3.1 MEMAHAMI KONSEP TEKANAN/UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE. /Define pressure and state that p = A

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1 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 DY D TEK FORCES D PRESSRE 1 MEMHMI KOSEP TEK/DERSTDIG PRESSRE Mendefinisikan konsep tekanan dan menyatakan p = F F /Define pressure and state that p = Menghuraikan aplikasi tekanan/describe applications of pressure Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan dengan tekanan/solve problems involving pressure 2 MEMHMI TEK DI DLM CECIR/DERSTDIG PRESSRE I LIQIDS Mengaitkan kedalaman dengan tekanan di dalam cecair/relate depth to pressure in a liquid Mengaitkan ketumpatan dengan tekanan di dalam cecair/relate density to pressure in a liquid Menerangkan konsep tekanan di dalam cecair dan nyatakan P = h ρ g Explain pressure in a liquid and state that P = h ρ g Menghuraikan aplikasi tekanan di dalam cecair/describe applications of pressure in liquids Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan tekanan di dalam cecair/solve problems involving pressure in liquids MEMHMI TEK GS D TEK TMOSFER DERSTDIG GS PRESSRE D TMOSPHERIC PRESSRE I T Menerangkan tekanan gas/explain gas pressure Menerangkan tekanan atmosfera/explain atmospheric pressure Menghuraikan aplikasi tekanan atmosfera/describe applications of atmospheric pressure Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan tekanan atmosfera dan tekanan gas Solve problems involving atmospheric pressure and gas pressure 4 PLIKSI PRISIP PSCL/PPLYIG PSCL S PRICIPLE Menyatakan Prinsip Pascal/State Pascal s Principle Menerangkan sistem hidraulik/explain hydraulic system Menghuraikan aplikasi Prinsip Pascal/Describe applications of Pascal s Principle Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan Prinsip Pascal/Solve problems involving Pascal s Principle 5 PLIKSI PRISIP RCHIMEDES/PPLYIG RCHIMEDES PRICIPLE Menerangkan daya apung (atau tujah ke atas)/explain buoyant force (or upthrust) Mengaitkan daya tujah ke atas dengan berat cecair yang disesarkan Relate buoyant force to the weight of the liquid displaced Menyatakan Prinsip rchimedes/state rchimedes Principle Menghuraikan aplikasi Prinsip rchimedes/describe applications of rchimedes' Principle Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan Prinsip rchimedes/solve problems involving rchimedes Principle 6 MEMHMI PRISIP BEROLLI/DERSTDIG BEROLLI S PRICIPLE Menyatakan Prinsip Bernoulli/State Bernoulli s Principle Menerangkan bahawa halaju mempengaruhi tekanan di dalam bendalir Explain that velocity affects the pressure in a fluid Menghuraikan aplikasi Prinsip Bernoulli/Describe applications of Bernoulli s Principle 19 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd 19 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 10/20/15 2:11 PM

2 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 1 MEMHMI KOSEP TEK DERSTDIG PRESSRE Tekanan ialah daya yang bertindak secara Definisi Tekanan Definition of Pressure normal per unit luas permukaan sentuhan Pressure is the force acting perpendicularly to a surface per unit area of contact yatakan formula tekanan F Daya State the formula of pressure Tekanan = Luas permukaan = F Pressure = Force rea = F nit SI: m -2 = Pascal = Pa SI unit: m -2 = Pascal = Pa yatakan hubungan antara tekanan, daya dan luas State the relationship between pressure, force and area Tekanan meningkat apabila daya meningkat dan luas permukaan berkurang pressure increases when the force increases and the surface area decreases plikasi berkaitan Tekanan Tinggi pplications involving High Pressure Tekanan ditingkatkan dengan mengurangkan luas permukaan sentuhan (di mana daya dimalarkan) Pressure can be increased by Pisau yang tajam mempunyai luas permukaan yang kecil pada bilahnya supaya tekanan tinggi dapat dihasilkan untuk memotong daging sharp knife has a very small surface meat area pressure reducing on its cutting edge so that high can be exerted to cut the the surface area of contact (where force is a constant) Tapak kasut yang berpaku pada kasut bola hanya mempunyai luas permukaan sentuhan yang kecil pada permukaan padang Tekanan yang cukup tinggi pada tapak kasut yang berpaku membuatkan kasut pemain mendap ke dalam padang sedikit, untuk memberikan lebih cengkaman studs on the football boots have only a field small area of contact with the pressure under the studs is high enough for the boots to sink into the field This gives extra grip Paku, jarum dan pin mempunyai hujung yang tajam dengan luas permukaan yang kecil pabila suatu daya dikenakan pada kepala paku, tekanan tersebut akan menyebabkan hujungnya yang tajam itu menembusi sekeping papan dengan mudah ails, needles and pins have very sharp ends with very When a force small surface areas is applied to the head of a nail, the pressure will drive its sharp end into a piece of wood easily Kepala paku tekan Head of thumbtack Ibu jari Thumb Kayu wood Hujung tajam paku tekan Tip of thumbtack ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 140 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

3 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 plikasi berkaitan Tekanan Rendah/pplication involving Low Pressure Tekanan dikurangkan dengan menambahkan luas permukaan sentuhan (di mana daya dimalarkan) Pressure is reduced by increasing the surface area of contact (where force is a constant) Ski mempunyai luas permukaan yang besar untuk mengurangkan tekanan ke atas salji supaya pemakainya tidak terbenam ke dalam salji itu Skis have a large surface area reduce the pressure on the snow so that they do not sink into the snow to Traktor yang bergerak di atas tanah yang lembut mempunyai tayar yang lebar untuk mengurangkan tekanan ke atas tanah supaya tidak terbenam ke dalam tanah itu tractor moving on a soft ground has broad tires to reduce the pressure on the ground so that they will not sink into the ground Pad bahu yang lebar pada beg yang berat akan mengurangkan tekanan yang dikenakan pada bahu orang yang menyandang beg tersebut wide shoulder pad a heavy bag will reduce the pressure exerted on the shoulder of the person carrying the bag Pad bahu Shoulder pad of 1 Terdapat sekotak barang runcit di atas meja yang beratnya 160 Luas tapak permukaan kotak itu ialah 02 m 2 Berapakah jumlah tekanan yang dikenakan oleh kotak tersebut ke atas permukaan atas meja itu? re is a full box of groceries which has a weight of 160 on a table area of the base of the box is 02 m 2 What is the pressure exerted by the box on the surface of table? Tekanan, P = = Berat Luas permukaan m 2 = 800 m -2 Pressure, P Weight = Surface area 2 Suatu bongkah besi berukuran 005 m 010 m 020 m diletakkan di atas lantai Jika jisim bongkah besi tersebut ialah 05 kg, berapakah metal block with the dimensions of 005 m 010 m 020 m is placed on a floor If the mass of the metal block is 05 kg, what is (a) nilai tekanan maksimum, dan the maximum pressure, and (b) nilai tekanan minimum yang boleh dikenakan oleh bongkah besi itu ke atas permukaan lantai? the minimum pressure that can be exerted by the metal block on the floor? KBT Latihan/ Exercises (g = 10 m s 2 ) F (a) P Maksimum = Minimum mg = Luas permukaan minimum 05 kg 10 m s 2 = 2 = m-2 ( ) m F (b) P Minimum = Maksimum mg = Luas permukaan maksimum 05 kg 10 m s 2 = ( m) 2 = 250 m -2 Jisim badan seorang budak lelaki ialah 60 kg Tekanan yang dikenakan ke atas lantai oleh budak itu ialah Pa Berapakah luas permukaan antara tapak kasut budak lelaki tersebut dengan lantai? mass of a boy is 60 kg pressure exerted by the boy on the floor is Pa What is the area of contact between the soles of the boy's shoes and the floor? P = mg kg 10 m s 2 P a = (60 10) = P a = m 2 (Perhatian/ote: 1 Pa = 1 m 2 ) 141 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

4 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 2 MEMHMI TEK DI DLM CECIR DERSTDIG PRESSRE I LIQIDS Tekanan dalam cecair Pressure in liquid Cecair di dalam bekas mengenakan tekanan disebabkan beratnya liquid in a container exerts pressure because of its weight (a) Tekanan pada sebarang titik dalam cecair, pada kedalaman tertentu, bertindak dengan magnitud yang sama dalam semua arah pressure at any point in a liquid, at a particular depth, acts equally in all directions Ciri-ciri tekanan dalam cecair Characteristics of pressure in a liquid (b) Tekanan dalam cecair tidak dipengaruhi oleh luas permukaannya pressure in a liquid does not depend on its surface area (c) Tekanan dalam cecair bertindak dengan magnitud yang sama dalam semua arah dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh bentuk bekas pressure in a liquid acts equally in all directions and does not depend on the shape of the container Tekanan cecair berkadar langsung dengan kedalamannya Liquid pressure is directly proportional to its depth Tekanan cecair, P Liquid pressure, P Hubungan antara tekanan cecair dan kedalamannya Relationship between pressure of a liquid and its depth 0 Kedalaman cecair, h Depth of liquid, h Rajah menunjukkan air terpancut keluar lebih cepat dan lebih jauh dari lubang yang paling rendah, menunjukkan bahawa tekanan dalam cecair bertambah dengan kedalaman diagram shows water spurts out faster and furthest from the lowest hole showing that the pressure in a liquid increases with depth Tekanan dalam cecair bertambah apabila kedalamannya bertambah pressure in a liquid increases with depth ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 142 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

5 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Tekanan ceair adalah berkadar langsung dengan ketumpatannya Liquid pressure is directly proportional to its density Tekanan cecair, P Liquid pressure, P Bekas Can Hubungan antara ketumpatan cecair dan tekanannya Relationship between the density of a liquid and its pressure 0 Ketumpatan, ρ Density, ρ Bekas B Can B Minyak sawit Palm oil Rajah menunjukkan air di dalam bekas terpancut keluar dengan lebih cepat dan lebih jauh berbanding dengan minyak sawit di dalam bekas B, menunjukkan bahawa tekanan dalam cecair bertambah dengan ketumpatan diagram shows the water in can spurts out oil in can B, showing that liquid pressure increases faster with and density further than the palm Terbitkan persamaan untuk tekanan cecair Derive the formula for liquid pressure Ketumpatan, ρ Density, ρ Luas tapak, Base area, Kedalaman, h Depth, h Bekas di sebelah kiri mempunyai luas tapak Ianya dipenuhi dengan cecair sehingga kedalaman h yang berketumpatan ρ Hitungkan: container on the left has a base area It is filled to a depth h with a liquid of density ρ Calculate: (a) isi padu cecair/volume of liquid = h (b) jisim cecair/mass of liquid = ρv = ρ(h) (c) berat cecair/weight of liquid = mg = (ρh)g (d) daya pada tapak/force on base = ρhg (e) tekanan/pressure = F = ρhg = ρgh (f) tekanan cecair/liquid pressure = ρgh 14 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd 14 10/20/15 2:11 PM

6 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 plikasi tekanan dalam cecair/pplications of pressure in liquids (a) Tangki air/ tank Kebiasaannya tangki air ditempatkan di tempat yang tinggi supaya tekanan air yang dihasilkan adalah lebih tinggi ormally a water tank is placed at higher level so that the water pressure produced is higher (b) Empangan/Dam Dinding sebuah empangan adalah lebih tebal di bahagian dasar berbanding dengan bahagian atas supaya dapat menampung lebih tekanan di bahagian bawah Ini adalah kerana tekanan bertambah apabila kedalaman air bertambah walls of a dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top so that it can withstand the greater pressure at the bottom This is because water pressure increases with depth Dinding tersebut dibina menggunakan bahan/konkrit yang lebih kuat untuk meningkatkan ketahanan dinding itu wall is constructed using stronger materials/concrete to increase the strength of the wall (c) Kapal selam/submarine Kapal selam dibina dengan dinding yang tebal untuk menahan tekanan yang sangat tinggi di lautan dalam submarine is built with thick walls to withstand high pressure at greater depth Latihan/ Exercises (g = 10 m s 2 ) 1 Jika ketumpatan air laut ialah kg m, kira tekanan air laut pada kedalaman 40 m If the density of sea water is kg m, calculate the water pressure at a depth of 40 m P = ρgh = (1 150 kg m ) (10 m s 2 ) (40 m) = Pa 2 Rajah menunjukkan sebuah silinder mengandungi merkuri Berapakah tekanan yang disebabkan oleh merkuri pada titik P? [Ketumpatan merkuri ialah kg m - ] diagram shows a cylinder containing mercury What is the pressure caused by the mercury at the point P? [Density of mercury is kg m - ] P = ρgh = ( kg m ) (10 m s 2 ) (08 02)m = Pa 08 m P 02 m Merkuri Mercury Rajah menunjukkan permukaan air di dalam tangki air rumah adalah 5 m di atas paip air sejuk di tingkat bawah Berapakah tekanan air dalam paip air itu? [Ketumpatan air = kg m - ] diagram shows the surface of the water in a domestic water tank is 5 m above the water tap downstairs What is the water pressure in the tap? [Density of water = kg m - ] P = ρgh = (1 000 kg m ) (10 m s 2 ) (5 m) = Pa 5 m Tangki air tank Pili Tap ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 144 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

7 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 MEMHMI TEK GS D TEK TMOSFER DERSTDIG GS PRESSRE D TMOSPHERIC PRESSRE Definisi tekanan gas Definition of gas pressure Tekanan gas ialah daya per unit luas yang dikenakan oleh molekul-molekul gas ketika berlanggar dengan dinding bekas Gas pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the gas molecules as they collide with the walls of container pabila molekul-molekul gas berlanggar dengan dinding bekas, ia akan melantun pada laju yang sama tetapi pada arah yang bertentangan Ini menyebabkan perubahan momentum pada molekul When gas molecules collide with the wall of a container, they rebound with the same speed but in the opposite direction resulting in a change of momentum Menerangkan tekanan atmosfera Explain atmospheric pressure Daya yang dikenakan ke atas dinding bekas itu adalah sama dengan kadar perubahan momentum force exerted by the wall on the molecules is equal to the rate of this change in momentum Hukum ewton ketiga menyatakan, molekul-molekul gas itu akan mengenakan satu sama tetapi pada arah yang bertentangan ke atas dinding bekas By ewton's third law, the molecules exert an equal but opposite force on the wall daya yang Daya per unit luas ke atas dinding bekas merupakan tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh gas itu force per unit area on the wall is then the gas pressure Tekanan atmosfera ialah tekanan yang disebabkan oleh berat udara ke atas kita tmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the weight of the air upon us Tekanan atmosfera bertindak dengan magnitud yang sama pada semua arah tmospheric pressure acts equally in all directions a Tekanan atmosfera dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian sesuatu objek di atas paras laut (altitud) b Ia tmospheric pressure is influenced by the It meningkat increases height apabila altitud menurun when the altitude drops of an object above sea level (altitude) c Semakin tinggi altitud, semakin rendah ketumpatan dan suhu udara t higher altitudes, the density and the temperature of the air are lower d Jadi frekuensi perlanggaran antara molekul-molekul dengan dinding bekas adalah kecil dan ianya menyebabkan tekanan atmosfera menjadi rendah So the frequency of collisions between the molecules and the walls of the container is lower and causes atmospheric pressure to be lower 145 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

8 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 ktiviti untuk menunjukkan kewujudan tekanan atmosfera ctivities to show the existence of atmospheric pressure Kadbod Cardboard Gelas/Glass / Terbuka Open Stim Steam Tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure Tin logam Metal can Tertutup Closed Kadbod itu tidak terjatuh dan air tetap berada di dalam gelas cardboard does not fall and the water remains in the glass Panaskan Heat Daya paduan yang terhasil disebabkan oleh tekanan atmosfera yang menekan pada permukaan kadbod adalah lebih besar daripada berat air di dalam gelas itu resultant force caused by the atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the cardboard is greater than the weight of the water in the glass Gelas air Glass of water plikasi tekanan atmosfera pplication of atmospheric pressure Tin tersebut telah dikemekkan dan direnyukkan can is crushed and crumpled Tekanan di dalam tin logam akan berkurang dan tekanan atmosfera di luar yang lebih tinggi akan menyebabkan tin tersebut dimampatkan pressure inside the metal can decreases and the external atmospheric pressure, which is higher will compress the metal can Penyedut getah Rubber sucker Tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure keluar removed Penyedut minuman Straw / Permukaan licin Smooth surface Pam getah/rubber dish Tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure Separa vakum Partially vacuumed pabila kita menyedut menggunakan penyedut minuman, tekanan udara di dalam penyedut itu akan berkurangan When we suck through a straw, the air pressure in the straw is lowered Jadi, tekanan atmosfera yang bertindak pada permukaan air di dalam gelas akan menolak air masuk ke dalam penyedut minuman dan kemudian ke dalam mulut refore, the atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the water in the glass pushes the water up the straw and into our mouth pabila penyedut tersebut ditekan, kebanyakan udara di bahagian belakang ditekan keluar dan ia menghasilkan ruang separa vakum di dalam penyedut itu When the sucker is pressed, most of the air behind it is squeezed out and creates a partially vacuumed region inside the sucker Tekanan atmosfera yang tinggi pada luar permukaan getah akan menolak penyedut tersebut supaya ia boleh melekat pada permukaan licin itu higher atmospheric pressure on the outside surface of the rubber will push the sucker so that it will stick onto the smooth surface ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 146 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

9 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Picagari/Syringe Sifon/Siphon Sifon sangat berguna untuk mengeluarkan cecair daripada tangki air atau bekas siphon is very useful for removing liquids from a water tank or a fixed container Piston Piston Tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure h B H C ras tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure at this level Cecair Liquid D Menarik piston ke atas Pulling up the piston Tekanan udara di dalam silinder akan berkurang air pressure inside the cylinder will decrease Tekanan atmosfera pada permukaan cecair kemudian menolak cecair tersebut ke dalam picagari atmospheric pressure on the liquid surface then pushes the liquid up into the syringe Tekanan atmosfera + pgh tmospheric pressure + pgh Perbezaan paras air akan menyebabkan tekanan yang berbeza difference in water levels will cause a difference in pressure Tekanan air di C adalah sama dengan tekanan atmosfera di dan B water pressure at C is the same as the atmospheric pressure at and B Tekanan air di D = tekanan atmosfera + ρgh water pressure at D = atmospheric pressure + ρgh Tekanan air yang tinggi menyebabkan air mengalir keluar di D higher water pressure causes water to flow out at D Proses ini akan berterusan sehingga kedua-dua hujung tiub tersebut sama dengan paras air (tekanan atmosfera sama di kedua-dua hujung tiub) This process will continue until both ends of tube are equal to the water level (atmospheric pressure are equal at both ends of the tube) Mengukur tekanan atmosfera Measuring atmospheric pressure Barometer Fortin Fortin barometer Tekanan atmosfera ialah h cm merkuri atmospheric pressure reading is h cm mercury Jika/If h = 76 cm, Tekanan atmosfera/ atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg h cm uk Vakum Vacuum Merkuri Mercury Barometer neroid neroid Barometer pabila tekanan atmosfera berkurang, kotak tersebut akan mengembang When the atmospheric pressure decreases, the box will expand pabila tekanan atmosfera meningkat, kotak tersebut akan termampat When the atmospheric pressure increases, the box will compress Spring Spring Skala Scale Penunjuk Pointer Sistem tuas Lever system Kotak separa vakum Semi-vacuum box Pergerakan kotak tersebut dikawal oleh sistem tuas yang disambungkan pada penunjuk slight movement of the box is magnified by a lever system which is connected to a pointer Barometer neroid boleh digunakan sebagai altimeter untuk pendaki gunung atau di dalam kapal terbang untuk menentukan altitud (ketinggian atas paras laut) neroid Barometer can be used as an altimeter by mountaineers or in an aeroplane to determine its altitude 147 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

10 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Manometer/Manometer Mengukur tekanan gas Measuring gas pressure Manometer terdiri daripada tiub kaca berbentuk yang berisi cecair manometer consists of a -shaped glass tube filled with a liquid digunakan di dalam manometer untuk mengukur tekanan gas yang rendah is used in a manometer to measure low gas pressures Sebelah kiri bahagian manometer didedahkan pada atmosfera manakala bahagian yang sebelah lagi disalurkan dengan bekalan gas One arm of the manometer is exposed to the atmosphere whereas another arm is connected to the gas supply Terdapat tiga cara untuk membaca tekanan gas dengan menggunakan manometer apabila pili dibuka re are three possible methods to read the pressure of a gas by using the manometer when the tap is opened i P gas = P atm ii P gas = P atm + h cm Hg iii P gas = P atm h cm Hg Tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure Tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure Tekanan atmosfera tmospheric pressure Pili ditutup Tap is closed h Pili dibuka Tap is opened h Pili dibuka Tap is opened Merkuri Mercury Gas Merkuri Mercury Gas Merkuri Mercury Gas Tolok Bourdon/Bourdon Gauge pabila gas disalurkan ke Tolok Bourdon, tekanan di dalam tiub yang melengkung itu akan cuba meluruskan tiub tersebut When the gas supply is connected to a Bourdon Gauge, the pressure in the curved tube will try to straighten it Dengan itu penunjuk akan berputar Hence the pointer will rotate Tiub melengkung diratakan Flattened curved tube Sistem tuas Lever system Gas Gas Penunjuk Pointer Skala scale Magnitud tekanan gas boleh dibaca pada penimbang tolok itu magnitude of the gas pressure can be read from the scale of the gauge Latihan/ Exercises (g = 10 m s 2 ) 1 Tekanan atmosfera ialah 76 cm Hg Hitung tekanan atmosfera di dalam unit Pa atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Pa [Ketumpatan merkuri = kg m - ] [Density of mercury = kg m - ] P = hρg = (076 m) ( kg m - ) (10 m s 2 ) = Pa ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 148 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

11 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 2 Rajah menunjukkan sebuah barometer Ruang vakum telah diisi dengan gas X diagram shows a barometer vacuum space is filled with a gas X Berapakah tekanan gas X? What is the pressure of the gas X? [Gunakan tekanan atmosfera = 76 cm Hg] [se atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg] Tekanan gas X = (76 cm Hg) (40 cm Hg) (Pressure of gas X) = 6 cm Hg 40 cm Gas X Merkuri Mercury Rajah menunjukkan barometer merkuri diletakkan di makmal sekolah di mana tekanan atmosferanya adalah 75 cm Hg diagram shows a mercury barometer placed in a school laboratory where the atmospheric pressure is 75 cm Hg (a) Berapakah nilai h?/what is the value of h? KBT (b) Berapakah nilai h apabila tiub kaca What is the value of h when the glass tube is (i) dinaikkan sebanyak 5 cm?/lifted up by 5 cm? (ii) diturunkan ke dalam mangkuk sedalam 4 cm? lowered into the dish by 4 cm? (c) Jika ketumpatan merkuri ialah kg m - dan ketumpatan air ialah 1 10 kg m -, tentukan If the density of mercury is kg m - and the density of water is 1 10 kg m -, determine (i) tekanan atmosfera dalam unit Pa/the atmospheric pressure in Pa (ii) nilai h jika merkuri tersebut digantikan dengan air the value of h if the mercury is replaced by water (iii) tekanan jika barometer merkuri itu dimasukkan ke dalam air sebanyak 400 cm (Beri jawapan dalam m air)/the pressure if the mecury barometer is submerged in water at depth of 400 cm (Give your answer in m water) (a) 75 cm (b) (i) 75 cm (ii) 75 cm (c) (i) P = hρg = (075 m) ( kg m ) (10 m s 2 ) = Pa (ii) Tekanan atmosfera, P = h merkuri ρ merkuri g, tmospheric pressure, P = h mercury ρ mercury g, Tetapi Tekanan atmosfera, P = h air ρ air g, But tmospheric pressure, P = h water ρ water g, h merkuri ρ merkuri g = h air ρ air g h mercury ρ mercury g = h water ρ water g Pa = (h air/water ) (1 10 kg m ) (10 m s 2 ) h air/water = 102 m (iii) Tekanan = ( ) m air (tekanan meningkat, jadi panjang h meningkat) = 106 m air (pressure increases, so the length of h increases) Pressure = 106 m water 10 cm Vakum Vacuum Tiub kaca Glass tube Merkuri Mercury h Mangkuk Dish 149 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

12 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 4 Rajah menunjukkan sebuah manometer merkuri disambungkan dengan bekalan gas diagram shows a mercury manometer that is connected to a gas supply Hitung tekanan gas yang dibekalkan dalam unit/calculate the pressure of the gas supply in (a) cm Hg (b) Pa [Ketumpatan merkuri = kg m - dan tekanan atmosfera = 76 cm Hg] [Density of mercury = kg m - and atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg] (a) P gas = P atm + h cm Hg = 76 cm Hg + 15 cm Hg = 91 cm Hg (b) P gas = hρg = (091 m) ( kg m ) (10 m s 2 ) = Pa 15 cm Merkuri Mercury Gas 4 PLIKSI PRISIP PSCL PPLYIG PSCL'S PRICIPLE yatakan Prinsip Pascal State Pascal's Principle Prinsip Pascal menyatakan bahawa apabila tekanan yang dikenakan pada cecair yang tertutup, tekanan akan dipindahkan secara seragam ke seluruh bahagian cecair itu Pascal s Principle states that when a pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure will be transmitted equally throughout the whole fluid Eksperimen untuk mengesahkan Prinsip Pascal Experiment to verify Pascal s Principle pabila piston ditekan pada kelalang sfera kaca, air di dalam jet akan dipancutkan daripada lubang-lubang kecil pada sfera kaca dengan kelajuan yang sama When the piston is pushed into the round-bottom flask, the jet of water spurts from the holes in the flask with the same speed Ini adalah kerana tekanan yang dikenakan pada air dipindahkan secara seragam ke seluruh bahagian air This is because the pressure acting on the water is transferred uniformly throughout the water Jet air Jets of water Persamaan Equation Dari Rajah 42, Daya, F 1 Luas keratan rentas piston x, 1 = Tekanan P 1 Mengikut Prinsip Pascal, Tekanan P 2 (pada piston Y ) = P 1 Daya, F Tetapi P 2 = 2 Luas keratan rentas piston Y, 2 F 2 2 = F 1 1 From Diagram 42, Force, F 1 = Pressure P Cross-sectional area, 1 of piston 1 x From Pascal's Principle, Pressure P 2 (at piston Y ) = P 1 Force, F 1 But P 2 = Cross-sectional area, 2 of piston Y F 2 2 = F 1 1 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 150 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

13 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Menjelaskan sistem hidraulik Explain a hydraulic system Suatu daya input F 1, yang kecil telah dikenakan pada piston kecil yang menyebabkan terhasilnya daya output F 2 yang besar small input force, F 1, is applied to the small piston resulting in a large output force, F 2 pabila daya F 1, dikenakan pada piston, tekanan dihasilkan dan disebarkan secara seragam piston B ke dalam cecair dan seterusnya kepada When force, F 1, is applied to piston, a throughout the liquid towards piston B pressure Input piston, Tekanan di X = Tekanan di Y/Pressure at X = Pressure at Y F 1 F2 X is produced and 1 2 Cecair Fluid M Rajah 42/Diagram 42 Y transmitted uniformly Output piston, B Tekanan didarabkan dengan luas permukaan piston B akan menghasilkan daya output, F 2 yang mengangkat beban M Pressure multiplied by the surface area of piston B will produce the output force, F 2 to lift up load M Luas keratan rentas piston adalah lebih kecil daripada luas keratan rentas piston B untuk menghasilkan daya output yang besar cross-sectional area of piston is smaller than that of piston B to produce a large output force Brek Hidraulik Hydraulic Brake plikasi Prinsip Pascal pplication of Pascal s Principle Tekanan yang dikenakan pada pedal brek boleh menghasilkan tekanan yang sama ke semua tayar untuk memberhentikan kereta Pressure acting on the brake pedal can transmit an equal pressure to all wheels simultaneously to stop the car Tekan pedal brek dengan mengenakan daya Press on the brake pedal by applying a Piston di silinder utama mengenakan tekanan pada minyak brek force Kasut brek Brake shoe Piston Piston Silinder utama Master cylinder Silinder hamba Slave cylinder Piston Piston Gegendang brek Brake drum Spring Spring Pedal brek Brake pedal piston of the master cylinder applies a pressure on the brake fluid Tekanan bertindak secara seragam pada silinder hamba di tayar Pressure is transmitted uniformly to the slave cylinders at the wheel Ia menyebabkan piston pada tayar menolak kasut brek untuk menekan pada permukaan gegendang brek This causes the pistons at the wheels to push the brake shoes to press against the surface of the brake drums Geseran antara brek dan kasut brek menyebabkan kenderaan menjadi perlahan dan akhirnya berhenti friction between the brakes and brake shoes causes the vehicle to slow down and finally stop 151 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

14 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Ciri-ciri/Characteristics (a) Cecair brek menggunakan minyak kerana minyak tidak boleh dimampatkan brake fluid used oil because it cannot be compressed (b) Cecair itu perlu mempunyai takat didih yang tinggi supaya tidak mudah berubah menjadi gas fluid must have a high boiling point so that it does not easily change to gas (c) Bahan untuk paip saluran diperbuat daripada keluli kerana ianya kuat dan mampu menghalang daripada kebocoran material for the transmission pipe is made from steel because it is strong and can prevent the pipe from leakage Faktor mengapa brek tidak berfungsi secara berkesan factor why the brake does not work effectively pabila terdapat gelembung udara di dalam cecair, sebahagian daripada daya yang dikenakan akan digunakan untuk memampatkan gelembung udara tersebut Ianya akan menambahkan masa untuk tindak balas brek tersebut When there are air bubbles in the liquid, part of the force applied will be used up in compressing the air bubbles It will increase the response time of the brake Latihan/ Exercises 1 ntuk menghasilkan daya sebanyak ke sistem hidraulik yang berkeluasan 20 m 2, hitung jumlah daya yang harus digunakan untuk keluasan 50 cm 2 To produce a force over a 20 m 2 area of a hydraulic system, calculate the magnitude of the force that must be applied to a 50 cm 2 area F 1 = F 2 F cm 2 = m 2 F 1 = 50 cm cm 2 = Di dalam sebuah sistem hidraulik, suatu piston yang besar mempunyai luas keratan rentas 2 = 200 cm 2 dan piston yang kecil pula mempunyai luas keratan rentas 1 = 5 cm 2 Jika daya sebanyak 250 dikenakan pada piston kecil, berapakah daya F yang dikenakan pada piston yang besar? In a hydraulic system, the large piston has a crosssectional area 2 = 200 cm 2 and the small piston has cross-sectional area 1 = 5 cm 2 If a force of 250 is applied to the small piston, what is the force, F, on the large piston? F 1 1 = F cm 2 = F 200 cm 2 F = Rajah menunjukkan sistem hidraulik asas yang mempunyai piston kecil dan besar masing-masing dengan luas keratan rentas 0005 m 2 dan 01 m 2 Daya sebanyak 20 dikenakan pada piston kecil diagram shows a basic hydraulic system which has a small piston and a large piston with cross-sectional areas of 0005 m 2 and 01 m 2 respectively force of 20 is applied to the small piston m m 2 Piston kecil Small piston Beban/Load Piston besar Large piston Tentukan/Determine (a) tekanan yang disebarkan dalam cecair hidraulik the pressure transmitted in the hydraulic fluid (b) jisim beban tersebut/the mass of the load (a) tekanan yang dipindahkan/the pressure transmitted, 20 P = 2 = m m (b) P = mg m 2 jisim/mass 10 m s 2 = 01 m 2 jisim/mass = 40 kg ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 152 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:11 PM

15 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 5 PLIKSI PRISIP RCHIMEDES PPLYIG RCHIMEDES PRICIPLE Definisi tujah ke atas atau daya keapungan Definition of upthrust or buoyant force Tujah ke atas atau daya apung yang bertindak pada sesuatu objek bersamaan dengan berat bendalir yang tersesar apabila objek ini terendam dalam berdalir ini sepenuhnya atau separanya upthrust or buoyant force acting on an object is equal to the weight of fluid displaced when the object is immersed completely or partly in the fluid Menghubungkaitkan daya keapungan ke atas dengan kehilangan berat Relate buoyant force to the loss of weight 10 7 K dara K tergantung di udara K hanging in the air K Daya apung Buoyant force K tenggelam sepenuhnya di dalam air K immersed totally in water (a) Berat objek di udara ialah berat sebenarnya = 10 weight of an object in air is its actual weight = 10 (b) Berat yang diukur apabila objek direndam sepenuhnya di dalam air ialah berat ketara = weight measured when the object is immersed totally in water is its apparent weight = 7 (c) Daya keapungan menjadikan objek kelihatan lebih ringan Buoyant force makes the object seem to be lighter 7 (d) Daya keapungan bertindak ke arah atas buoyant force acts upwards (e) Daya keapungan ke atas adalah bersamaan dengan berat ketara yang hilang buoyant force is equal to the apparent loss in weight (f) Daya keapungan = berat sebenar berat ketara = 10 7 = Buoyant force = actual weight apparent weight = 10 7 = (g) Berat ketara yang hilang = apparent loss in weight = ota: Tujah ke atas = Daya keapungan = Daya julangan 15 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd 15 10/20/15 2:11 PM

16 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Menghubungkaitkan daya keapungan dengan berat air yang disesarkan dan isi padu air yang disesarkan Relate buoyant force to the weight of the water displaced and volume of the water displaced disesarkan displaced (a) Daya keapungan adalah bersamaan dengan berat cecair yang disesarkan Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced (b) Daya keapungan = 1 = 2 Berat air yang disesarkan = 2 Buoyant force = 1 = 2 Weight of the water displaced = 2 (c) pabila berat air yang disesarkan itu bertambah, daya keapungan juga turut bertambah s the weight of the water displaced increases, the buoyant force also increases Isi padu air yang disesarkan Volume of water displaced (d) Isi padu air yang disesarkan bersamaan dengan isi padu objek yang direndam di dalam air volume of the water displaced is equal to the volume of the object immersed in the water Prinsip rchimedes rchimedes Principle Prinsip rchimedes menyatakan bahawa apabila suatu objek yang direndamkan sepenuhnya atau sebahagian di dalam suatu bendalir, daya keapungan (tujah ke atas) adalah sama dengan berat bendalir yang disesarkan oleh objek tersebut Daya keapungan (tujah ke atas) = berat bendalir yang disesarkan rchimedes' Principle states that when a body is fully or partially immersed in a fluid, the buoyant force on the object (upthrust) is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object Buoyant force (upthrust) = weight of water displaced ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 154 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

17 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Persamaan daya keapungan/equation of buoyant force (a) Daya keapungan = berat bendalir yang disesarkan/buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced (b) Daya keapungan = ρvg/buoyant force = ρvg (c) Daya keapungan = berat objek di udara berat objek di dalam air Buoyant force = weight of object in air weight of object in water Daya keapungan dan keapungan/buoyant force and flotation (a) Jika objek terapung/if the object floats Daya keapungan = berat objek/buoyant force = weight of object (b) Jika objek dalam seturus cecair bergerak ke atas If the object moves upward in a liquid Daya keapungan > berat objek/buoyant force > weight of the object (c) Jika objek dalam seturus cecair bergerak ke bawah If the object moves downward in a liquid column Daya keapungan < berat objek/buoyant force < weight of the object Kapal diperbuat daripada besi akan terapung di atas air Ship made of steel will float on water Sebuah kapal yang terapung di permukaan laut menyesarkan isi padu air yang sangat besar ship floating on the surface of the sea very large volume of water plikasi Prinsip rchimedes pplication of rchimedes Principle displaces Berat air yang disesarkan adalah sangat besar, oleh itu daya keapungan yang disesarkan sangat besar pada kapal tersebut the weight buoyant force of water displaced is very large, so acting on the ship is also very large Berat kapal adalah bersamaan dengan daya keapungan, jadi ia terapung weight of ship is equal to the buoyant force, and therefore it floats Sebaliknya, sebongkah logam akan menyesarkan isi padu air yang kecil sahaja On the other hand, a block of steel will displace a small volume of water only Jadi, daya keapungan yang bertindak pada logam itu adalah lebih kecil daripada beratnya; maka ia tenggelam So the buoyant force acting on it is than its weight, and therefore it sinks smaller a Sebuah bot akan tenggelam lebih dalam di sungai daripada air laut boat will submerge deeper in the river than in the sea Ketumpatan air sungai adalah lebih kecil daripada ketumpatan air laut density of the fresh river water is sea water Di laut/t sea Rajah (a)/diagram (a) lower Di sungai/in the river than that of Rajah (b)/diagram (b) Daya keapungan bot yang terapung itu adalah sama dengan berat air yang disesarkan buoyant force on the floating boat is equal to the weight of water displaced Semakin rendah ketumpatan air, semakin besar padu air yang disesarkan lower the density of the water, the volume of water displaced jisim Ketumpatan = isi padu Density = larger mass volume paila bot terapung di permukaan laut, isi padu air laut yang tersesar adalah kecil kerana ketumpatan air laut adalah besar When the boat is at sea, the volume of sea water displaced is small because the density of sea water is large Jadi bot akan tenggelam lebih di dalam air sungai berbanding dengan air laut / So the boat will submerge deeper in river water compared to sea water the isi 155 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

18 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Sesebuah kapal akan tenggelam lebih dalam ke dalam air jika berat yang lebih diletakkan di dalamnya hull of the ship will sink deeper in the water if extra weight is put into it Jika berat beban bertambah, isi padu air yang disesarkan juga turut bertambah If the weight of load increases, the volume of the water displaced will also increase Badan kapal Hull pabila isi padu air yang disesarkan bertambah, daya keapungan juga akan bertambah Kapal /Ship s the volume of the water displaced increases, the buoyant force also increases Badan kapal tersebut perlu tenggelam lebih dalam untuk menyesarkan lebih banyak air supaya daya keapungan yang lebih besar dihasilkan untuk menampung berat yang lebih hull of the ship must sink lower to displace more water so that there is larger buoyant force to support the extra weight Kapal B (muatan yang lebih ) Ship B (extra load) Peranan simbol Plimsoll pada kapal laut purpose of the Plimsoll symbol on a ship TF F T S W W TF : tropika tawar/tropical fresh water F : tawar/fresh water T : tropika masin/tropical salt water S : Lautan musim panas/salt water in summer W : Lautan musim sejuk/salt water in winter W : Musim sejuk di Lautan tlantik tara/winter in orth tlantic Ketumpatan air laut berbeza mengikut lokasi dan musim density of sea water varies with location and season ntuk memastikan kapal tersebut diisi dengan muatan yg sesuai beratnya, tanda garis plimsoll pada kapal berfungsi sebagai penanda To ensure that a ship is loaded within safe limits, the plimsoll line marked on the body of the ship acts as a guide Ciri-ciri sebuah kapal Characteristics of a ship (a) Bentuk 'streamline' untuk mengurangkan rintangan air Streamlined shape to reduce water resistance (b) Logam mempunyai kekuatan tinggi untuk menahan tekanan air yang tinggi high strength of metal withstands high water pressure (c) Luas keratan rentas badan kapal adalah lebar supaya lebih stabil cross-sectional area of the hull is wide so that the ship is more stable (d) Ruang udara di dalam badan kapal adalah besar untuk menghasilkan daya apung yang besar (membolehkan kapal terapung) volume of space in the hull of the ship is ship to float) high in order to produce a large buoyant force (which enables the ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 156 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

19 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Kapal selam/submarine Kapal selam tenggelam/submarine sinks Kapal selam mempunyai tangki-tangki balast yang besar yang digunakan untuk mengawal dan kedalaman kapal selam tersebut dari permukaan laut kedudukan submarine has large ballast tanks, which are used to control its position and depth from the surface of the sea pabila tangki diisi dengan air, berat kapal selam tersebut adalah lebih besar daripada daya keapungan When the ballast tanks are filled with water, the weight of the submarine is larger than the buoyant force Kapal selam tersebut akan tenggelam / submarine will sink Kapal selam timbul semula/submarine rise up Tangki balast diisi dengan udara (semua air dikeluarkan) ballast tanks are filled with air (all water is removed) Berat kapal selam tersebut adalah lebih kecil daripada daya apung weight of the submarine is smaller than the buoyant force Kapal selam akan timbul semula submarine will rise Permukaan laut Sea surface dara Tangki balast kosong Ballast tank empty Tangki balast penuh dengan air Ballast tank full of water Ciri-ciri kapal selam/characteristics of a submarine (a) Bentuk 'streamline' untuk mengurangkan rintangan air/streamline shape to reduce water resistance (b) Bahan yang tebal dan kuat untuk menahan tekanan tinggi kerana tekanan meningkat mengikut kedalaman Thick and strong materials to withstand high pressure because pressure increases with depth (c) Mempunyai tangki-tangki balast untuk membolehkan kapal selam tenggelam atau terapung Has ballast tanks to sink or float the submarine (d) Mempunyai periskop untuk memantau objek di luar permukaan air Has periscopes to observe objects above the water surface (e) Dilengkapi tangki oksigen untuk pernafasan Equipped with oxygen tanks for respiration Belon udara panas/hot air balloons Belon ditindak oleh dua daya utama ( daya keapungan dan berat belon) Balloon acted by two main forces ( buoyant force and weight of the balloon) Ketumpatan gas helium adalah lebih kecil dari ketumpatan udara di sekeliling density of helium gas is smaller than the density of the surrounding air Sebuah belon udara panas menyesarkan isi padu udara yang besar hot air balloon displaces a large volume of air Daya keapungan adalah sama dengan berat udara yang disesarkan buoyant force is equal to the weight of the air displaced pabila daya keapungan lebih besar daripada berat belon tersebut, belon akan naik ke atas When the buoyant force is greater than the total weight of the balloon, the balloon will rise pabila jumlah berat belon sama dengan daya keapungan, ia akan kekal terapung di udara When the total weight Daya keapungan pthrust/buoyant force Berat Weight of the balloon is equal to the buoyant force, it will remain floating in the air Daya keapungan pthrust/ Buoyant force Berat Weight 157 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

20 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Ciri-ciri belon udara panas Characteristics of hot air balloons (a) Belon besar untuk menghasilkan daya keapungan yang lebih besar // meningkatkan isi padu udara yang disesarkan Large balloon to produce a bigger buoyant force // increase the volume of air displaced (b) Gunakan bahan pembakar yang banyak untuk menghasilkan api yang lebih besar // memanaskan gas di dalam belon dengan lebih cepat se more burners to produce bigger flames // heat up the gas in the balloon faster (c) ilon sintetik lebih ringan, jisim kecil, kuat dan kalis udara Synthetic nylon lighter, small mass, strong and air proof material (d) Suhu udara yang tinggi dalam belon untuk mengurangkan ketumpatan dan berat udara di dalam belon High temperature of the air in the balloon to reduce density and weight of the air in the balloon (e) Bentuk sfera di atas untuk mengurangkan rintangan udara, supaya dapat naik ke atas dengan lebih cepat Spherical top shape to reduce air resistance, so that can move up faster Hidrometer/Hydrometer Kelalang kaca dipenuhi udara -filled glass bulb Skala Scale Batang halus Thin stem Butiran plumbum Lead shots Hidrometer adalah satu peralatan untuk mengukur ketumpatan relatif cecair seperti susu dan asid di dalam bateri kereta hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the relative density of liquids such as milk and acid in accumulator Ianya mempunyai kelalang kaca yang mengandungi butiran plumbum untuk membuat hidrometer itu terapung ke atas It has a glass bulb which contains some lead shots to make it float upright Ia mempunyai leher yang panjang dan sempit dengan tanda pengukur padanya menyebabkan hidrometer menjadi lebih sensitif It has long narrow neck with a scale marked on it which makes the hydrometer more sensitive Kelalang kaca yang besar penuh dengan udara itu digunakan untuk menyesarkan lebih cecair dan ianya menyebabkan daya keapungan (tujah ke atas) bertambah menjadikan hidrometer terapung large air-filled glass bulb is used to displace more liquid and it causes the buoyant force (upthrust) to increase, hence the hydrometer floats Di dalam cecair yang lebih kecil ketumpatannya, hidrometer akan tenggelam lebih dalam In a liquid of lower density, the hydrometer is submerged Ciri-ciri sebuah hidrometer Characteristics of a hydrometer more (a) Letakkan bebola plumbum di dalam kelalang kaca untuk memastikan hidrometer dalam keadaan tegak Put in some lead shots in the glass bulb to ensure the hydrometer is upright (b) Gunakan batang yang lebih kecil untuk mendapatkan selang yang lebih besar se a small stem to have bigger intervals on the scale (c) Gunakan kelalang yang besar dan batang yang lebih panjang supaya hidrometer tersebut tidak tenggelam sepenuhnya dalam cecair yang berketumpatan rendah se a big bulb and longer stem so that the hydrometer does not sink all the way in a low density liquid (d) Diperbuat daripada kaca supaya ianya tidak mudah terhakis Made from glass so it does not corrode easily ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 158 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

21 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 Latihan/ Exercises (g = 10 m s 2 ) 1 Sebuah blok yang keras digantung di udara dengan menggunakan benang dari neraca spring eraca spring tersebut memberikan bacaan 65 pabila blok itu tenggelam sepenuhnya di dalam air, neraca spring memberikan bacaan 0 solid block is suspended in air by a thin thread from a spring balance spring balance gives a reading of 65 When the block is completely submerged in water, the spring balance gives a reading of 0 (a) Tentukan daya keapungan yang dikenakan oleh air pada blok tersebut Determine the buoyant force exerted by the water on the block KBT (b) Berapakah berat air yang disesarkan oleh blok tersebut? What is the weight of water displaced by the block? (c) Tentukan isi padu air yang disesarkan oleh blok [Ketumpatan air = kg m - ] Determine the volume of water displaced by the block [Density of water = kg m - ] (a) Daya keapungan/buoyant force = berat di udara/weight in the air berat ketara/apparent weight = 65 0 = 5 (b) Berat air yang disesarkan/weight of water displaced = daya keapungan/buoyant force = 5 (c) Daya keapungan/buoyant force = mg = (ρv)g 5 = (1 000 kg m )(V)(10 m s 2 ) 5 V = (1 000 kg m 10 m s 2 ) = 0005 m Blok tenggelam sepenuhnya, maka isi padu blok = isi padu air yang disesarkan = 0005 m block is completely submerged, so volume of the block = volume of water displaced = 0005 m Perhatian/ote: ρ = m V m = ρv 2 Rajah menunjukkan sebiji belon berjisim 200 kg sedang terapung pada kedudukan pegun di udara Berapakah daya apung belon itu? diagram shows a balloon of mass 200 kg floating in a stationary position in the air What is the buoyant force on the balloon? pabila sesuatu objek terapung dalam keadaan pegun, daya apungan = berat objek When an object floats in a stationary position, the buoyant force = weight of object Oleh itu, F(daya apung)/refore, F(buoyant force) = W F = mg F = (200 kg) (10 m s 2 ) = Tanah Ground Suatu jasad mempunyai berat 20 di udara dan 15 di dalam cecair Jika isi padu cecair yang tersesar adalah m, berapakah ketumpatan cecair tersebut? body has a weight of 20 in air and 15 in a liquid If the volume of the liquid displaced is m, what is the density of the liquid? KBT Daya keapungan/buoyant force = Berat sebenar/ctual weight Berat ketara/pparent weight = = 5 Jadi, daya keapungan/hence, buoyant force = Berat cecair yang disesarkan/weight of the liquid displaced = 5 Jisim cecair yang disesarkan/mass of the liquid displaced = 05 kg m Oleh itu/n, ρ = V ρ = 05 kg = kg m- m Perhatian/ote: Berat/Weight = mg 5 = m(10 kg m 2 ) m = 05 kg 159 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

22 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 4 Sebuah blok logam mempunyai isi padu 05 m diikat pada tali Blok itu ditenggelamkan di dalam air Berapakah tegangan tali itu? [ketumpatan blok logam = 8 10 kg m -, ketumpatan air = 1 10 kg m - ], metal block with a volume 05 m is tied to a string block is immersed in water What is the tension of the string? [density of metal block = 8 10 kg m -, density of water = 1 10 kg m - ] Daya keapungan + Tegangan = Berat blok di udara ρ L = Ketumpatan logam/density of metal Buoyant force + Tension = Weight of block in air V L = Isi padu blok logam/volume of metal block Tegangan = Berat blok di udara Daya apung ρ a = Ketumpatan air/density of water Tension = Weight of block in air Buoyant force V L = Isi padu air tersesar/volume of water displaced T (tegangan/tension) = ρ L V L g ρ a V a g = (8 000 kg m )(05 m )(10 m s 2 ) (1 000 kg m )(05 m )(10 m s 2 ) = Rajah menunjukkan satu tabung uji berjisim 0012 kg dengan diameter seragam dan luas keratan rentas m 2, dan diisi dengan pasir, supaya ianya terapung menegak di dalam bikar yang berisi air dengan kedalaman 008 m [Ketumpatan air ialah kg m - ] diagram shows a test-tube of mass 0012 kg with uniform diameter and cross-sectional area m 2, and it is filled with sand, so that it floats vertically in a beaker containing water at a height of 008 m [Density of water is kg m - ] Tentukan/Determine (a) daya keapungan terhadap tabung uji the buoyant force on the test tube (b) berat pasir di dalam tabung uji the weight of the sand in the test tube (a) Daya keapungan/buoyant force = berat air tersesar/weight of water displaced = mg = (ρv)g = (1 000 kg m ) (008 m) ( ) m 2 10 m s 2 = 02 (b) Daya keapungan/buoyant force = berat tabung uji/weight of test tube + berat pasir/weight of sand Berat pasir/weight of sand = Daya keapungan/buoyant force berat tabung uji/weight of test tube = 02 (0012 kg) (10 m s 2 ) = = 02 Pasir Sand 008 m Bikar Beaker 6 Sebuah objek mempunyai isi padu m digantung pada neraca spring di udara Bacaan pada neraca spring ialah 8 Jika objek itu ditenggelamkan sepenuhnya ke dalam cecair yang berketumpatan 600 kg m -, tentukan bacaan neraca spring sekarang n object with a volume of m is hung from a spring balance in the air reading of the spring balance is 8 If the object is immersed fully in a liquid with a density of 600 kg m -, determine the reading of the spring balance now KBT Jisim cecair yang disesarkan/mass of liquid displaced = V cecair/liquid ρ cecair/liquid m m = 5 10 v = ρ -4 m 600 kg m - = 0 kg Berat cecair yang disesarkan/weight of liquid displaced = (0 kg) (10 m s 2 ) = 0 Jadi, daya apung/hence, buoyant force = Berat cecair yang disesarkan/weight of liquid displaced = Jadi, daya apung = Berat sebenar objek di udara Berat ketara objek (di dalam cecair) Hence, buoyant force = Real weight of object in air pparent weight of the object (in the liquid) = 8 Berat ketara/pparent weight Berat ketara = Bacaan neraca spring bagi objek dalam cecair = 5 pparent weight = Reading of spring balance for object in liquid = 5 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 160 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

23 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 6 MEMHMI PRISIP BEROLLI DERSTDIG BEROLLI S PRICIPLE Prinsip Bernoulli/Bernoulli s Principle Prinsip Bernoulli menyatakan bahawa tekanan dalam bendalir berkurang apabila kelajuan bendalir tersebut bertambah Bernoulli s Principle states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as the speed of the fluid increases ktiviti yang menerangkan daya paduan yang wujud akibat tekanan yang berbeza pada bendalir ctivities that explain that a resultant force exists due to a difference in fluid pressure ktiviti/ctivity 1 dara ditiup Blowing air Kedudukan akhir Final position Kedudukan asal Original position Kertas Paper (a) pabila udara ditiup kuat merentasi sebelah atas permukaan sehelai kertas, didapati bahawa kertas itu akan terangkat ke atas When the air is blown across the surface of a piece of paper, the paper moves up (b) Ini berlaku kerana udara bergerak pada halaju yang tinggi, maka tekanan menjadi rendah di sebelah atas kertas This happens because as the air above the paper moves at a very high velocity, the pressure decreases above the paper (c) Mengikut Prinsip Bernoulli, tekanan udara yang bergerak menjadi rendah apabila kelajuan udara tinggi ccording to Bernoulli s Principle, the pressure of the moving air decreases as the speed of the air increases (d) Tekanan atmosfera yang bertindak di sebelah bawah kertas adalah lebih tinggi daripada tekanan udara di sebelah atas permukaan kertas tersebut atmospheric pressure which acts at the bottom of the paper is higher than the air pressure at the top surface of the paper (e) Terdapat perbezaan tekanan, maka daya paduan d yang menghala ke atas akan menolak kertas tersebut ke atas re is a difference in pressure, so a resultant force acting upwards will push the paper up ktiviti/ctivity 2 X Z Benang String Y Penyedut minuman Straw Bola ping pong Ping-pong ball dara ditiup Blowing air (a) pabila udara ditiup dengan kuat dengan penyedut minuman, kedua-dua bola ping pong akan bergerak mendekati antara satu sama lain When air is blown hard through the straw, the two ping-pong balls will move closer to each other (b) dara bergerak pada halaju yang tinggi di antara bola-bola tersebut, maka tekanan menjadi rendah air moves at a very high velocity between the balls, and so the pressure becomes low (c) Mengikut Prinsip Bernoulli, tekanan pada udara yang bergerak berkurang apabila kelajuan udara bertambah ccording to Bernoulli s Principle, the pressure of the moving air decreases as the speed of the air increases (d) Tekanan atmosfera yang bertindak pada bola ping pong di X dan Y adalah lebih tinggi daripada tekanan udara di Z di antara bola ping pong menyebabkan perbezaan pada tekanan atmospheric pressure which acts on the ping-pong balls at X and Y is higher than the air pressure at Z between the balls causing a difference in pressure (e) Daya paduan dihasilkan dan menolak dua biji bola ping pong bergerak mendekati antara satu sama lain resultant force is produced and pushes the pingpong balls to move closer to each other 161 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

24 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 ktiviti/ctivity dara ditiup/blowing air ktiviti/ctivity 4 (1) Corong turas Filter funnel B C Bola ping pong Ping-pong ball liran air flow Halaju rendah Tekanan tinggi Low velocity High pressure P Q R Halaju sederhana Tekanan sederhana Moderate velocity Moderate pressure Halaju tinggi Tekanan rendah High velocity Low pressure Kedudukan asal/original position (a) pabila udara ditiup lebih kuat, bola tidak akan jatuh When the air is blown harder, the ball does not fall down (b) Ini kerana aliran udara pada halaju yang tinggi antara bola dan corong turas, jadi tekanan menjadi rendah di kawasan dan B This is because the air moves at a very high velocity between the ball and the wall of the filter funnel, the pressure becomes low in regions and B (c) Mengikut Prinsip Bernoulli, tekanan udara yang bergerak menjadi rendah apabila kelajuan udara meningkat ccording to Bernoulli s Principle, the pressure of the moving air decreases as the speed of the air increases (d) Tekanan atmosfera di kawasan C yang lebih tinggi daripada tekanan udara di kawasan dan B menyebabkan perbezaan tekanan atmospheric pressure in region C, being higher than the air pressure in region and B (e) Daya paduan ke atas akan terhasil dan menahan bola tersebut daripada jatuh ke bawah resultant force is produced upwards and holds the ball thus preventing it from falling down Tekanan bendalir berkurang secara seragam dari P ke R dalam tiub pressure of fluid decreases uniformly from P to R in the tube Halaju bendalir bertambah dari P ke R velocity of fluid increases from P to R P P > P Q > P R, V P < V Q < V R (2) liran air flow P Halaju rendah Tekanan tinggi Low velocity High pressure Q Halaju tinggi Tekanan rendah High velocity Low pressure R Halaju sederhana Tekanan sederhana Moderate velocity Moderate pressure Bahagian tengah Q adalah paling sempit, jadi halaju pada Q adalah paling tinggi dan tekanannya adalah paling rendah middle part of Q is the narrowest, so the velocity at Q is the highest and its pressure is the lowest P P > P R > P Q, V P < V R < V Q () Halaju rendah Tekanan tinggi Low velocity High pressure liran udara flow P Halaju tinggi Tekanan rendah High velocity Low pressure Q Halaju sederhana Tekanan sederhana Moderate velocity Moderate pressure R Bahagian tengah Q adalah paling sempit, jadi halaju pada Q adalah paling tinggi dan tekanannya adalah paling rendah middle part of Q is the narrowest, so the velocity at Q is the highest and its pressure is the lowest P P > P R > P Q, V P < V R < V Q ilam Publication Sdn Bhd 162 Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd /20/15 2:12 PM

25 MODL Fizik TIGKT 4 plikasi Prinsip Bernoulli pplications of Bernoulli s Principle erofoil erofoil (a) Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan bentuk aerofoil bagi keratan rentas sayap kapal terbang figure here shows an aerofoil shape for a cross-sectional area of the wing of an aeroplane (b) Ia kelihatan aliran udara lebih panjang di sebelah permukaan atas daripada di bawah dan menyebabkan halaju yang lebih tinggi pada permukaan atas tetapi tekanan yang lebih rendah di atas It will be seen that the path of air is longer over the upper surface than the lower, and therefore the speed is greater on the upper surface but the pressure is lower at the upper surface Laju udara lebih tinggi, tekanan rendah Speed of air is higher, lower pressure erofoil erofoil Laju udara lebih rendah, tekanan tinggi Speed of air is lower, higher pressure (c) Daya angkat (daya paduan) dihasilkan oleh perbezaan tekanan di antara kedua-dua permukaan, yang membantu kapal terbang untuk berlepas (mula naik ke udara) lift (resultant force) is produced by the difference in pressure between the two surfaces, which helps the plane to take off (d) Selain digunakan di kapal terbang, aerofoil juga digunakan pada kereta lumba Dalam kes ini, aerofoil diterbalikkan, dan daya ke bawah membantu menstabilkan kereta pada kelajuan yang tinggi In addition to its use in airplanes, aerofoil is also used in racing cars In this case, the aerofoil is upside down and the downward force helps to stabilise the car at high speeds Penyembur racun serangga Insecticide spray (a) pabila omboh ditolak, udara akan dipaksa keluar melalui pada kelajuan yang tinggi dan menyebabkan tekanan udara menjadi rendah Omboh Piston Jet udara Jet of air When the piston is pushed, a jet of air is forced out through the jet of gas at a high speed which causes the air pressure to be low (b) Mengikut Prinsip Bernoulli, tekanan udara yang bergerak itu berkurang apabila laju udara meningkat ccording to Bernoulli s Principle, the pressure of the moving air decreases as the speed of the air increases Cecair racun serangga Insect poison liquid Tiub logam sempit arrow metal tube (c) Tekanan atmosfera di dalam bekas racun serangga adalah lebih tinggi daripada tekanan di luar menyebabkan wujudnya perbezaan tekanan atmospheric pressure in the insecticide container is higher than the pressure outside, thus causing the difference in pressure (d) Ini menghasilkan daya paduan yang menolak cecair racun serangga ke atas melalui tiub logam yang sempit This produces a resultant force which pushes the insecticide up through the narrow metal tube 16 ilam Publication Sdn Bhd Fizik Tg4 B 2015(FSY4p)indd 16 10/20/15 2:12 PM

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