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- Harold Bishop
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1 Click on Course Documents, then Lab Review & select phyla of choice This presentation is also available: Click on Lab Review, then Spring 2005 Midterm Practical Review
2 Practical Exam: March 2, 2005 Again- be careful of times! The exam schedule is different from that for the reviews. Students are responsible for taking note of the sessions they signed up for and keeping to this schedule! The actual exam lasts less than 40 minutes. We have a built in buffer at the end for business, but we will start them on time! Limit 25 students per session.
3 Special Needs Students Students needing special assistance (e.g. extra time) must sign up for the LAST review & LAST exam session. They must have their signed documentation on file with the coordinator prior to entry into either.
4 Exam - Grade / Question Distribution ~15% OF YOUR OVERALL GRADE ~1/3 Taxonomy & identification ~1/3 Structure & function ~1/3 Comparisons between phyla
5 Exam - Point / Time Distribution 25 stations - 2 questions per station 50 questions total - 1 point per question Round 1-60 SECONDS (I min.) per station = 25 minutes for round 1 Round 2-30 SECONDS (1/2 min.) per station = 12.5 minutes for round 2 Total exam time given = 37.5 minutes - ¾ minute (45 seconds) per question!
6 Exam - Grading Policies Capitalize taxa Points WILL be deducted for not doing so. If you wish to use all capitals, make sure the first letter is most definitely TWICE as big as the rest. Spelling 1 letter will be over looked 2 letters - lose ½ point 3 letters - lose 1 point These rules only apply if 1 or 2 letters do not create another word that could mean that the student does not know the answer to the Q. Mesohyl (of Porifera) Mesophyll (of Plants)
7 Sign up for one exam! Exam - Rules! Arrive at least 10 minutes prior to your session. If you are late you may not be let in! Bring only a couple of pencils and an eraser (Pencil enables you to change your response and leave only the part that you wish to be graded.) You may use a pen if you insist! You will be given a pre-exam introduction re exam rules! No cheating! Keep eyes on your own paper (Turn caps around, pull hair away from face.) etc, etc Sign your sheet if you want your grades posted. If you choose not to sign it you will have to see the Coordinator in person to get your grade. Grade information will not be given out over the phone or by .
8 Student flow around the lab 41, 42 WINDOWS SINK & AQUARIUMS 49, 50 1,2 DOOR
9 Note - the following slides may look different from what you saw in lab!!! These images are to be used in conjunction with your lab drawings, your notes & the lab manual.
10 DON T FORGET STUDY the MICROSCOPE - USAGE & PARTS!!! *Compound vs. Dissection *How to illuminate an opaque vs. transparent object *Magnification formula (M=OO) etc.
11 KINGDOM ANIMALIA PHYLUM Porifera PHYLUM Cnidaria PHYLUM Platyhelminthes PHYLUM Nemertina PHYLUM Nematoda PHYLUM Rotifera PHYLUM Annelida PHYLUM Arthropoda (SUPHYLA Trilobitmorpha, Crustacea & Chelicerata.) These are the phyla that you will be tested on for the midterm practical
12 PHYLUM PORIFERA CELLULAR level of body organization Middle layer = MESOHYL Acellular matrix - location of spicules, spongin & archeocytes Diagnostic cell type: CHOANOCYTE the flagellated collar cell
13 The Three TYPES of Sponges Asconoid = smallest Syconoid = middle-sized Leuconoid = Largest
14 PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid Too small to dissect in lab, you could only look at a whole specimen (as above) or prepared slides (mini green cacti).
15 PHYLUM Porifera TYPE? This sponge looks white in the jar, but most of our slide specimens have been stained green so they look like green cacti! This is the smallest and simplest sponge type. Too small to dissect.
16 PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid BSU Basic Sponge Unit It s choanocytes are located in the spongocoel. Note the buds (asexual reproduction) and many oscula (plural of osculum). What are gemmules?
17 PHYLUM Porifera TYPE? Name this hole? What is this?
18 PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid Note: Spicules at the neck of the osculum Terms you need to know: spicules, spongocoel, osculum & bud. Compare to fig 1.3-A in your lab manuals.
19 Note the prominent spicules PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Syconoid The choanocytes are located in the radial canals. These are the middle-sized sponges
20 O S I R Ostium P I S l.s. & l.s. c.s. views I PHYLUM Porifera Syconoid TYPE I R R Osculum (O) Spongocoel (S) Incurrent canal (I) Radial canals (R) Choanocytes (C) Water enters via the ostium - > l - > via the Prosopyle (P) (a porocyte cell type) - > radial canal - > Apopyle - > S - > O
21 Choanocytes are located where?
22 PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Leuconoid These are examples of the most complex sponge type. The choanocytes are located in the many flagellated chambers. Any large sponge is most likely a leuconoid - type sponge.
23 Sponge Reproduction ASEXUAL Marine Budding Fragmentation Regeneration Freshwater sponges Gemmules + 3 methods above SEXUAL Male & female gametes are formed. Archeocytes become eggs Choanocytes filter sperm out of the water Fertilization is involved. Planktonic larvae or mini flagellated colonies are released to colonize new areas.
24 PHYLUM CNIDARIA TISSUE level of body organization Middle layer = MESOGLEA = Acellular matrix (Just jelly!) Diagnostic cell type = CNIDOCYTE It contains the Nematocyst organelle
25 Cnidocyte vs. Nematocyst A B C A =? B =?? C =?
26 Insert: A Cnidocyte (C) cell containing a Nematocyst - organelle not yet triggered. E E G M G Cnidarians are DIPLOBLASTIC (2 tissue layers) C = Epidermis (E) & A = Gastrodermis (G) with B = Mesoglea in between the two
27 Phylum Cnidaria Close-up of Nematocysts Specialized cells called cnidocytes contain nematocysts. These are used for anchorage, defense and capture of prey.
28 Cnidarian Life Cycles Hydrozoa Polyp dominant Medusa does exist (Hydra is cute but odd!) Remember the fire coral! Scyphozoa Medusa dominant Polyp does exist Anthozoa Polyp only
29 Do you know the difference between a bud and a gonad?
30 PHYLUM Cnidaria class Hydrozoa Cnidocyte-bearing tentacles, mouth, GVC & bud (branch = asexual reproduction) [fig 2.2]
31 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Hydrozoa Polyp with gonads for sexual reproduction & close-up view of the gonads [fig 2.2] (bumps)
32 Which structure is used for what?
33 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Hydrozoa Obelia colony slide with close-up of the some of the polyps or zooids. Note polymorphism - gastrozooids (with feeding tentacles) & gonozooids for reproduction [fig 2.3-6]
34 It floats like like boat and Stings like a bee It s squishy and ghoulish Unlike Mohamed Ali So what is it? Clue - Hydrozoan
35 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Hydrozoa Portuguese Man-O-War is an excellent example of polymorphism. It is a colony of many individuals again = zooids modified for different tasks (feeding, floating, reproduction, etc.)
36 This next specimen is on almost EVERY practical exam!
37 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Hydrozoa Calcium-carbonate skeletons of a fire coral. This is a hydrozoan (not an anthozoan corals) because it has both a POLYP stage (dominant = above) & a MEDUSA stage in its life cycle.
38 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Hydrozoa S Ventral view of a Hydrozoan Medusa [fig 2.3-7] Note Long knobby tentacles with batteries of nematocysts along them. (S) Statocysts are for balance
39 Please pass the jelly! What am I talking about? Clue It s NOT Polander All-fruit
40 A Scyphozoan = A jelly! Statocysts can be at the base of the tentacles or in between them.
41 HYLUM Cnidaria LASS Scyphozoa 3 examples of jellyfish. Note the large amount of mesoglea present in this class. MEDUSA is dominant in Scyphozoans, but polyp stage is also present at some point during their life cycle.
42 You need to know the order of the following life-cycle structures.. Again they appear in almost every exam.
43 P S St Life cycle (fig 2.6) P A S St E A E P Planula A Actinula (No slide) S Scyphistoma St Strobila E Ephyra A Adult PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Scyphozoa
44 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Scyphozoa Close-up of planula stage [fig 2.6-B] Bilateral motile larval stage able to move away from parent to settle in a new area.
45 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Scyphozoa Close-up of scyphistoma stage [fig 2.6-D]
46 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Scyphozoa Close-up of strobila stage. Buds form from asexual reproduction [fig 2.6-E]
47 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Scyphozoa Close-up of ephyra larva [fig 2.6-F]
48 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Anthozoa Calcium-carbonate skeletons of various corals, sea fans & sea whips. All = Anthozoa: ONLY the POLYP stage is present.
49 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Anthozoa Note that ONLY the POLYP stage is present. In their life cycle Remember you saw them fight in slow motion in the Shapes of Life video???? Some Anthozoa grow as individual polyps such as this Sea anemone. [fig 2.7]
50 PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Anthozoa Other Anthozoa grow as colonies of polyps. Examples of this include sea pansies (shown here,) sea fans, sea whips, sea pens and of course corals. Remember, ONLY the POLYP stage is present in the Anthozoa class of cnidarians.
51 ACOELOMATES PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES & PHYLUM NEMERTINA
52 The ACOELOMATE Condition Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Lumen of gut Any triploblastic organism which lacks a body cavity is said to be an acoelomate...
53 PLATYHELMINTHES Flatworms ORGAN grade of body organization TRIPLOBLASTIC MESENCHYME = Middle layer derived from mesoderm germ layer = space-filling packing tissue ACOELOMATE - Mesoderm obliterates the blastocoel in the embryo
54 PLATYHELMINTHES 3 main classes CLASS Turbellaria - Free-living flatworms CLASS Trematoda - Endoparasitic Flukes CLASS Cestoda - Endoparasitic Tapeworms
55 These next guys caused a laugh in the video (Ooh, yes their going to do it.. Yes, Yes, YES! Oh wow! That was great!) It was violent and yet the participants were quite beautiful What am I referring to?
56 Marine flatworms But what we saw in lab was a freshwater flatworm. It was brown and looked as if it were boss-eyed.
57
58 PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Turbellaria M PO P PO P M I Note extensible pharynx (P), pharyngeal opening (PO), mouth (M) & intestine (I) [fig 3.2-A]
59 PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Turbellaria Anterior Pharyngeal region Posterior cs through anterior of organism [fig 3.4] aka Batman s plane. Note No pharynx, only caeca
60 PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Turbellaria c.s. through pharyngeal region [fig 3.4] Note Pharynx, gastric caeca & Mesenchyme (Cilia!?) Fist of 2 Acoelomate c.s
61
62 PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Trematoda V A View of whole fluke organism. Note the two suckers. Anterior (A) one is for feeding, the ventral (V) one is for attachment
63 OS P C C PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Trematoda VS Anterior end of fluke. Note oral sucker (OS), pharynx (P), caeca (C) & ventral sucker (VS) (for attachment) [fig 3.5]
64 U E O C O PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Trematoda C T Note eggs E, ovaries O, shell gland, caeca C, uterus U and testes T [fig 3.5]
65 PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Cestoda Scolex (I) and maturing proglottids. The most reproductively mature sections are at the posterior end of the tapeworm. What are these sections called?
66 R S S PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Cestoda Scolex region. Note rostellum (R) (rings of hooks) & suckers (S) for attachment [fig 3.7-A]
67 Sperm in from partner Uterus & Shell Gland Sperm exit here to enter another partner s proglottid Speckled background = Testes Ovary PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Cestoda Uterus will swell with many outpockets as the eggs develop Mature proglottid w/ reproductive structures [fig 3.7-D]
68 Uterus has swollen with eggs - fertilized with a partner tapeworm s sperm PHYLUM Platyhelminthes CLASS Cestoda Gravid proglottid chock full o eggs [close-up of fig 3.7-E]
69 PHYLUM NEMERTINA (Acoelomate)
70 This is our 1st organism with a COMPLETE digestive tract - (i.e. it has an anus) PHYLUM Nemertina You did not see the specimen but had to fill out labels on a diagram in your lab manual showing a slide of a c.s. = 2 nd acoelomate c.s.
71 ?? PHYLUM Nemertina c.s. through anterior end of a flatworm?
72 Rhynchocoel Proboscis Intestine Note proboscis in the rhynchocoel & the flattened intestine (outlined). [fig 4.3-B]
73 PSEUDOCOELOMATES PHYLUM NEMATODA PHYLUM ROTIFERA
74 The PSEUDOCOELOMATE Condition Ectoderm Mesoderm PSEUDOCOELOM Endoderm Lumen of gut Any organism which has a false body cavity (pseudocoel) is said to be a pseudocoelomate...
75 Definition of a pseudocoelom? - a fluid-filled body cavity, (derived from the blastocoel), which surrounds the gut. Functions (i.e. what s it used for?) Hydrostatic skeleton Circulatory Location of organs reproduction & excretion
76 PHYLUM NEMATODA (Roundworms) Eutely Only longitudinal muscles Pseudocoelom functions as circulatory system Complete digestive system Renette cells - excretion Amoeboid sperm
77 P Phylum Nematoda cs through esophagus. Note triradiate esophagus, pseudocoel (P) & thick cuticle [fig 5.4]
78 Male or female? Which one is which? How do you tell?
79 B A Phylum Nematoda c.s. through female (A) & male (B) nematode worms. Notice the 2 large round structures in the female (uteri) and the thick cuticles on both the male and female worms. [fig 5.3]
80 Phylum Nematoda P Lumen of gut c.s. of male, note reproductive structures, and pseudocoel (P) [fig 5.3]
81 c.s. of female Note intestine (I), pseudocoel (P), ovaries (O), oviducts (OD), & one of the 2 LARGE uteri (U) [fig 5.3] Phylum Nematoda I P OD U O
82 PHYLUM ROTIFERA Cirri, corona & trochus bring in water currents and therefore aid in feeding, respiration and locomotion Mastax & trophi = internal feeding apparatus Pedal glands and spurs (toes) attachment Flame bulb excretory canals Parthenogenesis, Mictic, viviparous
83 PHYLUM Rotifera What was the other one??? The other pseudocoelomate phylum we studied!!! Note corona (for feeding, locomotion & respiration), mastax/trophi, pedal glands & spurs (toes) [fig 5.5]
84 EUCOELOMATES PHYLUM ANNELIDA onwards.
85 The EUCOELOMATE Condition Ectoderm Mesoderm COELOM Endoderm Lumen of gut Any triploblastic organism which has a TRUE body cavity is said to be a (eu)coelomate...
86 PHYLUM ANNELIDA 3 CLASSES: Polychaeta CLASS Oligochaeta CLASS Hirudinea CLASS
87 PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Polychaeta A Note parapodium w/ setae & acicula (A). Parapodia are used for locomotion, sensory purposes & respiration. [fig 6.3-A]
88 PHYLUM Annelida EC CLASS Polychaeta. Esophagus EC MP Polychaete dissection. Note esophageal caeca (EC) and muscular pharynx (MP). Remember, polychaete worms have parapodia (which look like fins ) [fig 6.4]
89 This image is a give-away.it is usually on an exam. What is this?
90 PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta Dorsal blood vessel Typhlosole Coelom Note typhlosole. This increases the surface area to aid in absorption of the food in the intestine that has already been digested although some scientists still claim that the typhlosole may also play a part in digestion itself. [fig 6.8]
91 PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta C N Note longitudinal & circular muscles, nephridium (N), and the coelom (C). [fig 6.8]
92 You gave them a bath You gave them some bubbly And then you put them to sleep. So that you could rip their guts open What were they?
93 HYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta. Earthworm dissection [fig 6.7] Pharynx (P) Esophageal region (P - G) w/ pseudohearts Nephridia Gizzard (G)
94 They are not all blood-suckers.
95 ? PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Hirudinea A B? (A) Preserved organism (B) whole mount Note segmentation (annuli), as well as the 2 suckers. [fig 6.9]
96 O PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Hirudinea A B T (O) Long slender ovary (T) Round testis
97 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA 4 SUBPHYLA: SUBPHYLA Trilobitmorpha SUBPHYLA Crustacea SUBPHYLA Chelicerata SUBPHYLA Uniramia (not on Midterm)
98 SUBPHYLUM Trilobitmorpha Trilobites are the most diverse group of extinct animals preserved in the fossil record.
99 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM Crustacea 5 CLASSES: CLASS Malacostraca CLASS Copepoda CLASS Ostracoda CLASS Cirripedia CLASS Branchiopoda
100 Subphylum Crustacea to recap Class Malacostraca»Order Isopoda»Order Amphipoda»Order Stomatopoda»Order Decapoda
101 SUBPHYLUM Crustacea Class Cirripedia Class Branchiopoda Lung feet Fairy Shrimp Acorn & Stalked Barnacles Class Malacostraca Largest class 3ORDERS Class Copepoda Class Ostracoda Isopoda = Rolly polies Amphipoda Beach Hoppers & Sand Fleas Decapoda Crabs, Lobsters etc..
102 Can you remember how to tell a male from a female crayfish? 1st pleopod is reduced or absent in females
103 SUBPHYLUM Crustacea The male crab has the T-shaped abdomen whereas the female abdomen is much broader Any dissected crab in the lab will not be stained like this but you should be familiar with the structures..
104 PHYLUM ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM Chelicerata 3 CLASSES: CLASS Arachnida CLASS Merostomata (Horsehoe crabs) CLASS Pycnogonida (Sea spiders)
105 Arachnida SUBPHYLUM Chelicerata Acarina Merostomata Arachnida Araneae
106 TAGMOSIS Chelicerata Crustacea Prosoma & Opisthosoma Cephalothorax & Abdomen The line delineating the head from the thorax in the cephalothorax is the cervical groove.
107 COMPARISON Qs A. How many of the following organisms are at the organ level of organization? B. Give the letter(s) of the organism(s) that has(have) a CLOSED circulatory system. Compare traits and systems such as circulatory, excretion, reproduction etc. and group Phyla when studying!!!
108 Body Types Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid PHYLUM Porifera Body Forms Medusa vs. Polyp. PHYLUM Cnidaria
109 Level of Organization Cell - PHYLUM Porifera Tissue - PHYLUM Cnidaria Organ - PHYLUM Platyhelminthes onward
110 Tissue Layers Diploblastic - 2 Cell Layers PH - PHYLUM Cnidaria Triploblastic - 3 Cell Layers PH- PHYLUM Platyhelminthes onward
111 Coelom Formation Acoelomates (2 phyla) Pseudocoelomates (2 phyla) (Eu)Coelomates (6 phyla) We are only dealing with two eucoelomate phyla this practical exam
112 Acoelomates -PHYLUMPlatyhelminthes -PHYLUMNemertina Pseudocoelomates -PHYLUMNematoda -PHYLUMRotifera (Eu)Coelomates -PHYLUMAnnelida -PHYLUMArthropoda PHYLUM Mollusca PHYLUM Bryozoa PHYLUM Echinodermata PHYLUM Chordata
113 Digestive System Incomplete (no anus) PHYLUM Cnidaria PHYLUM Platyhelminthes Complete PHYLUM Nemertina onward
114 These are the types of comparison or concept questions that might appear on the practical. This list is by no means exhaustive Good Luck! From: Matt Schrader Instructor Me Lab Coordinator Jon Honcho Mia, Pete, Matt A. Brendan & Tim - TAs
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