just one point. Lecture 14 - gradient If a column of air is heated, it will: n 15 a) have a lower pressure at its base. b) have a smaller vertical pressure gradient. c) contract. d) become more dense. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft Geostrophic flow: n 16 a) can occur in all levels of the atmosphere. b) occurs in atmospheric levels with substantial friction. c) undergoes a constant, or near constant, acceleration. d) occurs when the pressure gradient force equals the Coriolis force. Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems A wind, over the Rockies, is an example of a foehn wind. a) chinook b) northwester c) land d) Santa Ana Question 17 A wind occurs when the outward flow of dry air from a large high pressure center is combined with the local effects of mountainous terrain. n 18 a) Santa Ana b) chinook c) foehn d) land Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient

98 A breeze that moves from the surface to over water is also called a: n 19 a) mountain breeze b) valley breeze c) land breeze d) sea breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface In the Northern hemisphere, winds around the cyclone move: n 20 a) counterclockwise and away from the center b) clockwise and towards the center c) counterclockwise and towards the center d) clockwise and away from the center Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds d Ice n 1 Snow measurement: a) can only be measured by human beings. b) uses the same instruments as does rain measurement. c) usually involves estimating the water content of snow. d) is best done with a rain gauge. Question 2 Which of the following best describes the patterns of snow cover? a) The highest maximum depth is observed at temperate latitudes b) The highest maximum depth is observed at polar latitudes c) The longest longevity is observed at temperate latitudes d) The shortest longevity is observed at polar latitudes Question 3 When does Lake freeze-up ends in Canada? a) October b) December

99 n 4 c) November d) January Hydrologic Cycle Which type of soil water is bonded to the individual soil grains? a) Gravitational water b) Deep groundwater c) Hygroscopic water d) Capillary water Question 5 The process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere by evaporation through leaf pores is: a) evaporation b) transpiration c) deposition n 6 d) sublimation Rivers Water flowing in rivers is also known as. n 7 a) condensation b) freezing c) melting d) runoff Water Balance Which other process may account for ΔST in the water balance equation, in addition to soil moisture? a) Lake storage b) Precipitation c) Water in clouds d) Ocean water Question 8 Which type of drought can be defined based on the status of surface waters?

100 n 10 a) Agricultural drought b) Hydrological drought c) Socioeconomic drought d) Meteorological drought Question 9 Lecture 14 - winds Which of the following describes the relation on an upper-level chart, between air temperature and pressure? Question 11 a) b) c) d) Warm air aloft is associated with constant pressure surfaces that are found at lower altitude than normal and higher than normal atmospheric pressure aloft. Warm air aloft is associated with constant pressure surfaces that are found at higher altitude than normal and higher than normal atmospheric pressure aloft. Warm air aloft is associated with constant pressure surfaces that are found at higher altitude than normal and lower than normal atmospheric pressure aloft. Warm air aloft is associated with constant pressure surfaces that are found at lower altitude than normal and lower than normal atmospheric pressure aloft. lower; lower On a 500 mb (hpa) chart, which of the following represents horizontal changes in altitude that correspond to horizontal changes in pressure? a) isotachs b) contour lines c) isobars d) isotherms Question 12 What does the spacing of the height contours indicate on an isobaric weather chart? n 13 a) The magnitude of the frictional force b) The magnitude of the Coriolis force c) The magnitude of the centripetal force d) The magnitude of the pressure gradient force Lecture 14 - maps The pressure gradient force:

101 n 14 a) creates wind if it is horizontal. b) will not necessarily result in the movement of air. c) can be measured by knowing the sea level pressure of just one point. d) is unrelated to the speed of air movement. Lecture 14 - gradient If a column of air is heated, it will: n 15 a) contract. b) have a lower pressure at its base. c) have a smaller vertical pressure gradient. d) become more dense. Lecture 15 - Winds: The Coriolis Effect and Winds aloft 0 / 1 point The Coriolis force would be strongest on a(n): n 16 a) flock of Canada geese migrating north. b) supersonic jet. c) baseball pitcher's 100 mile-per-hour fastball. d) alien spaceship the size of New York City that is flying above a north-bound freeway at the speed of traffic. Lecture 15 - Winds: types of local wind systems Which of these winds is associate with the american Great Plains? a) chinook b) santa ana c) none of the above d) foehn Question 17 The Mistral is: a) a foehn type wind. b) a katabatic wind. c) a Santa Ana type wind. d) an European sea breeze. e) an on-shore flow. Lecture 15 Winds: Winds and Pressure Gradient

102 n 18 A breeze is caused by the longwave radiation emitted from the mountain hill, where cold air sinks down the mountain slope. n 19 a) mountain breeze b) sea breeze c) valley breeze d) land breeze Lecture 15 Winds: Winds at the Surface The movement of atmospheric mass into a region is known as: n 20 a) geostrophic wind b) pressure gradient force c) convergence d) divergence Lecture 15: Winds: Measuring Winds can be used to determine the intensity of winds blowing toward or away from the radar site up to 15 km above the surface. a) Thermometers b) Pressure gradients c) Anemometers d) Doppler radar n 1 0 / 1 point When the latest end of continuous snow cover in Canada? a) June b) May c) April d) July Question 2