Ancestry groups in Australia: a descriptive overview

Transcription

1 University of Wollongong Research Online Centre for Multicultural Studies Working Papers Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts 1991 groups in Australia: a descriptive overview F L. Jones Australian National University Recommended Citation Jones, F L., groups in Australia: a descriptive overview, Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong, Working Paper 3, 1991, Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow.edu.au

2 groups in Australia: a descriptive overview Abstract For more than a quarter of a centuiy, Australian social scientists have commented on the deficiencies of country of birth as an index of ethnic origin (e.g. Price and Zubrzycki, 1962). National boundaries often do not coincide with the historical, geographical, and cultural bonds uniting people with a common ancestry, and even if they once did political realignments may break the nexus. As the number and size of different ethnic groups in the Australian population has increased, so has the demand for a measure of ethnicity that goes beyond data collected in earlier Australian censuses, for example birthplace, religion, race, and, more recently, birthplace of parents. This working paper is available at Research Online:

3 Working Papers on Multiculturalism TH MULTIC DEPARTMEN HE CENTRE FOR M u l t i c u l t u r a l s t u d ie s

4 Paper No.3 Groups in Australia: A Descriptive Overview JONES

5 Working Papers on Multiculturalism No.3 Groups in Australia: A Descriptive Overview F.L. Jones Department of Sociology Research School of Social Sciences Australian National University, Canberra Published for The Office of Multicultural Affairs, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, by The Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong, Australia

6 1991 Office of Multicultural Affairs Published by The Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong P.O. Box 1144 Wollongong, 2500 Australia for The Office of Multicultural Affairs, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Canberra, 2600 Australia Co-ordination: Bill Cope and Adriana Hassapis (CMS); John Lander (OMA) Distribution enquiries: Office of Multicultural Affairs The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commonwealth Government, the Office of Multicultural Affairs or the Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication Data: Jones, F. Lancaster (Frank Lancaster), Ancestiy groups in Australia. Bibligraphy. ISBN I. Immigrants - Australia. 2. Immigrants - Australia - Statistics. 3. Children of immigrants - Australia - Statistics. I. Australia. Office of Multicultural Affairs. II. Title. ( Series : Working papers in multiculturalism ; no. 3 ) SERIES ISSN Text printing and binding by the University of Wollongong Printery Covers printed by Meglamedia (02)

7 CONTENTS Ethnicity in the Australian Census p.7 and Immigrant Generations in the 1986 Census p.9 Table 1. and Immigrant Generations of the Australian Population, 1986 Census Table 2. Period of Residence in Australia of First-Generation Immigrants in Australia,1986 Census Table 3. English-Language Ability of Immigrant Males from Non-English-Speaking Ancestries, 1986 Census Cautionary Remarks on Immigrant Generations p.17 Urban/Rural Residence,, and Immigration Generation p.19 Age Structure,, and Immigrant Generation p.20, Immigrant Generation, and School-Leaving Age p.21, Immigrant Generation, and Qualifications p.22, Immigrant Generation, and Economic Activity p.23, Immigrant Generation, and Occupation p.27, Immigrant Generation, and Family Income p.30, Immigrant Generation, and Religion p.33 References p.34 Appendix A Tables: First-Generation Immigrant Australians p.35 Table A.I. Broad Divisions of Residence of First-Generation Immigrants in Australia Table A.2. Age Structure of First-Generation Immigrant Men from Different Ancestries Table A.3. Age Structure of First-Generation Immigrant Women from Different Ancestries Table A.4. School Leaving Ages of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged Table A.5. School Leaving Ages of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged Table A.6. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries Table A.7. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries Table A.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries

8 Table A.9. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries Table A.10. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15 to 24 Years Table A.11. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15 to 24 Years Table A.12. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 25 to 54 Years Table A.13. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 25 to 54 Years Table A.14. Labour Force Status of First Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years Table A. 15. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 54 to 64 Years Table A.16. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 65 Years or More Table A.17. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 65 Yeare or More Table A.18. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15 to 24 Years Table A.19. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15 to 24 Years Table A.20. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 25 to 54 Years Table A.21. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 25 to 54 Years Table A.22. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Children Aged Under 15, Males Only Table A.23. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Children Aged Under 15, Females Only Table A.24. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 65 or Older Table A.25. Annual Family Income Among First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 65 or Older Table A.26. Religious Affiliations of First-Generation Immigrants Appendix B Tables: Second-Generation Australians p.89 Table B.l. Broad Divisions of Residence of Second-Generation Persons in Australia Table B.2. Age Structure of Second-Generation Australian Men from Different Ancestries Table B.3. Age Structure of Second-Generation Australian Women from Different Ancestries Table B.4. School Leaving Ages of Second-Generation Australians, Males Aged Table B.5. School Leaving Ages of Second-Generation Australians, Females Aged Table B.6. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries Table B.7. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries Table B.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Australian Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries Table B.9. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries Table B.10. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years Table B.ll. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years Table B.12. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years Table B.13. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years Table B.14. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years Table B.15. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 54 to 64 Years Table B.16. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 65 Years or More Table B.17. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 65 Years or More Table B.18. Occupations of Second-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years Table B.19. Occupations of Second-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years Table B.20. Occupations of Second-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years Table B.21. Occupations of Second-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years Table B.22. Annual Family Income for Second-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Males Only Table B.23. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Females Only Table B.24. Annual Family Income for Second-Generation Men Aged 65 or Older Table B.25. Annual Family Income Among Second-Generation Women Aged 65 or Older Table B.26. Religious Affiliations of Second-Generation Australians Appendix C Tables: Third- and Earlier Generation Australians p.143 Table C.l. Broad Divisions of Residence of Third-Generation Persons in Australia Table C.2. Age Structure of Third-Generation Australian Men from Different Ancestries Table C.3. Age Structure of Third-Generation Australian Women from Different Ancestries Table C.4. School Leaving Ages of Third-Generation Australians, Males Aged Table C.5. School Leaving Ages of Third-Generation Australians, Females Aged Table C.6. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries Table C.7. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries Table C.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Australian Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries Table C.9.1 lighest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries Table C.10. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years Table C.ll. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years Table C.12. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years Table C.13. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years Table C.14. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years Table C.15. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 54 to 64 Years Table C.16. Labour Force Status of Third-Geneiation Males Aged 65 Years or More Table C.17. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 65 Years or More Table C.18. Occupations of Third-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years Table C.19. Occupations of Third-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years Table C.20. Occupations of Third-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years Table C.21. Occupations of Third-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years Table C.22. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Males Only Table C.23. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Females Only Table C.24. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Men Aged 65 or Older Table C.25. Annual Family Income Among Third-Generation Women Aged 65 or Older Table C.26. Religious Affiliations of Third-Generation Australians

9 Ethnicity in the Australian Census For more than a quarter of a centuiy, Australian social scientists have commented on the deficiencies of country of birth as an index of ethnic origin (e.g. Price and Zubrzycki, 1962). National boundaries often do not coincide with the historical, geographical, and cultural bonds uniting people with a common ancestry, and even if they once did political realignments may break the nexus. As the number and size of different ethnic groups in the Australian population has increased, so has the demand for a measure of ethnicity that goes beyond data collected in earlier Australian censuses, for example birthplace, religion, race, and, more recently, birthplace of parents. In late 1982, the Australian Statistician appointed a committee (the 1986 Population Census Ethnicity Committee) to recommend ways in which the 1986 Census might contribute to a better understanding of ethnic diversity in Australia. In April 1984, that Committee presented its report, recommending the inclusion of a self-identification ancestry question. Such a question was to supplement rather than replace the existing self-identification question used to distinguish Aboriginal Australians and Torres Straits Islanders (Australia, 1984). When combined with information on birthplace and birthplace of parents, these ancestry data throw valuable light on the ethnic composition of the Australian population. For some immigrant groups, e.g. Italians, ancestry provides little additional information beyond conventional birthplace data: most immigrants of Italian ancestry were born in Italy, although some also came from Egypt and Malta. Similarly, significant numbers of ethnic Greeks were bom in countries other than Greece (e.g. Egypt and Cyprus). For other groups, e.g. the Chinese, birthplace figures grossly underestimate the size of the ethnic group identified in terms of a common ancestry. Figure 1 gives some illustrative figures for five ancestry groups that are particularly diverse in terms of the countries from which their members came.

10 Figure 1 Birthplace and, Selected Groups (Australian Labour Force, 1986 Census) Polish French Chinese Indian Great Britain Germany V / / / ^ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ^ J North America New Zealand Great Britain V///////^^^^ Z22MS:'.^:Q -r7frica China Hong Kong Indochina Malaysia 1 Other Europe India Poland Jewish Great Britain... Poland Ukraine Israel i I I I I I i I i L Percentage Born in Different Countries 8 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

11 A comparison of birthplaces and ancestries reported by overseas-born persons shows that the ancestry data provide valid and reliable estimates of ethnic origin. Similar comparisons cannot yet be made for the children of immigrants, and there is no way to test the ancestry data for native-born persons whose parents were also born in Australia. Nonetheless, the first test is reassuring and it seems reasonable to conclude that the ancestry data provide valid information on the ethnic origins of Australianborn, as well as foreign-born, persons. However, as the figures in the Appendix tables show, a minority of persons gave ancestry answers that could not readily be classified (for example, the answer "mixed ancestry" with no further information). Also, as the last two rows of Tables A.l, B.l and C.l show, the saliency of the ancestry question varies across generations. Only 3.9 per cent of immigrants reported "other" ancestries, but among second- and third-generation Australians this figure rises to 6.5 and 10.6 respectively. The concept of ancestry is more ambiguous for native-born than foreignborn persons. and Immigrant Generations in the 1986 Census The attached sets of Appendix tables provide a descriptive overview of the social and demographic characteristics of fifty-seven distinct ancestry groups, separately for each of three immigrant generations. The first generation consists of persons bom in countries other than Australia. The second generation consists of persons born in Australia with one or both parents bom overseas. Third and older generations comprise persons born in Australia of Australian parentage. For convenience I will refer to these three groups as first-, second- and third-generation Australians. The data used to prepare the tables and figures in this report come from six special tabulations prepared by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, largely in response to an initiative from Dr C.A. Price. However, other users and organisations contributed to the cost of preparing these special tabulations, which are now archived in the Social Science Data Archives at the Australian National University (1986 Census of Population and Housing, Special Tabulations, UX0212 TO UX0217). Some of these tapes contain less detail on ancestry. For example, the data on English-language proficiency is available only for a truncated set of ancestries. ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 9

12 Table 1. and Immigrant Generations of the Australian Population, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Immigrant Generation First Second Third Encrlish-Speakina Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

13 Table 1 (continued) Group Immigrant Generation First Second Third Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korea Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 11

14 Table 2. Period of Residence in Australia of First-Generation Immigrants in Australia, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group 0-9 Years of Residence 20 or More Not Stated Encrlish-Speakincr Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

15 Table 2 (continued) Group 0-9 Years of Residence 20 or More Not Stated (100% Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korea Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 13

16 Table 3. English-Language Ability of Immigrant Males from Non-English-Speaking Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Person Only Speaks Well English: Poorly Not Stated Western Europe Dutch French German Norwegian Eastern and North'-Eastern Europe Polish Russian Mediterranean Countries Greek Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Western Asia Arab Armenian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Indian Note: English-language ability categories are as follows: Person speaks English only; speaks English well or very well; and does not speak English well or at all. 14 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

17 Table 4. English-Language Ability of Immigrant Females from Non-English-Speaking Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Person Only Speaks Well English: Poorly Not Stated Western Europe Dutch French German Norwegian Eastern and North--Eastern Europe Polish Russian Mediterranean Countries Greek Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Western Asia Arab Armenian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Indian Note: English-language ability categories are as follows: Person speaks English only; speaks English well or very well; and does not speak English well or at all. ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA. 15

18 Table 1 provides information on how recently different ancestry groups settled in Australia. Those with longer histories have higher proportions among the third or older generations, while those with a more recent history are mostly first-generation immigrants. Tables 2, 3, and 4 pertain only to first-generation immigrants, and show how long they have been in Australia and how well they speak English as a second language (the English-language proficiency question was asked only of those who spoke a language other than English at home). In describing the many tables that comprise the information base of this report, I will simply highlight the major points that emerge from each table, or set of tables (for example, comparable tables for each immigrant generation in Appendix A, B, or C). For convenience, I will talk about the ancestries shown in each table as indicating the number of persons with British, Baltic, or Albanian origins, as the case may be. In order to identify potential "target" groups, most tables show women and men separately, and where appropriate I have disaggregated the data by age. Limited data are available on place of residence (urban/rural), but not for household composition (for example, single-parent households). The one per cent public use sample provides a wider range of information but for a smaller set of ancestries. The data I report here come from the complete census results. Table 1 shows the relative distribution of ancestry groups by generation. It shows that: except for persons with Maori, New Zealand, North American or South African origins, other groups originating from English-speaking countries (including Australia) have a long history of settlement in Australia; among Western Europeans, persons with Scandinavian, French or German origins have longer histories of settlement than the Dutch or Swiss; persons of eastern European origin are mainly first-generation immigrants or their offspring. Persons of Polish or Russian origin have a somewhat longer history of settlement than members of other groups; except for persons of Spanish background, most southern European groups are first- or second-generation immigrants. except for persons of Jewish background, persons from Western Asian countries are mostly first-generation immigrants; 16 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

19 groups from eastern Asia are predominantly first-generation immigrants, or the offspring of first-generation immigrants. Only persons of Chinese, Indian and, to a lesser extent, Malay ancestry have a significant third-generation component; and the "Other" category consists predominantly of third-generation persons. So it seems reasonable to conclude that they are mainly of English-speaking, Western European, or Scandinavian background, because these groups also consist primarily of thirdgeneration Australians. groups with significant numbers of third-generation Australians have access to a social resource not generally available to more recent arrivals, namely, established co-ethnics in a wide range of social locations. Incoming settlers should therefore be able to draw upon established family and ethnic networks, including professionals and service workers able to cater for the needs of newcomers from the same ancestry group. Cautionary Remarks on Immigrant Generations It will be apparent from Table 1, and also from the appendix tables, that there are some puzzles relating to the immigrant generation data. The two most obvious are the small proportions of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Straits Islanders who said they had been born outside Australia, and the small proportions of third-generation persons among recent immigrant groups (e.g. the Khmer and Vietnamese). In order to solve the first puzzle, it will be necessary to cross-check ancestry responses against answers given to the separate question used in the census to identify Aborigines and Torres Straits Islanders (there is less of a puzzle about second-generation persons from these ancestries, since they may be of mixed ancestry, with one parent bom overseas). The second puzzle is most probably a product of grouping with the Australian-born persons whose parents' birthplaces were "Not stated". In other words, some persons included among the third-generation may in fact be second- rather than thirdgeneration Australians. There is no way of untangling this knot in these tabulations, because there is no way of identifying persons whose parents' birthplaces were "Not stated". So one needs to exercise some discretion with small groups and recent immigrant flows. ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 17

20 In general, I also will not interpret differences where the group has fewer than 1,000 persons in it, unless the difference is part of a regional pattern (e.g. most eastern European or eastern Asian groups display the same feature). Returning now to Table 2, it adds another dimension to Table 1 by showing how recently different immigrant groups arrived in Australia. It shows that: immigration flows from New Zealand and South Africa are dominated by recent arrivals; immigration from Western Europe is more evenly spread over the three time-periods distinguished; except for Czechs and Poles, few eastern Europeans have settled in Australia during the last two decades; there is a mixture of settlement patterns among southern Europeans, with some groups (e.g. Greeks, Italians, and Maltese) arriving mainly before 1966, and other groups (e.g Lebanese and Turks) arriving mostly after 1966; among groups from western Asia persons with Jewish ancestry are longer- established than Iranians, most of whom arrived in Australia during the last decade; and except for Indians and Sinhalese, all groups from eastern Asia are of recent origin. Tables 3 and 4 complement Table 2 by showing how well the members of different groups speak English. Note that data are available only for a restricted range of ancestry groups. Nonetheless, we can see that: very few western Europeans have a poor control of the English language; a significant minority of eastern Europeans report that they speak English poorly, or do not speak it at all; except for the Maltese, a significant minority of southern Europeans have a weak command of English (this minority is somewhat larger than among eastern Europeans); except for person of Jewish or Indian ancestry, a significant minority of settlers from Asia speak English poorly or not at all (this minority is about the same relative size as among southern Europeans); and in general, women have a weaker command of English than men from the same ancestry. This difference reflects the fact that women's social circles are more centred on the domestic sphere than those of men. 18 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

21 Urban/Rural Residence,, and Immigration Generation I turn now the twenty-six Appendix tables, which are replicated for each immigrant generation. The first set of tables, Table A.l, B.l, and C.l provides information on broad division of residence. The main findings are: first-generation immigrants are more urbanised than second-generation Australians, who are in turn more urbanised than the third-generation. The last rows of the relevant tables show that the percentages living in major urban areas are 79.5, 71.5 and 54.8 respectively. Contrariwise, more than twice as many third-generation Australians (17.8 per cent) live in rural areas than is the case among first-generation immigrants (8.0 per cent); first-generation immigrants from English-speaking countries and western Europe are less likely than other first-generation immigrants to live in major urban areas but are more likely to live in smaller urban centres; except for persons of Finnish extraction, immigrants from eastern Europe are heavily concentrated in major urban centres; the same pattern also characterises immigrants from southern Europe and western Asia, with more than nine out of every ten persons settling in a major urban centre; except for persons of Filipino, Indonesian, and Malay ancestry, eastern Asians are also heavily urbanised; these differentials generally characterise the second-generation as well; but among the third-generation they are more muted. Poles, for example, have a very similar distribution to persons of English-speaking background, and the same is true of persons with western European ancestries. Greek-Australians are more urbanised than Italian-Australians; Australians from Chinese and Indian backgrounds have regional distributions not too similar from all third-generation Australians; and persons with Jewish ancestry are more urbanised. Because only sixteen of the fortyeight non-english-speaking ancestry groups have more than 5,000 third-generation members, analysis of differentials in this immigrant generation is restricted. ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 19

22 Age Structure,, and Immigrant Generation Tables A.2, B.2, and C.2 provide information on the age structure of men in different ancestry and immigrant categories. These tables show that: relatively few members of the first-generation (6.7 per cent) are children under fifteen, compared with the second- and third-generations (38.7 and 25.8 per cent respectively); similarly, more than half (56.1 per cent) the members of the first-generation are in the prime working ages of 25 to 54 years, compared with little more than one quarter (26.0 per cent) of the second-generation; the proportion 65 years and over is highest among first-generation immigrants, and lowest among the second-generation, two out of every three of whom are under the age of twenty-five; there are some notable differences among first-generation immigrants from different ancestries, for example the much higher proportion of children under fifteen among (recently arrived) persons from eastern Asia; on the other hand, the proportions 65 and over are much higher among the longerestablished eastern-european groups; among the second-generation, the proportion of children is much higher among some eastern European (Croatians and Serbians), some southern European (Egyptians, Lebanese, Macedonians, Portuguese and Turks), and most Asian groups, reflecting the recency of these immigration flows; persons of Scandinavian origin tend to be relatively older, because they are descended from immigrant stock who arrived in the first few decades of this century; among third-generation Australians, Aborigines and southern Europeans have relatively young age structures; and these differences characterise women from these different ancestries as well as men, except that in both the first- and second-generation there are relatively more older women. 20 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

23 , Immigrant Generation, and School-Leaving Age Appendix Tables 4 and 5 provide information on group differences in the ages at which persons aged 15 to 24 left school. By focussing on a particular cohort, we largely eliminate period effects, for example the recent tendency for young people to stay on at school longer. What these tables show is that: there are only small differences across immigrant generations, members of the thirdgeneration show the highest proportion leaving before their seventeenth birthday (47.8 per cent of young men and 44.4 per cent of young women), whereas the secondgeneration has the highest proportion still at school (31.1 and 31.3 per cent respectively); to the extent that these data show any differences, first- and second-generation young people stayed at school longer than members of the third generation, and young women stayed at school longer than young men, but these differences are slight; among first-generation immigrants, groups with above average proportions leaving school at seventeen or older are North Americans, South Africans, and, to a lesser extent the Irish, from the English-speaking countries; Scandinavians, Dutch, French, and Germans from western Europe; all eastern European groups; Greeks, Italians, Macedonians, Spanish and Yugoslavs among the southern European groups; all except those of Arab ancestry among western Asian groups; and Chinese, Indians, Indonesians, Japanese, Malays, and Sinhalese among those from eastern Asia; these differences are somewhat more marked among young women, because more of them stayed on at school after their sixteenth birthday; among members of the second-generation, groups with relatively high proportions leaving school before seventeen include the Australian, British, Maori, New Zealander, Austrian, Dutch, German, and Maltese (both women and men); and although many third-generation groups are quite small, to the extent that group differences can be discerned, young men and women from German and Maltese backgrounds left school relatively early, but not as early as Aboriginal Australians. In general, these data do not reveal a strong pattern of educational disadvantage among young people from non-english-speaking backgrounds. On the contrary, they tend to remain in school longer than persons from English-speaking countries, including third-generation Australians of Australian ancestry (except Aboriginal Australians, who are educationally disadvantaged). ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 21

24 , Immigrant Generation, and Qualifications Appendix Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9 provide information on the highest qualification held by adults. First, I consider persons aged between 18 and 34 years of age. among men, there is a remarkably consistent distribution across immigrant generations. About one in ten held a degree or diploma, about one in four a trade certificate, one in twenty a different kind of certificate, and three in five had no post-school qualification (including "not stated"); women also display a common pattern, with one in ten holding a degree or diploma, one in five a trade or other certificate, but most had no post-school qualification (about seven out of every ten); among first-generation immigrant men and women, groups with relatively high proportion of degree- and diploma-holders were the North American, South African, Norwegian/Swedish, Baltic, Polish, Russian, Egyptian, Iranian, Jewish, and some eastern Asian ancestry groups (Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, and Sinhalese); Ukrainian women were better qualified than men from the same ancestry (18.8 per cent with a degree or diploma, compared with 12.5 per cent for men); western European groups had relatively more men and women with certificates; and southern European groups were over-represented in the "no qualifications" and "not stated" categories, as were the Vietnamese; among members of the second-generation, groups with higher than average numbers of degree- and diploma-holders include the Irish, South African, French, Swiss, and eastern European ancestries (except the Croatians and Finnish), and persons of Cypriot, Egyptian and Macedonian origin among the southern European ancestries, together with persons of Jewish and Chinese ancestry among the Asian groups (other eastern Asian groups are too small to warrant interpretation); the Maltese again have relatively low educational attainments; among members of the third-generation, groups with relatively high attainments include persons of Irish, Scandinavian, Polish, Russian, Lebanese, Jewish, and to a lesser extent Chinese ancestry; persons of Maltese ancestry are under-represented among persons with degrees or diplomas, as are persons of Indian ancestry; 22 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

25 Turning now to the next age-group, persons aged between and 64 years of age, we find the following differences: whereas about one in nine first-generation men had a degree or diploma, this ratio is higher among North Americans and South Africans, Norwegians and Swedes, the Baltic and Russian groups, Egyptians, Iranian, Jewish, and all eastern Asian groups except for the Khmer, Lao and Vietnamese ancestries; holders of trade certificates are over-represented among the British and South African groups, most western European groups, the Czechs, Hungarians, and Latin Americans; men without qualifications predominate among Maoris, Croatians, Finns and Ukrainians, all southern European ancestries except Egyptian, and most Asian ancestries (exceptions include the Iranian, Jewish, Filipino, Indian, Indonesian, Malay, and Sinhalese ancestries); similar patterns pertain to first-generation women of the same ages, except that only one in four holds a post-school qualification, compared with almost one in two immigrant men; as for the second-generation, groups with relatively large numbers of degree- and diploma-holders comprise the Irish, all eastern European ancestries except Croatians and Finns (although Finnish women are better-qualified than Finnish men), Greek and Lebanese men (but not women), and the Jewish and Chinese ancestry groups (the remaining Asian groups are rather small); among third-generation Australians, the Irish again have more than their expected share of degree- and diploma-holders (almost twice as many, proportionately as men and women of Australian or British ancestry), as do Russians, Lebanese (men only), Jewish, and Chinese; and fewer women than men hold a post-school qualification (23.0 versus 40.3 per cent), Immigrant Generation, and Economic Activity The next set of eight tables describe in detail the economic activity of different groups, separately for age cohorts: men and women aged 15 to 24, 25 to 54,55 to 64, and 65 and over. I have calculated labour force figures as percentages of the total population rather than the labour force, so that the readers can see how many are outside the ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 23

26 labour force (at school, discouraged workers, or retirees). Calculating unemployment and other labour force statistics involves a simple mental adjustment of percentages upwards, to allow for the proportion not in the labour force. Taking first the youngest cohort, those aged 15 to 24 years of age, we find that: just over one third of first-generation men and two out of five immigrant women are not in the labour force; fractionally more young men are unemployed than are young women (13.0 versus 11.5 per cent), but more young women are either outside the labour or in unemployment than is the case for men; relatively high proportions of persons from eastern Asian ancestries are not in the labour force (that is, they are still in full-time education); unemployment is relatively high among persons of Maori and New Zealand ancestry, and also the Lebanese and Vietnamese groups; self-employment is rare but more common among eastern and southern European men and, to a lesser extent, women; among members of the second-generation, unemployment is somewhat less likely among both men and women, and varies less across groups (if we discount some of the high rates observed in very small groups, such as second-generation Vietnamese); groups with relatively low workforce participation rates (or high educational retention rates) include the Croatian, Greek, Lebanese, Macedonian, Jewish and Chinese ancestry groups (women as well as men); differentials are in general muted compared with the first-generation; the third-generation show overall rates similar to those of the second-generation. Among the larger groups only Aboriginal Australians show a very high rate of unemployment, and a low participation rate as well; and self-employment, although uncommon, is marginally higher among men of western and southern European ancestiy; The next tables provide comparable information for persons aged between 25 and 54 years of age (Tables A.12 and A.13, B.12 and B.13, C.12 and C.13). This age bracket covers a high proportion of first-generation immigrants but fewer, proportionately, of the second and third generations. The main findings for first-generation immigrants are: about four times as many women as men are outside the labour force (39.8 versus 8.9 per cent), but fewer are in unemployment (5.8 versus 7.5 per cent); 24 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

27 about twice as many men are employers or self-employed; among men, participation rates are relatively low among the following origin groups: Croatian, Serbian, Greek, Lebanese, Turkish, Yugoslavian, Arab, Assyrian, Iranian, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, and Pacific Islander; unemployment is high among men of Maori, Lebanese, Turkish, Arab, Assyrian, Iranian, Khmer and Vietnamese ancestry; and unemployment tends to be relatively high among women from these ancestries as well; and self-employment is above average among men of western and eastern European ancestry, Greeks, Italians and Lebanese, and men of Armenian, Jewish and Korean ancestry (a similar, but weaker, pattern also characterises women from these ancestries); Tables B.12 and B.13 provide the comparable data for members of the secondgeneration, and they show that: women are six times more likely than men not to be in the labour force, a differential slightly greater than among the first-generation; in relative terms, about half as many women as men are in unemployment, but twice as many men are self-employed or employers; there are few ancestry group differences in percentages unemployed, apart from some high figures among small groups (e.g. the Turkish, Armenian, and Vietnamese); self-employment (including being an employer of others) is more prevalent among men of Albanian origin (a very small group), and men of Greek, Italian, Lebanese, and Jewish ancestry, a pattern also characteristic of women from the same ancestries; as for members of the third generation, the distribution across labour force categories is very similar to that of second-generation men and women; unemployment is very high among Aboriginal men but lower among Aboriginal women, who tend not to be in the labour force at all; and there are relatively few other differences that warrant interpretation, because the largest differences pertain to quite small ancestry groups. The next two tables (A.14, A.15, and their companion tables) contain similar data for persons approaching retirement from the labour force, those aged 55 to 64 years. Matters worthy of comment are that: ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 25

28 among the first-generation, one in three men and three out of four women are outside the labour force; partly as a result of the earlier availability of the age pension, very few women are in unemployment compared with men (1.7 versus 7.0 per cent); unemployment is relatively high among some southern European groups (Lebanese, Spanish, Turkish) and several of the Asian groups have very high percentages unemployed (e.g. Arab, Chinese and Vietnamese). However, apart from the Chinese, these other groups are small, even in aggregate; men of Jewish ancestry have high rates of self-employment, as do women of the same ancestry; second-generation men and women have almost identical labour force distributions to the first-generation; the main intergroup differences pertain to self-employment, with persons of Greek and Italian ancestry having higher than average percentages (as many as one in four men and one in ten women aged 55 to 64, compared with the overall figures of one in six men and one in twenty women); third-generation men experience relatively low unemployment (4.1 per cent, compared with 7.1 per cent among the first-generation); about twice as many women as men are outside the labour force; but otherwise most ancestry groups are too small to warrant interpretation of observed differences, with the possible exception of the high rate of self-employment among Italian men. Tables A.16, A.17, B.16, B.17, C.16, and C.17 are included mainly to complete the coverage of age groups. In each table at least ninety in every hundred persons is outside the labour force. The only groups that show higher participation rates are those characterised by self-employment. Among first-generation immigrants, men of Jewish ancestry have remarkably high participation rates, even for those on wages and salaries (at 11.6 per cent, it is threefold the general average of 3.8 per cent). A similar pattern pertains to second- and third-generation men from the same ancestry. Other figures do not warrant detailed comment but are provided for the sake of completeness, and for those interested in specific groups. 26 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

29 , Immigrant Generation, and Occupation Tables A.18 through A.21, and companion tables in Appendices B and C, provide information on the occupational distributions of different ancestry groups, crossclassified by gender, immigrant generation, and age (young adults aged 15 to 24 years, and adults in the prime working ages of 25 to 54 years). Readers should note that the "Other" category in these tables comprise persons not in the labour, the unemployed, and employed persons whose occupation could not be coded to one of the categories shown. Taking first young immigrant men, we can see from Table A.18 that: immigrants have about equal shares in among three major occupation groups (trades, unskilled, and clerical); the next two most important groups are professional and semi-skilled work, with very few finding employment as managers or in farming; scanning each column in turn we find few major differences among managers, except for some slight over-representation among a few western European (Dutch, French) and southern European ancestries (Greek, Italian); eastern Asian and most southern European ancestries are under-represented among the professions; eastern European groups tend to be over-represented among the trades; eastern Asians are under-represented in clerical work; and once allowance is made for the high proportions of Asians in the "Other" categoiy, they, together with some southern European groups (e.g. Macedonian, Maltese), are over-represented in unskilled work. Turning next to first-generation women (Table A.19), we find the following notable differences: women are very heavily concentrated in clerical work, with fewer managers but similar proportions in the professions, compared with men; eastern Asian women are, like men, not well represented in the professions; they are, however, somewhat over-represented in unskilled work, once allowance is made for the high proportions in the "Other" category; and southern, eastern and western Europeans are distinctive in having relatively high proportions in skilled work. The next two tables for second-generation men and women aged 15 to 24 years show that: ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 27

30 there is a slight tendency for more men to enter the skilled trades (18.9 per cent versus 15.3 for the first generation); there is a slight tendency for more women to enter clerical work (36.2 versus 31.2 per cent); otherwise the overall job distributions are very similar, reflecting the relatively narrow range of jobs open to young workers; and there are similarly few striking differences between groups in their occupational distributions, except for some over-representation of the Dutch, German, Italian and Maltese ancestries in the trades (men) and of Italians and Maltese in clerical work (women). Data for the third-generation are provided in Tables C.19 and C.19. They show almost identical occupational distributions as for the second generation, with overall marginal percentages (the last row of each table) lying with one or two points of each other. As for inter-group differences, there are few strong patterns except that: among men, some groups (Dutch, French, Polish, Greek, Lebanese) have somewhat higher proportions in managerial jobs; Lebanese and German men are over-represented among the professions; Maltese men have the highest proportion in the trades; eastern European men, while few in number, are over-represented in unskilled work; virtually no young eastern Asian women enter managerial jobs or the professions; and southern European women tend to be over-represented in white-collar work. Many potential comparisons among younger workers are hampered by the small size of some ancestry groups. The next set of tables for persons aged 25 to 54 years do not suffer as much from this problem. They show that, compared to their younger peers: older first-generation men occupy higher status jobs, with more men in managerial and professional jobs than semiskilled and unskilled ones (this ratio is only about 1 to 2 among 15 to 24 year-olds but 1.1 to 1 among older workers); ancestry groups with high proportions in managerial work comprise most groups from English-speaking countries, western Europe, some eastern European groups (Baltic, Russian), and persons of Jewish and Japanese ancestry; groups with high proportions of professionals include most English-speaking groups, eastern Europe, Egypt and several Asian ancestries; eastern Europeans are under-represented in clerical work; 28 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

31 men of Dutch, Swiss, Albanian, Italian and Maltese background are more likely to be engaged in agriculture; the high proportions of eastern Asians in the "Other" category reflects high rates of unemployment and low labour force participation (see Table A.12 above); these same groups also show some concentration in unskilled work; among first-generation women, similar proportions of younger and older women are in the "Other" category (52.1 and 47.0 per cent respectively), but older women, like older men, have higher status jobs, with one in eight in managerial and professional jobs, compared with only one in sixteen among younger women; women of Jewish ancestry have relatively high participation rates and higher than average proportions in managerial, professional, and white-collar work; women from English-speaking countries, western Europe and eastern Asia also tend to have higher than average representation in professional work; women of Croatian, Serbian, southern European and eastern Asian origin tend to be over-represented in semiskilled and unskilled work; and Dutch, Albanian, Italian and Maltese women have higher than average proportions in agriculture. Tables B.20 and B.21 provide comparable data for second-generation men and women aged between 25 and 54. They show that: although fewer are in the "Other" category, more are in the high-status categories of managers and professionals (about one-third compared with about one-quarter among first generation men); there are fewer in unskilled work but more in agriculture; notable group differences include the high proportions of men of Lebanese and Jewish origin in managerial work, high proportions of professional among several western and eastern European groups (and also men of Jewish ancestry), and men of Albanian, Italian, Macedonian, Maltese, and Spanish ancestry are more likely to be in agriculture; second-generation women also occupy higher status jobs, with a ratio of managerial and professional jobs to routine clerical work of sixty to one hundred, compared with only twenty to one hundred among younger women; notable group differences involve higher proportions of professionals among women of western European, eastern European (except Croatian and Serbian), Jewish and Chinese ancestry; and JCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 29

32 there are relatively high proportions of eastern Asian women in semiskilled and unskilled work (but the numbers are small). Finally, I consider the occupational distributions of third-generation men and women aged 25 to 54 (Tables C.20 and C.21). These data show that: their occupations are much more like those of second-generation Australians, except for a slightly smaller proportion in managerial and professional jobs, and a slightly larger share in agriculture; although most group differences are muted by comparison with the first and second generation, men of Lebanese and Maltese provide an interesting contrast (e.g. twice as many Lebanese men are in managerial and professional jobs); persons of Jewish ancestry are, like the Lebanese, over-represented in high status categories; and Aboriginal Australians show very low participation rates, with more than half the men and three-quarters of the women in the "Other" category., Immigrant Generation, and Family Income The ancestry tapes available for this analysis provide information on family rather than personal income. For this reason, they are most useful in describing the different levels of family income to which the younger (under fifteen) and the old (65 and over) have access. However, because there is no information on how many personal incomes are included in a each family s income, or on family composition, or on government transfer payments, inferences about relative or absolute poverty are inexact. Nonetheless, these data provide indicative statistics about the proportions of young children and old people at different income levels in the Australian community. There are four tables in this set, two for boys and girls under the age of fifteen and two for men and women 65 years of age and over (Tables A.22 through A.25 and their companion tables in Appendices B and C). There are no theoretical reasons to expect to find significant differences between boys and girls' families in terms of their income levels, so that any differences between the first pair of tables should reflect only random differences. But because women have a longer life expectancy than men, there are 30 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

33 theoretical reasons to expect to find meaningful differences in the second pair of tables: there should be more women living alone, and on a single income (most probably, the aged pension), than men. First, I discuss the tables for children, starting with immigrant children. Tables A.22 and A.23 show that: as expected the overall income distributions of boys' and girls' family incomes are virtually identical (see the last rows of Tables A.22 and A.23); about one in five children lives in a family that receives significantly less than average weekly earnings (that is, families with incomes below $15000 per annum); a similar proportion lives in families with double the amount of average weekly earnings (that is, $40000 per annum or more); the more notable group differences are the higher proportions with low family incomes (less than $15000 per annum) among children from Greek, Italian, Lebanese, Macedonian, Spanish, Turkish, Yugoslavian, Arab, Armenian, Assyrian, Iranian, and most eastern Asian ancestries; children living in apparently affluent families ($40000 per annum and above) include the Australian, British, Irish, North American, South African, Jewish, Filipino, Indian, Japanese and Sinhalese ancestry groups; but it is worth noting that family income is not available for one in six children, a figure that varies from a low of 7.1 per cent among boys of Ukrainian background to over one-quarter in some other groups; an almost identical proportion of second-generation children live in families with below-average family income, a result that is not too surprising in view of the fact that many immigrant families contain young children born before and after emigration to Australia; children from eastern Asia are more likely than others to live in poorer families, as are children from western Asia (except for the Jewish) and Lebanon and Turkey as well; children living in richer families comprise a similar list of ancestries to that already given for first-generation immigrant children: ancestries such as North American, South African, Scandinavian, Baltic, Ukrainian, Jewish, Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese and Sinhalese; third-generation children display an overall range of family incomes much the same as those of the second-generation (differences of about one percentage point); ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 31

34 children living in eastern Asian families, while few in number, have relatively low family incomes, as do children from Aboriginal, Maori, New Zealander, Torres Straits Islanders, and a few other ancestries; and children in better-off families tend to have Irish or Jewish backgrounds (other groups have similarly high percentages for family incomes of $40000 or more, but they are small); Next, we turn to tables describing the economic circumstances of the aged: persons 65 years of age and older. Again, I will discuss each immigrant generation in turn, with more stress on gender differences (assuming they are important). Tables A.24 and A.25 suggest the following conclusions: contrary to expectation, more older immigrant men than women (47.2 and 29.9 per cent) live in families with low incomes, indicating either that a higher proportion of men remairied unmarried or did not bring their spouses to Australia; however, interpreting of gender differences is made difficult by the much higher proportion of women whose family income was "not stated" (this difference arises in all three immigrant generations, with between 60 and 70 per cent more women than men having a "not stated" family income); among men, notable group differences at the lower end of the income scale include high proportions among men of Dutch, Croatian, Ukrainian, Italian and Macedonian origin; at the higher end (the one in twenty living in a family with more than $40000 per annum), groups with twice this proportion include men of Lebanese, Arab, Assyrian, Jewish, Chinese, Indian, and Sinhalese background; among first-generation women, about three in every ten live in families with incomes below $15000 per annum, but groups exceeding this figure include women of Dutch, Baltic, Finnish, Polish, Serbian, Slovene, Ukrainian, Italian, and Macedonian ancestry; groups with relatively high incomes comprise the South African, Croatian Albanian, Egyptian, Greek, Macedonian, Spanish, and some Asian ancestry groups (groups with at least 10 per cent in the $40000 plus category); among the second-generation, more men than women live in families with low incomes, and the ratio of the proportion in the two lowest to the proportion in the two highest income categories is 2.6, compared with only 1.9 for women; relatively few group differences are both large and also pertain to large groups; 32 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

35 the income distributions for older third-generation men and women are virtually identical with those for the second generation; and there are similarly few intergroup differences that warrant close interpretation., Immigrant Generation, and Religion Finally, I have included a table showing broad religious affiliations of different groups. This table provides some indication of the social distance that separates groups (for example, in marriage choices; see Jones, 1989), and of how that distance may be changing over time, in terms of religious convergence across immigrant generations. The data in Tables A.26, B.26, and C.26 suggest the following conclusions: most persons from English-speaking countries and Europe profess an adherence to one of the major Christian faiths (between two-thirds and three-quarters); the Anglican faith is the dominant (more than 50 per cent) faith only among Torres Straits Islanders; Catholicism is dominant among the Irish, Austrian, French, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Slovene, Ukrainian, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Spanish, Filipino, Latin American, and Mauritian ancestries; other Christian faiths (mainly non-conformist Protestant) are dominant among the Baltic, Finnish and Pacific Islander groups; Orthodox faiths are dominant among persons of Serbian, Cypriot, Greek, and Macedonian ancestries; non-christian faiths are dominant among the Albanian, Turkish, Iranian, Jewish, Khmer, Lao and Malay groups; non-theistic religions approach dominance among the Chinese and Japanese; among members of the third generation, however, this pattern of dominance is generally (not universally) weaker; for example, among the Polish, the proportion Catholic falls from 74.6 to 38.2 per cent; among the Greek, the percentage Orthodox falls from 89.3 to 50.0; among the Italians, the percentage Catholic falls from 90.3 to 65.6; among the Jewish, the percentage non-christian falls from 84.3 to 45.5; and among the Spanish the percentage Catholic falls from 72.8 to 29.3; but ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 33

36 there are counter-trends, such as the Irish, where the percentage Catholic rises a few points. Some of these differences between generations may result from changes in immigrant flows over time, as well as cultural convergence through intermarriage. But however religious affiliation affects social interaction and group closure, there appear to be other social factors that operate to reduce group differences across the generations. References Australia The Measurement of Ethnicity in the Australian Census of Population and Housing. Report to the Australian Statistician by the 1986 Census Ethnicity Committee. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Catalogue No Census 86 - Australian in Profile: A Summary of Major Findings. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Catalogue No Jones, F.L "Ethnic Intermarriage in Australia, to : Models of Indices?". Unpublished manuscript. Price, C.A. and J. Zubrzycki "The Use of Intermarriage Statistics as an Index of Assimilation". Population Studies, 16 (July): ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

37 APPENDIX A: TABLES First-Generation Immigrant Australians LIST OF APPENDIX A TABLES Table A.I. Broad Divisions of Residence of First-Generation Immigrants in Australia, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.2. Age Structure of First-Generation Immigrant Men from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.3. Age Structure of First-Generation Immigrant Women from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.4. School Leaving Ages of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.5. School Leaving Ages of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15-24,1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.6. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.7. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.9. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.10. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.ll. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.12. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.13. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.14. Labour Force Status of First Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 35

38 Table A.15. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 54 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.16. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.17. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.18. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.19. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.20. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.21. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.22. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Children Aged Under 15, Males Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages)43 Table A.23. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Children Aged Under 15, Females Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.24. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.25. Annual Family Income Among First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table A.26. Religious Affiliations of First-Generation Immigrants, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) 36 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

39 Appendix A Table A.I. Broad Divisions of Residence of First-Generation Immigrants in Australia, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Division of Residence Major Urban Other Urban Rural English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 37

40 Table A.l (continued) Division of Residence Group Major Urban Other Urban Rural Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

41 Appendix A Table A.2. Age Structure of First-Generation Immigrant Men from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Age Group Group < Encrl i sh - Spe ak ing Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian IS Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 39

42 Appendix Table A.2 (continued) Age Group Group < Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Ma lay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

43 Appendix A Table A:3. Age Structure of First-Generation Immigrant Women from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group < Age Group English-Speaking Countrie s Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 41

44 Appendix Table A.3 (continued) Group < Age Group Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

45 Appendix Table A.4, School Leaving Ages of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Enqli sh-speakinq Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 43

46 Appendix Table A.4 (continued) School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total * Including "Not Stated". 44 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

47 Appendix Table A.5. School Leaving Ages of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 45

48 Appendix Table A.5 (continued) School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Si nhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total * Including "Not Stated". 46 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

49 Appendix A Table A.6. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated English-Speakinq Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 47

50 Appendix Table A.6 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Cert. Other Cert. None Not Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

51 Appendix A Table A. 7. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Inunigrant Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Cert. Cert. None Not Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 49

52 Appendix A Table A.7 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian CO H Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

53 Appendix Table A.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Enqlish-Speakinq Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 51

54 Appendix Table A.8 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

55 Appendix Table A.9. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 53

56 Appendix A Table A.9 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

57 Appendix A Table A.10. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander, North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 55

58 Appendix Table A.10 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

59 Appendix A Table A.11. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl 33^ Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 57

60 Appendix Table A.11 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

61 Appendix A Table A.12. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 59

62 Appendix Table A.12 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

63 Appendix A Table A.13. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 61

64 Appendix A Table A.13 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

65 Appendix A Table A.14. Labour Force Status of First Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Enqlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 63

66 Appendix A Table A.14 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

67 Appendix A Table A.15. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 54 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl - Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 65

68 Appendix Table A.15 (continued) Labour Force> Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

69 Appendix A Table A.16. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Enqlish-Speakinq Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 67

70 Appendix Table A.16 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

71 Appendix A Table A.17. Labour Force Status of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Encrlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 69

72 Appendix Table A.17 (continued) Labour Forcei Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

73 Appendix A Table A.18. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Enqlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish o o sr Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 71

74 Appendix A Table A.18 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

75 Appendix A Table A.19. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countrie s Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 73

76 Appendix A Table A.19 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

77 Appendix A Table A.20. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Encrlish-Speakinq Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 75

78 Appendix A Table A.20 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

79 Appendix A Table A.21. Occupations of First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Enqlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 77

80 Appendix A Table A.21 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

81 Appendix A Table A.22. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Children Aged Under 15, Males Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Group Under $9000 $9000- $ $15000 $22000 $ $40000 $40000 & Over Not Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 79

82 Appendix Table A.22 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 s Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia. Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

83 Appendix A Table A.23. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Children Aged Under 15, Females Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 81

84 Appendix Table A.23 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

85 Appendix Table A.24. Annual Family Income for First-Generation Immigrant Men Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 83

86 Appendix A Table A.24 (continued) Annual Family1 Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 s Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

87 Appendix A Table A.25. Annual Family Income Among First-Generation Immigrant Women Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under S9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Enqlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and Northi-Eastera Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 85

88 Appendix A Table A.25 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

89 Appendix A Table A.26. Religious Affiliations of First-Generation Immigrant Australians, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Religious Affiliation Group Anglican Catholic Other Orthodox Non- Non- Not Christ Christ. Theist. Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 87

90 Appendix A Table A.26 (continued) Religious Affiliation Group Anglican Catholic Other Orthodox Non- Non- Not Christ Christ. Theist. Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korea Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

91 APPENDIX B: TABLES Second-Generation Australians LIST OF APPENDIX B TABLES Table B.l. Broad Divisions of Residence of Second-Generation Persons in Australia, 1986 Census Table B.2. Age Structure of Second-Generation Australian Men from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.3. Age Structure of Second-Generation Australian Women from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.4. School Leaving Ages of Second-Generation Australians, Males Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.5. School Leaving Ages of Second-Generation Australians, Females Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.6. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.7. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Australian Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.9. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.10. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.ll. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.12. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.13. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.14. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 89

92 Table B.15. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 54 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.16. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.17. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.18. Occupations of Second-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.19. Occupations of Second-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.20. Occupations of Second-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.21. Occupations of Second-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.22. Annual Family Income for Second-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Males Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.23. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Females Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.24. Annual Family Income for Second-Generation Men Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.25. Annual Family Income Among Second-Generation Women Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table B.26. Religious Affiliations of Second-Generation Australians, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) 90 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

93 Appendix Table B.l. Broad Divisions of Residence of Second-Generation Persons in Australia, 1986 Census. Group Division of Residence Major Urban Other Urban Rural English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New 2ealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 91

94 Table B.l (continued) Division of Residence Group Major Urban Other Urban Rural Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

95 Appendix Table B.2. Age Structure of Second-Generation Australian Men from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Age Group Group < Encrlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian Brit ish Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 93

96 Appendix Table B.2 (continued) Group < Age Group Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

97 Appendix Table B.3. Age Structure of Second-Generation Australian Women from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Age Group Group < Enqlish-Speakinq Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 95

98 Appendix Table B.3 (continued) Group < Age Group Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

99 Appendix Table B.4. School Leaving Ages of Second-Generation Australians, Males Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group School Leaving Age Under Still at School * English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 97

100 Appendix B Table B.4 (continued) School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Greek Italian Lebanese a Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Ma lay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total * Including "Not Stated". 98 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

101 Appendix Table B.5. School Leaving Ages of Second-Generation Australians, Females Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian Brit ish Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German 0.2 3B Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 99

102 Appendix Table B.5 (continued) School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total * Including "Not Stated". 100 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

103 Appendix Table B.6. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian Brit ish Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 101

104 Appendix B Table B.6 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

105 Appendix Table B.7. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Engl i sh-spe aking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish CO 1 I Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungari an Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 103

106 Appendix Table B.7 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

107 Appendix B Table B.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Australian Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Quali fication Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Encflish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American , South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 105

108 Appendix B Table B.8 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

109 Appendix Table B.9. Highest Qualification of Second-Generation Australian Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Quali fication Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russ ian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 107

110 Appendix Table B.9 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian ' Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

111 Appendix Table B.10. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian Brit ish Irish Maori Mew Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 109

112 Appendix B Table B.10 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armen ian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

113 Appendix Table B.ll. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 111

114 Appendix B Table B.ll (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese 3, Khmer Korean Lao Ma 1ay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

115 Appendix B Table B.12. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 113

116 Appendix Table B.12 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab ' Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

117 Appendix Table B.13. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Ancest ry Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unerap Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish ' Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 115

118 Appendix B Table B.13 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian CO Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

119 Appendix Table B.14. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 117

120 Appendix B Table B.14 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyr ian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Ma lay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

121 Appendix Table B.15. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 54 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot D.O Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 119

122 Appendix Table B.15 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

123 Appendix Table B.16. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Males Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian Brit ish Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Poli sh Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 121

124 Appendix B Table B.16 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

125 Appendix Table B.17. Labour Force Status of Second-Generation Females Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force! Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 123

126 Appendix B Table B.17 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

127 Appendix B Table B.18. Occupations of Second-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 125

128 Appendix B Table B.18 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish' Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maur it ian Pacific Isiander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

129 Appendix B Table B.19. Occupations of Second-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russi an Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 127

130 Appendix B Table B.19 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

131 Appendix B Table B.20. Occupations of Second-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 129

132 Appendix B Table B.20 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese B35 Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian 12. B Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

133 Appendix B Table B.21. Occupations of Second-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 131

134 Appendix B Table B.21 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek , Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer ' Korean Lao Ma lay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

135 Appendix Table B.22. Annual Family Income for Second-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Males Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 S Over Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 133

136 Appendix Table B.22 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

137 Appendix B Table B.23. Annual Family Income for Second-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Females Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- S $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $ Over Stated Engli sh-speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish B Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 135

138 Appendix B Table B.23 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 S Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer ; Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

139 Appendix B Table B.24. Annual Family Income for Second-Generation Men Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 137

140 Appendix B Table B.24 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group S 9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian.. Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

141 Appendix B Table B.25. Annual Family Income Among Second-Generation Women Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 139

142 Appendix Table B.25 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

143 Appendix B Table B.26. Religious Affiliations of Second-Generation Australians, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Religious Affiliation Group Anglican Catholic Other Orthodox Non- Non- Not Christ Christ. Theist. Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and Worth -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 141

144 Appendix B Table B.26 (continued) Religious Affiliation Group Anglican Catholic Other Orthodox Non- Non- Not Christ, Christ. Theist. Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Ma lay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

145 APPENDIX C: TABLES Third- and Earlier Generation Australians LIST OF APPENDIX C TABLES Table C.l. Broad Divisions of Residence of Third-Generation Persons in Australia, 1986 Census Table C.2. Age Structure of Third-Generation Australian Men from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.3. Age Structure of Third-Generation Australian Women from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.4. School Leaving Ages of Third-Generation Australians, Males Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.5. School Leaving Ages of Third-Generation Australians, Females Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.6. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.7. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.8. Highest Qualification of First-Generation Australian Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.9. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.10. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.ll. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.12. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.13. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.14. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 143

146 Table C.15. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 54 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.16. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Males Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.17. Labour Force Status of Third-Generation Females Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.18. Occupations of Third-Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.19. Occupations of Third-Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.20. Occupations of Third-Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.21. Occupations of Third-Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.22. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Males Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.23. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Females Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.24. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Men Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.25. Annual Family Income Among Third-Generation Women Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) Table C.26. Religious Affiliations of Third-Generation Australians, 1986 Census (Row Percentages) 144 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

147 Appendix C Table C.l. Broad Divisions of Residence of Third-Generation Persons in Australia, 1986 Census. Group Division of Residence Major Urban Other Urban Rural English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 145

148 Appendix C Table C.l (continued) Division of Residence Group Major Urban Other Urban Rural Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

149 Appendix Table C.2. Age Structure of Third-Generation Australian Men from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group < Age Group Encrlish-Speakincr Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Ru s s i an Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 147

150 Appendix Table C.2 (continued) Age Group Group < Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

151 Appendix C Table C.3. Age Structure of Third-Generation Australian Women from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Age Group Group < English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 149

152 Appendix C Table C.3 (continued) Group < Age Group Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian , Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

153 Appendix Table C.4. School Leaving Ages of Third-Generation Australians, Males Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Enqli sh-speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 151

154 Appendix Table C.4 (continued) Ancest ry School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian o o Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino o.c Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total * Including "Not Stated". 152 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

155 Appendix C Table C.5. School Leaving Ages of Third-Generation Australians, Females Aged 15-24, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Encrlish-Speakincr Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 153

156 Appendix Table C.5 (continued) School Leaving Age Still at Group Under School * Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total * Including "Not Stated". 154 ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

157 Appendix C Table C.6. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Men Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 155

158 Appendix Table C.6 (continued) Group Degree Highest Qualification Diploma Trade Other Cert. Cert. None Not Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian IB Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

159 Appendix C Table C.7. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Women Aged 18 to 34 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Quali fication Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Encrlish-Speakincr Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 157

160 Appendix Table C.7 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

161 Appendix C Table C.8. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Men Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 159

162 Appendix C Table C.8 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armen ian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

163 Appendix Table C.9. Highest Qualification of Third-Generation Australian Women Aged 35 to 64 Years from Different Ancestries, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Enqlish-Speakinq Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 161

164 Appendix Table C.9 (continued) Highest Qualification Group Degree Diploma Trade.Other Not Cert. Cert. None Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

165 Appendix Table C.10. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 163

166 Appendix C Table C.10 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

167 Appendix Table C.ll. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force : Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Enqlish-Speakincf Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 165

168 Appendix C Table C.ll (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

169 Appendix C Table C.12. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Enq-lish-Speakincr Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 167

170 Appendix C Table C.12 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

171 Appendix C Table C.13. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 169

172 Appendix Table C.13 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian , Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

173 Appendix Table C.14. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Males Aged 55 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 171

174 Appendix Table C.14 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Fi1ipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

175 Appendix Table C.15. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Females Aged 54 to 64 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian ' Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot E.gyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 173

176 Appendix C Table C.15 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

177 Appendix C Table C.16. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Males Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF Encrlish-Speakincr Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Aust rian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian P o 1 i sh Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 175

178 Appendix C Table C.16 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

179 Appendix Table C.17. Labour Force Status of Third Generation Females Aged 65 Years or More, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Empld Employer Helper Unemp Not in LF English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian Brit ish Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 177

180 Appendix C Table C.17 (continued) Labour Force Status Group Wages Self- Employer Helper Unemp Not in Empld LF Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish ' Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

181 Appendix C Table C.18. Occupations of Third Generation Males Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian bls Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 179

182 Appendix C Table C.18 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian , Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

183 Appendix C Table C.19. Occupations of Third Generation Females Aged 15 to 24 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Enqlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 181

184 Appendix C Table C.19 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Fi]ipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

185 Appendix C Table C.20. Occupations of Third Generation Males Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 183

186 Appendix C Table C.20 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese CO i i.fc. CO Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

187 Appendix C Table C.21. Occupations of Third Generation Females Aged 25 to 54 Years, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Group Managers Prof. ASCO Occupation Group Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croat ian Czech Finnish , Hungarian Polish , Russian , Serbian Slovene Ukrainian , Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 185

188 Appendix C Table C.21 (continued) ASCO Occupation Group Group Managers Prof. Trades Clerical Semi-skd Unskd Agric. Other Greek M Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Ma lay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

189 Appendix C Table C.22. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Children Aged Under 15, Males Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Enqlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian Brit ish Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 187

190 Appendix C Table C.22 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

191 Appendix Table C.23. Annual Family Income for Third -Generation Children Aged Under 15, Females Only, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German , Norwegian, Swedish , Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian ,, Czech , Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 189

192 Appendix Table C.23 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 S Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Ma lay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

193 Appendix C Table C.24. Annual Family Income for Third-Generation Men Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North-Eastern Europe Baltic Croat ian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egyptian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 191

194 Appendix Table C.24 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Maurit ian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

195 Appendix Table C.25. Annual Family Income Among Third-Generation Women Aged 65 or Older, 1986 Census. Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Enqlish-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Baltic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 193

196 Appendix C Table C.25 (continued) Annual Family Income Under $9000- $ $ $40000 Not Group $9000 $15000 $22000 $40000 & Over Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korean Lao Malay i o o.o 2 Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

197 Appendix C Table C.26. Religious Affiliations of Third-Generation Australians, 1986 Census (Row Percentages). Religious Affiliation Group Anglican Catholic Other Christ Orthodox Non- Christ. Non- Theist. Not Stated English-Speaking Countries Aboriginal Australian British Irish Maori New Zealander North American South African Torres St Isl Western Europe Austrian Danish Dutch French German Norwegian, Swedish Swiss Eastern and North -Eastern Europe Balt ic Croatian Czech Finnish Hungarian Polish Russian Serbian Slovene Ukrainian Mediterranean Countries Albanian Cypriot Egypt ian ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 195

198 Appendix C Table C.26 (continued) Religious Affiliation Group Anglican Catholic Other Orthodox Non- Non- Not Christ Christ. Theist. Stated Greek Italian Lebanese Macedonian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Turkish Yugoslavian Western Asia Arab Armenian Assyrian Iranian Jewish Eastern Asia Chinese Filipino Indian Indonesian Japanese Khmer Korea Lao Malay Sinhalese Vietnamese Other Latin American Mauritian Pacific Islander Other Total ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA

199 WORKING PAPERS ON MULTICULTURALISM Papers available as of the publication date of this paper. 1. Metropolitan Ghettoes and Ethnic Concentrations James Jupp, Andrea McRobbie and Barry York 2. The Global Milkbar and the Local Sweatshop: Ethnic Small Business and the Economic Restructuring of Sydney Stephen Castles, Jock Collins, Katherine Gibson, David Tait and Caroline Alcorso 3. Groups in Australia: A Descriptive Overview Frank Jones 4. Non-English Speaking Background Immigrant Women in the Workforce Caroline Alcorso 9 Immigrant Access to Small Business Support Services K.W. Strahan and K.E. Luscombe 10. Immigrants and Occupational Welfare: Industry Restructuring and Its Effects on the Occupational Welfare of Immigrants from Non-English Speaking Communities Adam Jamrozik, Cathy Boland and Donald Stewart 11. Cultural Differences and Conflict in the Australian Community Linda Fisher and Jeremy Long 12. Sadness is Losing Our Country, Happiness is Knowing Peace: Vietnamese Social Mobility in Australia, Tran My Van and Robert Holton ANCESTRY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA 197

200 Working Papers on Multiculturalism is a joint venture between the Office of Multicultural Affairs and the Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of W ollongong. By publishing research projects commissioned by the Office of Multicultural Affairs, the series aims to promote a wider understanding and appreciation of multiculturalism in the Australian community. THE O FFICE O F MULTICULTURAL AFFAIRS The Office of Multicultural Affairs (OMA) is a division within the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. It was established in March 1987 primarily to advise the Prime Minister, the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Multicultural Affairs and the Government on policy issues relating to multiculturalism and to co-ordinate the development and im plementation of Government policies relevant to m eeting the needs of a m ulticultural society. THE CENTRE FOR MULTICULTURAL STUDIES The Centre for Multicultural Studies was established as an independent research centre within the University of Wollongong in It is the oldest and largest research centre in its field in Australia. Its charter is to investigate the social policy issues that arise from im migration and ethnic diversity. In meeting the intellectual and practical challenge of an era of ever-growing linguistic and cultural pluralism, the CM S has made a significant contribution to policy development, research and analysis, and tertiary teaching, both nationally and internationally. ISSN