The Mid-1970s Demersal Resources in the Indonesian Side of the Malacca Strait a

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1 The Md-197s Demersal Resources n the ndonesan Sde of the Malacca Strat a P. MARTOSUBROTO Marne Resources Servce Fshery Resources Dvson FAO of the Unted Natons Vale delle Terme d Caracalla 1 Rome, taly T. SUJASTAN Deceased, formerly wth the Marne Fsheres Research nsttute Jakarta, ndonesa D. PAULyb nternatonal Center for Lvng Aquatc Resources Management MCPO Box 2631,718 Makat Cty Phlppnes MARTOSUBROTO, P., 1. SUJASTAN and D. PAULY The md-197s demersal resources n the ndonesan sde of the Malacca Strat [Sumberdaya kan demersal d Selat Malaka bagan ndonesa pada pertengahan tahun 197anj. p n D. Pauly and P. Martosubroto (eds.) Baselne studes of bodversty: the fsh resources of Western ndonesa. CLARM Stud. Rev p. Abstract The results of demersal surveys n the ndonesan half of the Malacca Strat area by the research trawlers Mutara 1, 2 and 4 conducted n 1973 and 1975 gave an estmate of the standng stock of 73. t. Comparng wth other areas. and consderng the state of explotaton of the resources n the md-197s. the unexploted stock was estmated to have been around 15, or 2.66 t km 2. Catch rates and catch composton by depth are gven. The commercal trawl fshery n the ndonesan Malacca Strat prevalng n the 197s was analyzed on the bass of the statfstcs n provncal reports and of feld ntervews. Sustanable elds for two dstnct fsheres, Aceh and North Sumatra-Rau, were estmated to be 8, t year 1 and 77, t year ', respectvely. The stocks were, at the tme, begnnng to be overfshed. Abstrak Hasl surve sumberdaya demersal d Selat Malaka dengan kapal trawl Mutara 1, 2, dan 4 yang dlaksanakan pada tahun 1974 hngga 1975 memberkan estmas kelmpahan kan sebesar 73. t. Dbandngkan dengan daerah lan, dan mengngat tngkat eksplotas pada perlengahan tahun 197-an. stok kan pada tngkat awal dperkrakan 15. t atau 2,66 t. per km2, Hasl tangkapan rata-rata dan komposs hasl tangkapan dsajkan dalam tulsan n. Keadaan perkanan trawl d Selat Maaka d sektar tahun 197-an danalss berdasarkan data statstk propns dan kabupaten serla wawancara d lapangan. Potens lestar perkanan d sektar dua daerah, Aceh dan Sumatra Utara-Rau, dperkrakan masng-masng sebesar 8. t. dan 77. t. per tahun. Saat tu sudah terlhat adanya gejaa lebh tangkap. ntroducton The Malacca Strat (Fg. 1), beng one of the world's man shppng routes, s rather well documented n the geologcal and martme lterature (see Emery 1971; Valenca 1979 and Box 1). alclarm Contrbuton No banother contact address: Fsheres Centre, the Unversty of Brtsh Columba, 224 Man Mall, Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6T 124; e-mal: pauly@fsheres.com The fsheres of the Malacca Strat are also well documented (SCSP 1976a, 1976b, 1978), although the small pelagcs (especally mackerels and scads) have receved far more attenton than the demersal fshes (c.f. Sujastan 1975, 1976; Anon. 1976a, 1976c, 1976d, 1987 for pelagcs; Mansor Mat sa 1987; Svasubramanam 1987; Tampubolon and Sedana Merta 1987; Tampubolon 1988; Sorano et al vs Menasveta 197; Anon. 1976b, 1976e; and Mahyam Bnt Mohd. sa

2 ! Z -Q) 3...." "'..,. U..., :J ~ J tl R'f""" area Provncal ----boundares o L---J::-- ---"---_-=-~~""_.L L L _"_'.L_.._._=~ l Longtude ( E ) Name of Gross h.p. Length Gear Length of boat tonnage (m) head rope (m) Mutara double rga 23.4 (each) Mutara double rga 19. (each) Mutara Thaland trawl 36. ashrmp trawl. Fg. 1. The ndonesan part of the Malacca Strat (shaded), coverng an area of about 55, km 2. [Gambar 1. Selat Malaka bagan ndonesa (darsr), melput luas sektar 55. km2.] Table 1. Specfcatons of the research vessels and gear used for trawl surveys on the "ndonesan sde of the Malacca Strat, 1973 and [Tabel 1. Spesfkas kapal dan alat yang dgunakan dalam surve d Selat Malaka, ] Menasveta (197) revewed the bottom trawl surveys conducted n the Malacca Strat, notablythe results of trawlng by the RV Tongko (Brtwstle 1928), the RN Manhne (Ommanney 1961), and the Seayang (Pathansal et al. 1966). Later surveys were conducted wth K.M. Jenahak (Latff 1973). Most of these surveys were conducted n what are now Malaysan terrtoral waters: less nformaton s avalable on the ndonesan sde ofthe Malacca Strat. A frst report on catcheffort and catch composton data obtaned by two ndonesan fsheres research vessels, RNMutara 1and RNMutara 2, on the ndonesan stocks of the Malacca Strat, was publshed n ndonesan by Martosubroto (1973). The staton grd of RV Mutara 1 and 2 was not truly random,.e., fshng was drected. Nevertheless, ther catch rates are ncorporated n the present paper, tself an updated verson of Sujastan et al. (1976). 16 Anon. (1976e) reported on the composton of 12 trawl hauls taken on the ndonesan sde of the Malacca Strat n January 1975 by RN Lemuru (see Venema, ths vol., for detals on RN Lemuru). Further data for the present contrbuton orgnate from the survey conducted by RV Mutara 4 n the Malacca Strat, n early 1975 (see Pauly et a., ths vol. for the context of ths Mesh sze of codend (mm) survey and the samplng methods used, and Torres et al. (ths vol.) for a 3 descrpton of a database wth detals on 3 4 these and RN LemurUs statons). The fourth source of materal used here s the landng and effort statstcs of the Provncal Fsheres Offces of the Provnces of Aceh, North Sumatra and Rau.Addtonally, ntervews wth skppers of commercal trawlers operatng n the area were conducted towards the end of 1975 by the second author. Fg. 1 shows the area covered here. Materals and Methods Box. 1. Sedments and benthos of the Malacca Strat. [Boks 1. Sedmen dan benthos d Selat Malaka.} Emery (1971), based on Keller and Rchards (1967) and other sources, descrbes the sedments of the Malacca Strat as consstng manly of "sand (detrtal or calcareous grans.5 to 2 mm n dameter and havng a hard smooth to rppled surface), sand-and-mud (fne sand and slt havng a frm to soft smooth surface), mud (slt and clay havng a soft surface), gravel (pebbles and cobbles of broken rock, locally contanng many calcareous shells), rock (outcrops of bedrock and boulders near outcrops), and coral (large areas or reefs of massve calcareous algae and coral)". The benthos of the Malacca Strat appears to be sparse, at least offshore, far from the mouth of rvers. Neman (1973) reports of three benthos statons (see Fg. 2 for ther locatons) from west to east whch yelded denstes of 4.4 g-2 (shallow water) 1. g-2 n (deep water) and 2.4 g-2 (shallow water). He also mentons that far from the mouths of rvers, otter trawls often catch sponges and soft corals. and sea urchns. Trawl Survey Data The specfcatons of RN Mutara 1, 2, and 4 and the gears used for ther surveys are summarzed n Table 1. The survey by Mutara 1and 2 n the Malacca Strat lasted from July to September A total of 148 hauls were made, 61 by Mutara 1 and 87 by Mutara 2. The survey of Mutara 4 lasted from 27 January to 14 March 1975 and yelded 4 vald hauls (Fg. 2, Table 2). The surface area of each depth horzon s also gven n Table 2. These data were used to estmate standng stock sze usng the swept area method as descrbed n Pauly et al. (ths vol.) and usng the same assumptons as to the catchablty of the gear. Partcularly, the same escapement factor was assumed to apply to Mutara 1, 2 and 4. 41

3 5 Q) "C ~ 4 "'C~.-r...,.. '., :::",,. ",.,,;,,,~~,.. :.'LL '- '.~ '.. North East Sum atra Fg. 2. Locaton n the Malacca Strat of trawl hauls performed by FRV Mutara 1 and 2 n 1973, by FRV Mutara 4 n JanuaryFebruary by FRV Lemuru n January [Also ncluded are three benthos grab hauls made by RN Akademk Knpovch n 1966J. [Gambar 2. Lokas stasun trawl d SelalMalaka oleh kapal peneltan Mutara 1 dan 2 pada tahun 1973, kapal Mutara 4 pada JanuarFebruar 1975, kapal Lemuru pada Januar (Termasuk juga tga stasun pengamblan contoh benthos oleh kapal peneltan Akademk Knpovch pada tahun 1966).] -o...j 3 D square corresponds to approx. 4 hauls each by MUfara and MUfara 2 haul by Mutara 4 (n =4) haul by Lemuru (n = 12).. benthos haul (n = 3) --- Border of survey area ', ' -.. ' Lon tude (OE) 1 Box 2. Standardzaton of trawlng effort. [Boks 2. Pembakuan upaya penangkapan trawl.] Standardzng the effort of trawlers can be done by relatng ther catch per effort to ther tonnage (as ndex of "power", snce large boats requre large engnes). The table below documents how the large, medum, and small trawlers were standardzed such as to obtan a measure of fshng effort (days fshed per year) comparable between provnces. Vessel characterstc Large Medum Small trawlers trawlers trawlers Boat class (GT) > Mean gross tonnage Average catch (kg day 1) " Power factor Nomnal effort b (by provnce) Aceh 264 North Sumatra Rau 28 Effectve effort C (by provnce) Aceh 335 (264) North Sumatra Rau 356 (28) "As obtaned by lnear extrapolaton, down to 1 GT, of rato of catch:tonnage. btrawler days at sea. CDays at sea of a standard trawler. The FRV Lemuru data were not used for standng stock estmates owng to the small number of hauls (Fg. 2). Commercal Catch Data The fsheres catch data orgnate from the Provncal Fsheres Offces of the Provnces of Aceh, North Sumatra, and Rau and go back as far as reports were avalable (to 1969). The second author also conducted feld ntervews n the three abovementoned provnces from November to December n Aceh Provnce, four large landng places were vsted wth about three ntervews of trawler skppers at each landng ste. n North Sumatra Provnce, landng stes were vsted wth the same rate of ntervews. n Rau Provnce, only three landng places were vsted wth four ntervews each. Catch per unt of effort data and effort data (actual fshng days) for large and medum trawlers n the three provnces were derved from these ntervews. The provncal reports dd not assgn the lanued fsh and shellfsh to the gear that caught them. t was thus necessary to dentfy, from the catch data, those groups of fsh and shellfsh whch could be assumed to orgnate from trawl catches. Ths was done on the bass of Table 3 by assumng that fsh contrbutng more than 2% to the survey catches of Mutara 1, 2 or 4 were manly demersal. Those fshes were then selected from the reports' lsts and ther catches combned to represent the trawler's catches. When presentng the data, care was taken to avod double accountng, as occurred between the Provnce of North Sumatra, where many trawlers from Rau landed ther catch, and the latter provnce.as no fgure was avalable on the amount of ths double accountng, a fgure of 5% was assumed; accordngly, the catches reported from Rau Provnce were cut by half. Annual catch was plotted aganst the correspondng levels of effort for the Malacca Strat as a whole and foraceh Provnce and North Sumatra-Rau Provnces. 42

4 Table 3. Demersal fsh catch composton (% of weght) n the Malacca Strat by research vessel and depth range. [Tabe3. Komposs hasl tangkapan sumber daya demersal (berat daam %) d Seat Maaka berdasarkan kapa dan kedaaman.] Depth range (m) ! Group or specesmutara Sharks and rays Engrauldae Clupedae Chroeentrus dorab Anadontostoma chacunda Synodontdae Ardae Sphyraena spp Serrandae Terapontdae Pracanthdae Rachyeentron canadus Carangdae a Formo nger Lutjandae (nc!. Caeso spp.) Nempterdae b Leognathdae Gerredae Pomadasydae C Scaendae Mulldae Sganus spp Trchurdae Rastrellger spp Seomberomorus spp Pampus argenteus Platycephaldae Psettodes erume Other flatfshes Other fshes Lolgodae Sepoldae Penaedae Thenus orentals Other crustaceans aexcludng Decapterus spp. blncludhg Se%pss spp. clncludng Pectorhynchus spp. Commercal Effort Data The offcal reports on the number of boats dd not state whether these were trawlers or seners. t was assumed that the large, medum and small motorzed boats were trawlers, and that none of the salng boats were engaged n trawlng. The small motorzed boats n Rau Provnce were manly gllnetters, and were thus not ncluded; nether were some unregstered motorzed boats n North Sumatra operatng as purse seners. On the bass of the feld data, t appears that the large trawlers had an average gross tonnage of 3 t, the medum trawlers of 2 t, and the small trawlers of 1 t (Box 2). The medum-szed trawlers were selected as standard, and the other type> converted to ths by means of ther catch per unt effort (Box~2). Nomral,fshng days for each type of trawler n each provnce were J~en multpled by the approprate power factor, whch led to a measure of effectve effort ("corrected fshng days"). Combned wth the abovementoned catch data, these estmates of effort allowed the parametrzaton, va plots of catcheffort vs effort, of surplus producton models, subject to the caveats n Martosubroto (ths vol). Results and Dscusson The area covered the surveys of Mutara 1 and 2, and the trawl haul statons of Mutara 4 and Lemuru are shown n Fg. 2. The composton of the catch of Mutara 1 and 2 s gven n Table 3 together wth that of Mutara 4. To facltate comparson, all fgures were converted nto percentages of total catch. For the same reason, those groups of fshes recorded on only one or two of the boats have been added to "other fshes". 43

5 Table 4. Mean fsh stock denstes by depth n the ndonesan sector of the Malacca Strat. [Tabe4. Rata-rata denstas stok kan pada berbaga daerah d paparan Sunda.} Depth Mean catcheffort (kg.hour 1 ) Bomass (t.km 2) (m) of Mutara based on Mutara: 2 4 a 2 4 a Mean amean values for the surveys documented n Pauly et al. (ths vol.). A feature dscussed by Menasveta (197), the ncrease wth depth of the percentage of more valuable fsh groups was confrmed for the Lutjandae, Serrandae, Carangdae, Pomadasydae, and others. Less valuable groups such as the Leognathdae, Sgandae, Scaendae, Platycephaldae, and "other fshes" decreased wth ncreasng depth. Table 4 summarzes the estmates of standng stock, by depth range. Overall, a standng stock of about 8, twas estmated for the ndonesan waters of the Malacca Strat, as delmted n Fg. 1., but excludng the depth range -9 m,.e., for a reference area of 47,6 km 2. Ths 26 Malacca Strat 24 [-l ,., 18.g 16 ~ ~ _ 14 l- '- ~ 12~ ~.c: 1 -.ld =r ~969 Fg. 3. Trawler catcheffort vs effort on the ndonesan sde of the Malacca Strat, ; note declne, for both subareas consdered here (Aceh and North Sumatra-Rau), and consequently, for the area as a whole (see also Table 5). [Gampar 3. Hubungan antara hasl tangkapan per upaya penangkapan dan upaya penangkapan d Seat Maaka bagan ndonesa, ; perhatkan grafk penurunan untuk kedua daerah (Aceh dan Sumatra Utara-Rau) dan seanjutnya untuk seuruh daerah (lhat juga Tabe 5).} Aceh ' :~ '97::~ r , L!c-~-----O;';2-----,{;t"", ;;6,------,OO,, ' 24[,... North Sumatra [ and Rau r :969 "' l- $ ~ 1,62C~ 197~.' ~ 1972_ '.'. :~ 1,..~"'>~ ""'" r L corresponds to a mean stock densty of 1.67 t km- 2. Here, however, the value forthe depth range 1-19 m, where the Mutara 4 had not been fshng, was assumed to correspond to the relatvely hgh average value of the same depth range from other, mostly unexploted areas covered by Mutara 4 (see Pauly et al, ths vol). n the specfccase of the Malacca Strat, ths assumpton was probably too optmstc, as heavy trawlng was already takng place n the shallow waters. Thus, to correct ths fgure, the stock denstes obtaned from the catch rates ofmutara 1 and 2 were also calculated (Table 4). These estmates were then used for the depth ranges mssng n the Mutara 4 survey, whle overlappng data of the three boats were averaged. The results are also presented n Table 4, from whch an average weghted mean stock densty of 1.33 t km- 2 was derved (ncludng the depth range -9 m). The corrected stock estmate, thus, amounts to 73, t, over a surface area of 55, km 2. The value at 1.33 t km- 2 and the correspondng standng stock are very low when compared wth the data from other areas of the Sunda Shelf (see Pauly et al, ths vol), where the average stock densty was 2.66 t km- 2, exactly double the Malacca Strat fgure. The low densty n the Malacca Strat s 3 9 1,2 ""'.. -,~,-----_----,~=---- ~_= --~ :-:::'~_--;-:;=_--;"""'J o L ,4 1,2 :,4 Fshng effort (standardzed trawler do,s' year" O') most probably the result of the exstng trawl fshery, whch s backed by the fact that t s manly the shallow waters (down to 39 m) of the Malacca Strat (where almost all, f not all of the trawlng takes place) thatthe stock denstes dffer from those of other areas. t seems, therefore legtmate to assume, as a frst approach, that the unexploted standng stock, before the onset of the trawl fshery, was also double the stock observed n the md-197s, or about 15, t. Based on the plots of catcheffort vs effort (Fg. 3), maxmum sustanable yeld (MSY) was estmated at about 8, t year- 1 for Aceh Provnce, and 77, t year 1 for North Sumatra and Rau combned. Overall, an MSY yeld of 85, t year 1 was estmated for the ndonesan waters of the Malacca Strat (Fg. 4). The above fgure of 85, t year- 1 s compatble wth an unexploted stock estmate (B o ) of 15, t (see above),.e., mplyng that MSY "" M Y2 B a (Gulland 1971), wth M set at 1...1oo 44

6 1 rv1lacca Strat ,., : U 5 +- U L- 4 Q) 3 3 L o 9!, eo ,2 1 -!"' o Clo North Sumatra "and Rau ". Aceh, 1.. ~ Fshng effort (standardzed t.rawler days year- 1 3 ) Fg. 4. Trawler catch vs effort on the ndonesan sde of the Malacca Strat, Note that effort was near optmal n the md-197s for the area as a Whole, and for North Sumatra-Rau, but not for Aceh provnce, where effort was then already excessve. [Gambar4. Hubungan antara hasl tangkapan dan upaya penangkapan d Selat Malaka bagan ndonesa, Perhatkan upaya yang mendekat optmal pada pertengahan tahun 197an untuk seluruh daerah, dan juga untuk Sumatra Utara-Rau, tetap tdak untuk propns Aceh, karena upaya penangkapan sudah melebh optmal.] year- 1, a value commonly used for the r,lultspeces demersal stocks of Southeast Asa (see Pauly, ths vol.). Further, the standng stock estmate of 73, t "" Y2 B o ' as should occur when fshng effort s at the level generatng MSY (Gulland 1971; Rcker 1975; Pauly 1984). Thus, t can be concluded that, overall, the level of trawlng effort appled n the md-197s to the demersal stocks of the ndonesan sde of the Malacca Strat was about rght - except n very shallow waters, where the small shrmps attracted an excessve amount of effort. Sujastan et al. (1976), based on these fndngs, presented a set of practcal recommendatons for managng the fsheres. [These recommendatons, not recalled here, became rrelevant when trawlng was banned n Western ndonesa (Sardjono 198, and see Martosubroto, ths vol.); a move whch also placed constrants on feld samplng wth trawls by MFR scentsts, due to strong objectons by small-scale fshers]. Rather, we pont at the compatblty of the results presented here, whch as n the case of the Java Sea (Martosubroto, ths vol.) ntegrate fsheres and survey data nto a coherent whole. Acknowledgements The knd assstance of the fsheres offcers of the Provncal Fsheres Offces n Aceh, North Sumatra, and Rau, s here thankfully acknowledged. Thanks are also cue to the late Mr. M. Unar, Drector of the MFR and to Mr. Budhardjo, who asssted durng the feld work, and wth the complng of the catch and effort data. References Anon. 1976a. Hstory and development of the purse sene fshery of Pennsular Malaysa, p n Report of the Workshop on the Fsheres Resources of the Malacca Strat, 29 March to 2 Aprl Jakarta, ndonesa. Part. SCSGEN762, 85 p. South Chna Sea Fsheres Development and Anon. 1976b. Hstory and development of fsh trawlng on the west coast of Pennsular Malaysa. p n Report of the Workshop on the Fsheres Resources of the Malacca Strat. 29 March to 2 Aprl 1976, Jakarta, ndonesa. Part. SCSGEN762, 85 p. South Chna Sea Fsheres Development and Coordnatng Programme. Manla. Anon. 1976c. The Tha fsheres along the ndan Ocean coast ofthaland, p n Report of the Workshop on the Fsheres Resources of the Malacca Strat, 29 March to 2 Aprl 1976, Jakarta, ndonesa. Part. Anon. 1976d. Report of the Workshop on the Fsheres Resources of the Malacca Strat, 29 March to 2 Aprl 1976, Jakarta, ndonesa. Part. Anon. 1976e. RN Lemuru Cruse 751 (Jakarta - Belawan, 8-27 Jan. 1975). Data and observatons. Presented at the Workshop on the Fsheres Resources of Malacca Strat, 29 March - 2 Aprl 1976, Jakarta, ndonesa. WFMS766WP. South Chna Sea Fsheres Development and 45

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