Studies of Polar Caps by HEND

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Ross Davis
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1 Studies of Polar Caps by HEND page 1

2 I.Mitrofanov, M.Litvak, A.Kozyrev, A. Sanin and V.Tret yakov W.Boynton, D.Hamara and C.Shinohara University of Arizona, Tucson, USA page 2

3 HEND (High Energy Neutron Detector) was developed by Russian Space Research Institute for NASA Mars Odyssey mission Sc/IN LD SD MD SD LD Sc/IN MD page 3

4 HEND (High Energy Neutron Detector) was developed by Russian Space Research Institute for NASA Mars Odyssey mission Sc/IN MD LD Sc/IN LD SD MD SD SD LD Sc/IN MD page 4

5 HEND (High Energy Neutron Detector) was developed by Russian Space Research Institute for NASA Mars Odyssey mission Gamma Sensor SD MD LD Sc/IN SD LD LD SD HEND MD NS MD page 5

6 Might HEND see the Residual Polar Caps at North and at South during summer time? page 6

7 Mars Odyssey 300 km Layer of neutrons production about m thick page 7

8 Now HEND is at the middle of the second Martian year of orbital mapping of South pole: -1 st year Summer -2 nd year Winter S 02/18/ Summer Winter 02/18/2002 page 8

9 Summer at the South Pole page 9

10 Now HEND is at the middle of the second Martian year of orbital mapping of North pole: -1 st year -2 nd year Winter Summer N Winter Summer page 10

11 Summer at the North Pole page 11

12 {74 pixels} water ice, wt% N HEND map for water ice at the Northern Permafrost Region page 12

13 HEND estimation for water ice at the North Pole page 13

14 Summer at the South Pole page 14

First Mars Express Science Conference, ESTEC, 21-25 February, 2005 water ice, wt% {98 pixels} S 80 70 HEND map for water ice at

15 First Mars Express Science Conference, ESTEC, February, 2005 water ice, wt% {98 pixels} S HEND map for water ice at the Southern Permafrost Region depth, cm {98 pixels} S HEND map for depth of water ice at the Southern Permafrost Region page 15

{98 pixels} water ice, wt% 80 70 S 80 70 S HEND map

16 {98 pixels} water ice, wt% S S HEND map for water ice at Southern Permafrost Region page 16

17 HEND estimation for water ice at the South Pole page 17

18 Yes? page 18

19 Where is the Southern Residual Polar Cap with CO 2? page 19

20 South 4.5 North 3.6 summer winter page 20

21 South 4.5 North 3.6 winter summer page 21

22 North South page 22

23 Seasonal cycle at the South Pole Summer Winter Summer page 23

24 Which mixture of water ice and CO 2 does HEND data supports for Southern Residual Polar Cap? page 24

25 70 Segment of Southern Residual Polar Cap page 25

26 Model for Segment of South Residual Polar Cap Atmosphere: Ames GCM Top Subsurface: CO 2 with h Bottom Subsurface: ζ (H 2 O ice) + (1 - ζ) CO 2 page 26

27 page 27

28 Atmosphere Top Subsurface: CO 2 with h = cm page 28

29 Atmosphere CO 2 with 18% H 2 O ice page 29

30 Atmosphere Top Subsurface: CO 2 with h = 37 cm CO 2 with 87% H 2 O ice page 30

Conclusions: 1) HEND/Odyssey well sees water ice for Northern Residual Polar Cap 2) HEND/Odyssey does not see carbon dioxide for Southern Residual Polar Cap 3) HEND/Odyssey sees quite similar

31 Conclusions: 1) HEND/Odyssey well sees water ice for Northern Residual Polar Cap 2) HEND/Odyssey does not see carbon dioxide for Southern Residual Polar Cap 3) HEND/Odyssey sees quite similar seasonal changes around both North and South Poles 4) HEND/Odyssey data supports water ice (>20 wt% ) under the top layer of dry ice of CO 2 (< 40 cm) for region of the Southern Residual Polar Cap page 31

Climate and Climate Change

Climate and Climate Change Chapter Test A Multiple Choice Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left. 1. Climates are classified according to two major factors: a. elevation and precipitation.