A New Ceramic Assemblage from Caution Bay, South Coast of Mainland PNG: the Linear Shell Edge-Impressed Tradition from Bogi 1

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1 Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No article A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay, South Coat of Mainland PNG: the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition from Bogi 1 abtract Bruno David,1 Ian J. McNiven,1 Matthew Leaveley,2 Bryce Barker,3 Herman Mandui,4 Thoma Richard1 & Robert Skelly1 Thi aer reort on the ceramic from Square A and B of Bogi 1, a newly excavated ite at Caution Bay, outh coat of mainland Paua New Guinea. A dene cultural horizon dated from c to c calbp and receded by earlier cultural deoit contain reviouly undecribed ceramic of limited decorative variability almot excluively focued on Anadara hell edge imreion below finger-grooved li, which we term the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition. Here we reent the chrono-tratigrahic evidence for thi decorative tradition and how it relate to reviouly decribed hell-imreed ceramic from the broader region. Keyword: Pot-Laita; Caution Bay; mainland PNG; ceramic; Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition Introduction 1 School of Geograhy and Environmental Science, Monah Univerity, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Autralia. 2 Deartment of Anthroology, Univerity of Paua New Guinea, Pot Office Box 320, Univerity Pot Office, NCD, Paua New Guinea. 3 School of Humanitie and Communication, Faculty of Art, The Univerity of Southern Queenland, Toowoomba, Queenland 4350, Autralia. 4 Prehitory deartment, PNG National Mueum & Art Gallery, Waigani, NCD, Paua New Guinea. Correonding author: Bruno.David@monah.edu Submitted , acceted The invetigation of long-term cultural trend along the outh coat of mainland Paua New Guinea (PNG) ha long focued on the characteritic of archaeological ceramic (e.g. Allen 1972; Bulmer 1978; Irwin 1985; Swadling 1980; Vanderwal 1973). Yet ince the firt rofeional archaeological excavation in the late 1960, only a ingle ublication ytematically reorting on excavated ceramic with chrono-tratigrahic detail ha been ublihed (Allen 1972), although unublihed thee have alo been roduced (ee alo Frankel and Kewibu 2000; Frankel and Rhoad 1994; Irwin 1985). Thee writing have been the ource of major interretation focued on: 1) the arrival of coloniing ceramicit from the eat ome 2000 year ago; and 2) an aggregated ceramic equence now referred to a Early Pauan Pottery (EPP) in which ceramic convention are aid to have changed in tandem along the entire outh coat of PNG, indicating a connected ytem [that] aear to have contracted over time, uffering final dirution around 1200 BP (Allen et al. 2011:69). The recent dicovery and excavation of a number of Laita ite at Caution Bay, 20 km northwet of Port Moreby between the reent-day village of Boera and Paa, require a comlete rethinking of the region cultural hitory (David et al. 2011; McNiven et al. 2011). Thee ite contain not only Laita aemblage, but alo rich ceramic equence variably covering individual cultural horizon and long cultural equence. A clear and detailed undertanding of ceramic acro ace and through time i thu crucial for a roer characteriation of the cultural hitory of the outh coat of mainland PNG, and require an imroved ceramic and radiocarbon data et. Here we thu reent a detailed reort on the ceramic aemblage from the firt two quare (and it) excavated at Bogi 1 (PNG National Mueum and Art Gallery ite code ABEN), being the firt ceramic equence from Caution Bay to have been analyed in detail. The Bogi 1 ceramic evidence i art of a conitent et of excavated ceramic aemblage that hed coniderable doubt over the EPP a a ueful marker of a eriod of ocial interaction ditinct from thoe that came before and after it along the outh coat of PNG. We argue intead that a rethinking of the nature, tylitic and chronological integrity, and timing of the individual ceramic hae urorted to occur within the EPP i needed. The equence from Caution Bay flag a need for uch a rethinking, with Laita- 73

2 Bruno David et al. A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay South Coat of Mainland PNG article into-epp ceramic having now been found in well-dated context near Port Moreby (David et al. 2011; McNiven et al. 2011). In addition to the reence of a Laita horizon dating from c to c calbp (Phae 1 of our ceramic equence; ee McNiven et al. (2011)), we argue that for Port Moreby at leat, and with otential alicability to other art of the outh coat of PNG alo, at leat four other, chronologically equential ceramic tradition can be identified (Figure 1): Phae 2. Pot-Laita Tranformative Tradition (c calbp) Decorative convention on ceramic immediately following the Laita eriod went through a roce of imlification in deign, tranforming into recogniably imilar but tructurally more imle linear, geometric dentatetamed decoration between c and c calbp. The eriod c calbp in articular aw a very raid deterioration or break down of the receding Laita dentate-tamed decorative ytem, to the extent that we can Linear Shell Edge-Imreed (c cal BP) Pot-Laita Tranformative (c calbp) Laita (c cal BP) Figure 1. Sherd from re-2000 calbp ceramic tradition for Caution Bay-Port Moreby: tyical decoration. 74

3 article Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No identify for Caution Bay, within 50 year reciion, 2500 calbp a the end of Laita a defined by it ceramic decorative convention and veel hae (the full evidence for thi, baed on over 1000 AMS radiocarbon determination and the excavation of 204 m2 from 122 ite, will be the ubject of earate monograh). Phae 3. Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition (c calbp) Between c and c calbp there emerged a highly tandardied decorative tradition of hell edge-imreed ware that mimicked the earlier dentate taming of the Laita and Pot-Laita Tranformative tradition. We call thi the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition (Phae 3) becaue the overwhelmingly redominant decoration conit of indentation arranged in tructurally imle linear arrangement made by the dital doral edge of Anadara hell valve (a determined by exerimental imreion made from a number of local hell ecie). Deite a dramatic break down of the Laita ceramic ytem c calbp, the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition retained or newly adoted a decorative element reminicent of Laita ware: line of dentate imreion, but now made with cultured, ribbed hell valve rather than tined tool uch a comb. The Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition i chrono-tratigrahically contrained at Caution Bay and ha neither been identified a a ditinctive decorative hae nor been decribed before. Phae 4. Umbo-Bordered Shell Back-Imreed Tradition (c calbp) Phae 3 i followed by the Umbo-Bordered Shell Back-Imreed Tradition (Phae 4) already documented from Yule Iland (Tye A of Zone IIC at Ooii of Vanderwal (1973)) and Port Moreby (Style H at Nebira 4 of Allen (1972)). In thi tradition deign are created by imreing the doral urface of hell valve, including line of umbo imreion that often delimit the margin of geometric deign. Preliminary reult indicate that we do not have many herd from thi tradition in the ite we excavated, but the chrono-tratigrahic evidence reented by Vanderwal (1973) and Allen (1972) ugget that thi i a ditinctive hae (ee Dicuion below). Phae 5. Varied Incied Tradition (c calbp) Our Varied Incied Tradition (Phae 5), form the bulk of Bulmer (1969, 1978) Red Sli tyle, Allen (1972) Style F and G, and Vanderwal (1973) Tye E-W, but i here diaggregated from thoe reviouly-defined ceramic tyle or tye becaue, in ome cae at leat, they alo incororated herd from ome of the earlier archaeological tradition identified in thi aer. We have found rich archaeological aemblage of uch ceramic in well-dated archaeological context (unublihed) in our own excavation in the Gulf Province to the wet. We refer to the above decorative hae a archaeological tradition rather than tyle, horizon, and the like for the following reaon: 1. We identify an archaeological tradition a a conitent et of deign convention that reeatedly occur together within an archaeological aemblage relating to a articular temoral hae, and that i ditinctive from earlier and later tradition. In our terminology, each tradition may contain a number of decorative convention, i.e. a range of decorative tyle. We have named mot tradition decritively by the redominant decorative convention that identify them. 2. A tyle refer not to a temorally-contrained unit of analyi, but to a way of doing thing. For examle, two et of artefact belonging to two very different eriod of time may be of a ingle tyle (for whatever hitorical and cultural reaon). 3. We reerve the ue of horizon for an archaeologically dicrete tratigrahic level forming the ubject of dicuion on a given toic. By differentiating between a tradition and horizon, we can then ytematically dicu the exact chrono-tratigrahic ditribution of articular deign convention, and tradition, in a given ite (i.e. ae the degree of fit between ceramic deign and a ite chrono-tratigrahy). The degree to which each of thee tradition, and their rogreion from one to the next, i found in different art of the outh coat remain to be ytematically invetigated at individual location. We alo argue that there i a need for reviion of the age and equencing of outh coat ceramic generally, becaue in recent time ight of the individual tradition and their interface ha largely been lot a increaing, and virtually excluive, emhai ha been laced on an artificially contructed EPP that aggregate everything that haened before 1200 BP into a ingle generic cultural hae. Undertanding the firt two millennia of ceramic along the outh coat require undertanding what i going on through time at individual location, itelf neceitating a diaggregation of the EPP ackage. Irwin (1985:3) view of the mid-1980, that there i now a clear need to attemt to integrate the variou data et from the Pauan coat and iland and to exlain, in articular, the occurrence of certain generally comarable develoment evident in their cultural equence may be warranted, but the tak of firt obtaining detailed and well-dated evidence for each region i by no mean comlete or ecure. Indeed, not only are key art of regional equence miing from the exiting evidence, but thoe art that are to hand require critical reworking. Bogi 1 Bogi 1 i ituated 45 m inland of Caution Bay (Figure 2 and 3). It occur 4 m above the high tide mark, midway along a 2 km-long linear aeolian and dune fronting the 75

4 Bruno David et al. A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay South Coat of Mainland PNG article coat. The horeline ide of the ite i thickly vegetated with hrub and emergent tree and loe teely down to hallow intertidal flat. The inland ide of the ite i graland and very gently loe u toward the eat. It i only below the urface that the ite cultural richne become aarent. Two juxtaoed excavation quare (Square A and B), each 1 1 m in ize, were initially excavated, neither of which reached the deeet cultural level. Square B wa oitioned againt the outh wall of Square A, to make a continuou 2 m 1 m trench. Square A rogreed to 47 cm below ground urface, Square B to 131 cm below ground urface. Further quare were ubequently excavated to the bae of cultural deoit in an adjacent it (McNiven et al. 2011: figure 2); thee will be reorted at a later date. Thi aer reort on the ceramic from Square A and B, and in doing o identifie a rich archaeological horizon with a well-defined ceramic tradition which we here term the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition. Five Stratigrahic Unit (SU) were identified from Square A and B (Figure 4); thee are continuou acro the two excavation quare. From the to of the excavation N Gulf of Paua Ooii (Yule Iland) Figure 3 Port Moreby Collingwood Bay The Maim Mailu Amazon Bay Milne Bay L o u i i a d e A r c h i e lago Autralia Wari Kilometre Figure 2. South coat of PNG, howing location of key ite mentioned in text. Vanaa River Brown River Goldie River N Laloki River Mt Lawe Bogi 1 Paa Salt Pan Edubu 1 Vai hua River Ava Garau Waigani Swam Nebira 1,2,4 Eriama Paua New Guinea N Port Moreby Taurama Motuore 0 10 Kilometre Figure 3. Port Moreby region, howing location of ite mentioned in text. 76

5 article Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No downward, ediment conit of a thin layer of unconolidated ilty and on the urface (SU1); followed by four layer of ilty and becoming rogreively lighter and andier with deth (SU2-SU5). SU3 and SU4 (coniting of XU3 to XU12 in Square A, and XU3 XU15 in Square B) together rereent the main cultural level, coniting of an horizon of dene hell, animal bone, tone artefact and ceramic. Thi horizon i found from 3 cm to 36 cm below ground. Below thi, cultural material continue to the bae of the excavation in both quare (i.e. to at leat 131 cm below ground), but in relatively low number within the comact and moderately conolidated dune and. Excavation wa undertaken in arbitrary XU following the tratigrahy a aarent at the time of excavation. A total of 19 XU were excavated in Square A, and 50 in Square B (many of which were ub-divided into ub-xu). XU average 2.5 cm thickne in Square A, and 2.6 cm in Square B. Selected cultural material were lotted in three dimenion and individually bagged during excavation, a were charcoal amle for radiocarbon dating. All ediment were dry-ieved and then wet-ieved in 2.1 mm meh, air dried and bagged unorted for romt (air) himent to Monah Univerity in Autralia, where they were orted under controlled condition in the archaeology laboratorie. We note that ue of 2.1 mm meh ieve, and the ytematic orting of all cultural item 2.1 mm long, mean that the excavated ceramic aemblage will contain large number of very mall herd. The mall mean ize of the ceramic aemblage reented below i largely due to thi fine-amling rotocol. Six radiocarbon determination have been obtained from Square A and B, one on Anadara granoa hell from the near-urface (XU2), the other five from in itu charcoal amle (Table 1). Each charcoal date i from an individual fragment of charcoal. The reult how good chrono-tratigrahic integrity, with cultural deoit in XU45 near the bae of the excavation dating to ometime between 2153 and 2276 calbp at the highet 95% robability range. It i imortant to note that five more XU were excavated below thi date, and cultural material continued below the lowermot excavated XU. The median calibrated age of all radiocarbon determination above thi date are each in the range calbp (rounded to cloet 50 year), indicating that occuation in thee level (and the ground urface) date to thi eriod of time. Subequent excavation at thi ite have revealed age of 2900 calbp cm c xu16d xu17d xu18d xu19a xu20a xu23a SU3A a SU5A SOUTH SU3B xu14a xu15b xu16b xu17b xu18b xu19b xu20b not excavated xu1 xu2 xu3 xu4 xu5 xu6 xu7 xu8 xu9 xu10 xu11 xu12a xu13a xu21a xu22a xu23b xu24a xu25a xu26a xu27a xu28a xu29a xu30a xu31 xu32a xu33 xu34a xu35a xu36a xu37a xu38a xu39a xu40a xu41a xu42a xu43a xu44a xu45a xu46a xu47a xu48a xu49a xu50a SU1 SU2 SU3 SU4 SU5 xu19a xu20a xu23a xu25e xu26e 22C 23C 24C 25C 26C 27C 28C 29C 30C 22A 23A 24A 25E 26E 27A 28A 29A 30A 31C 31A 32C 32A 34C 34A 35C 35A 36C 36A 37C 37A 38C 38A 39C 39A 40C 40A 41C 41A 42C 42A 43C 43A 44C 44A 45C 45A 46C 46A 47C 47A 48C 48A 49C 49A SU2 xu1 xu2 xu3 xu4 xu5 SU3 xu6 xu7 xu8 xu9 xu10 xu11 SU4 xu12a xu13a SU4A xu14b xu14a xu15b xu15a xu16b xu16a xu17b xu18b xu19a xu20a xu21a xu22a xu23a xu24a xu25e xu25a xu26e xu26a xu26f xu27a xu28a xu29a xu30a xu31a xu36a xu37a xu38a SU1 SU5 WEST xu36b xu37b xu32a xu33 xu34a xu35a xu36a xu37a xu38b xu38a xu39a xu40a xu41a xu42a xu43a xu44a xu45a xu46a xu47a xu48a xu49a xu50a not excavated rock root white taining hell coral c ottery tone artefact a Figure 4. Bogi 1 Square B outh and wet ection, howing backlotted XU. 77

6 Bruno David et al. A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay South Coat of Mainland PNG article Table 1. Radiocarbon determination, Bogi 1, Square A and B. All 14C age are AMS. Calibration undertaken uing Calib 6.0 (charcoal calibration: INTCAL09 curve election; hell calibration: MARINE09 curve election, delta R = 68 ± 13 [Petchey et al. in rearation]). Sq. XU Deth (cm) Wk Lab. Code Material Dated δ13c % Modern 14C Age (yr BP) CalBP (68% rob.) CalBP (95% rob.) Median CalBP (etimated to cloet 50 yr) B Anadara granoa hell 3.0 ± ± ± (1.000) (0.992) (0.008) 2100 A charcoal 24.0 ± ± ± (0.501) (0.389) (0.110) (1.000) 2250 B 17b charcoal 24.0 ± ± ± (1.000) (0.850) (0.003) (0.148) 2100 B 25a charcoal 26.2 ± ± ± (0.218) (0.619) (0.163) (0.038) (0.738) (0.015) (0.208) 2150 B 37a charcoal 24.7 ± ± ± (1.000) (0.890) (0.110) 2100 B charcoal 24.8 ± ± ± (0.333) (0.667) (1.000) 2250 B 45a charcoal meaured but value not available 75.8 ± ± (0.100) (0.703) (0.198) (0.761) (0.239) 2250 aociated with Laita occuation in deeer level; thee are not the ubject of the reent aer (ee David et al. 2011; McNiven et al. 2011). We note that we have obtained a further 154 AMS radiocarbon determination on individual iece of charcoal or hell from nearby excavated quare forming a much larger adjacent it at Bogi 1 (McNiven et al. 2011). Thee reult how that the chrono-tratigrahy of Square A and B i continuou with, and conitent with, other art of Bogi 1 (a indeed it i with other nearby ite alo). Thee reult alo how clear evidence of rogreive age increae with deth from the horizon containing the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed ceramic to the underlying Laita horizon. We note that there i no ethnograhic evidence for gardening activity in the vicinity of the dune at Bogi 1, and the archaeological excavation indicate limited mixing of deoit (the layering of ediment how relatively contrained interface, and the equence of radiocarbon date ugget limited tratigrahic mixing of deoit). The radiocarbon, tratigrahic, tahonomic and cultural evidence for the Bogi 1 excavation will be reented in due coure in a earate monograh. Square A ceramic Figure 5 how the term ued in thi aer for veel art. On a general note in reect to dentate-taming, we differentiate dentate (tooth-like decoration) from the tool ued, rather than aume an automatic corollary of dentate imreion from tined tool. We thu ditinguih comb dentate-tamed from hell dentate-tamed when tooth-like imreion are evident on a herd. Reducing 78

7 article Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No dentate taming excluively to comb when decribing dentate imreion rivilege the tool (which are not directly evident) ahead of the imreion themelve (which are evident). Our aroach rioritie the nature of the decoration (e.g. dentate imreion) and qualifie their roduction with a refixing (deduced) tool (e.g. comb, or hell valve). A total of 4533 ottery herd weighing g were excavated from Square A (Table 2). Thee conit of all the herd recovered in itu lu thoe obtained from the 2.1mm ieve fraction. Only 103 (2.3%) of thee are 3.0cm in maximum length. The average weight of all herd i 0.62g, and the average by XU i 0.70 ± 0.33 g. Of the herd 3.0 cm long, five are red-lied or red ainted, and 14 are rim. We note from the outet that all herd with red igment in Square A and B are either ditinctively lied, or it i uncertain whether they are lied or ainted (thi ambiguity being due to the very mall ize of uch herd). Only ix herd are large enough to confidently identify aect of ot hae. Of thee, all are from everted veel. One (XU4 herd #1) i from a lightly everted lainware veel with an orienta- li inclination angle orifice diameter rim orientation angle neck li rim inclination angle orifice diameter orientation angle neck collar inclination angle rim orifice diameter li orientation angle carination carination body body body bae bae bae Figure 5. Decrition of term ued for veel art and key variable recorded on ottery herd 3.0 cm long. Left: indirect everted (with neck) veel (globular). Centre: collared, indirect everted veel (carinated). Right: indirect inverted veel (carinated) Table 2. Summary data on ottery herd by XU, Bogi 1 Square A. *Aart for a ingle herd collected in itu, the bag of XU13 herd had been milaced at time of analyi for thi aer, and are therefore not included here. XU Total herd Incied body herd Sherd with finger groove below the li Red lied/ ainted herd Anadara hell edgeimreed herd Rim herd 3 cm length Sherd 3 cm length 3 cm herd with dimle mark in internal urface # g # g # g # g # g # g # g # g * 42.51* Total

8 Bruno David et al. A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay South Coat of Mainland PNG article tion angle of 10 and an orifice diameter of 24 cm. Sherd #15 from XU7 i a lightly everted rim herd with a finger groove below the li and Anadara hell imreion below the groove; it alo ha an orientation angle of 10 and orifice diameter of 24 cm, which together with the herd curvature indicate that it come from a bowl. Sherd #10 from XU10 ha an orientation angle of 20 and an indeterminate orifice diameter; it ha a finger groove below the li, i decorated with Anadara hell imreion on it external urface, and red-lied on it internal urface. A third robable bowl with a finger groove below the li and Anadara hell imreion i rereented by herd #16 from XU7, which ha an orientation angle of 45 and an uncertain orifice diameter (for a decrition of term ued for veel art, ee Figure 5). The two indirect (with neck) everted herd large enough to meaure orientation angle and orifice diameter are from XU8 (herd #4), which ha an orientation angle of 45 and an orifice diameter of 18 cm; and a large, everted indirect rim herd with an orientation angle of 55, inclination angle of 100 and an orifice diameter of 20cm. Neither of thee herd ha any decoration. No herd with a finger groove below the li ha a neck; they do not aear, therefore, to be aociated with indirect everted ot, but rather with lightly everted (direct) bowl. Six herd oe dimle mark on their internal urface, indicating the ue of addle and anvil during manufacture. A further 112 herd, each < 3.0 cm long, are redlied or red ainted; no aint hae have been identified. Thi mean that a total of 117 herd, or 2.6% of the total aemblage, are red-lied or red ainted. Of all the herd with body decoration (additional to red liing or red aint), 125 are Anadara hell edgeimreed (e.g. Figure 6i k). Thee hell imreion are of a narrow range of deign, and conit of row, column and/or angled line of imreion. Thee decorated herd, when large enough to tell, tyically commence with one or two arallel row of mall Anadara hell indentation immediately below a ingle groove below the li (from hereon finger groove below the li, robably finger-imreed given it width, deth and hae), with column, et of column or ingle or et of diagonal line of imilar mall hell indentation aligned downward from the lower row. On two herd (XU12 herd #6; XU14 < 3 cm-long herd #2), row of V-haed et of mall Anadara hell indentation are reent, and on another herd (XU3 herd #10) two uch row of V-hae are earated by a double horizontal line of indentation; thee V-haed deign are reminicent of earlier ceramic dating to the immediate ot- Laita eriod hortly after 2500 calbp evident at other ite nearby, uch a Edubu 1 (McNiven et al. in re), and thu evidence continuing ceramic tranformation from Laita to ot-laita to the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition. Amongt Anadara hell imreion in general, where herd are large enough to include the lower ection of veel, it i clear that the decoration ceae rior to reaching the veel bae (e.g. Figure 6j), although decoration in at leat a few cae cover much of the uermot two-third of veel. There i no indication on any herd that uch decoration continue to the bae itelf. Anadara hell-indented herd are reent in all XU containing more than 100 herd, and mot XU that contain fewer. The imlication i that the entire Bogi 1 Square A aemblage date to the eriod when uch ceramic were made, with the oible excetion of the two uermot XU. There are only three other herd with body decoration in the entire Square A aemblage. Thee are each incied, and include a ingle lightly curved thin and hallow inciion generally arallel to the li on a mall rim herd from XU5; a mall herd with a ingle thin and hallow inciion from XU7; and two imilarly thin and hallow arallel horizontal inciion on a mall herd from XU9. The ragged edge of thee thin incied groove indicate that they were all added during manufacture after the clay had dried. Sixteen rim herd contain the characteritic finger groove below the li. A further four body herd retain art of the naed finger groove below the li. Thi groove occur 6.43 ± 1.78 mm below the to of the li (range: mm) and i 8.01 ± 2.62 mm wide (range: mm). Thee herd with the characteritic finger groove below the li come from mot XU between XU3 to XU12 therefore, they are all tratigrahically aociated with the denet Anadara hell-imreed ottery level. Ten of thee herd with finger groove below the li themelve contain Anadara hell imreion below the groove (from XU6 XU12); one of thee (from XU10) i both red-lied or red ainted and Anadara hell-imreed; and 10 are lain herd (from XU3 XU11). Four (20.0%) of thee herd with the finger groove below the li are broken along the middle of the groove where they are thinnet (i.e. along their weaket oint). Thi tratigrahic ditribution indicate that in Square A the finger groove below the li ha a imilar antiquity to Anadara hell imreion. Only 14 herd 3.0 cm long have the li reent (thereby contituting rim herd ); a further 37 rim herd are reent among the < 3.0 cm long herd. Therefore, only 51 (1.1%) of all herd are rim. Only one rim herd ha li decoration: XU9 < 3 cm-long herd #19 ha a row of very mall, narrow vertical indentation along the inner edge of the li. Square B ceramic A total of 13,240 ottery herd weighing g were excavated from Square B (Table 3). Thee conit of all the herd recovered in itu lu thoe obtained from the 2.1mm ieve fraction. Only 188 (1.4%) of thee are 3.0 cm in maximum length. The average weight of all herd i 0.34 g, and the average by XU i 0.59 ± 0.54 g. 80

9 article Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 5cm Figure 6: Anadara hell edge-imreed body herd from Bogi 1 Square A and B. A: Square B XU26a herd #3; B: Square B XU10 herd #8; C: Square B XU11 <3 cm herd #11; D: Square B XU9 <3 cm herd #13; E: Square B XU16b herd #5; F: Square B XU14b herd #16; G: Square B XU11 herd #9; H: Square B XU9 <3 cm herd #12; I: Square A XU3 herd #10; J: Square A XU5 #16; K: Square A XU8 herd #12; L: Square B XU10 <3 cm herd #13; M: Square B XU16b <3 cm herd #12; N: Square B XU28a <3 cm herd #4; O: Square B XU8 <3 cm herd #19; P: Square B XU19b <3 cm herd #1; Q: Square B XU6 <3 cm herd #6; R: Square B XU8 <3 cm herd #18; S: Square B XU28a <3 cm herd #2; T: Square B XU6 <3 cm herd #5; U: Square B XU8 <3 cm herd #16; V: Square B XU17b <3cm herd #4; W: Square B XU10 <3 cm herd #16; X: Square B XU28a <3 cm herd #3; Y: Square B XU10 <3 cm herd #18; Z: Square B XU8 <3 cm herd #15. 81

10 Bruno David et al. A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay South Coat of Mainland PNG article XU Total herd Incied and/or tick - imreed body herd Table 3. Summary data on ottery herd by XU, Bogi 1 Square B. Indeterminate comb- or hellimreed (dentatetamed) herd Sherd with finger groove below the li Redlied/ ainted herd Anadara hell edgeimreed herd Rim herd 3 cm length Sherd 3 cm length 3 cm herd with dimle mark in internal urface # g # g # g # g # g # g # g # g # g Total 13,

11 article Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No Of the herd 3.0 cm long, 18 are red-lied or red ainted, and 45 are rim. Only 28 are large enough to confidently identify aect of veel hae. Of thee, four herd are from inverted and 23 are from everted veel (the orientation angle of one herd i uncertain). The four inverted herd come from a lightly carinated bowl with indeterminate comb- or hell-imreed dentate tamed deign below the rim in XU7 (Figure 7b); an undecorated (lainware) rounded bowl from XU20a; and two other lightly inverted to vertical veel from XU8 (Figure 8k) and XU9 (Figure 8f) that are too mall to determine hae, but for which orifice diameter are 18 cm and 20 cm reectively; thee herd therefore likely come from bowl (both are Anadara hell-imreed, with the XU9 herd alo having it internal urface red-lied). Each of the four inverted herd ha an orientation angle between 340 and 355. Three of thee inverted herd oe the characteritic finger groove below the li; the fourth i the indeterminate comb- or hell-imreed herd with the hallow concave rim reminicent of a finger groove below the li (Figure 7b). The everted herd conit of a wide range of rim orientation angle anning 15 90, where 0 refer to a vertical rim and 90 to a horizontal rim arallel to the ground. The more oen everted veel (thoe with orientation angle between 60 and 90 ) include an indirect (i.e. with neck) ot with an orifice diameter of 40 cm from XU9; three herd from XU12a, two of which are from indirect (with neck) ot, the other being from an indeterminate veel hae with an orifice diameter of 52 cm; one herd from an indeterminate veel hae with an orifice diameter of 42 cm from XU14b; and two herd from indeterminate veel hae, one with a mall orifice diameter of 18cm, from XU15b. None of thee are decorated, and none oee the finger groove below the li. With the excetion of the XU15b herd, the meaurable herd indicate that thee are all from large veel with orifice diameter between 40 cm and 52 cm. Of the remaining everted herd (that i, thoe with more cloed orientation angle between 0 and 55 ), none are indirect (with neck) herd, although it i treed that mot herd are too mall to determine veel form concluively. Of thee remaining everted herd, two are from Anadara hell-imreed bowl each with a finger groove below the li; one ha an orifice diameter of 18 cm from XU10 (Figure 6e) and the other 34 cm from XU14b (Figure 8n). The other 10 everted herd are from veel of indeterminate hae with orifice diameter of 9 cm, 21 cm, 22 cm, 27 cm, 28 cm, 30 cm, 35 cm, 40 cm, 42 cm and 42 cm. There i here a wide range of veel ize from a mall number of herd, indicating a non-tandardiation of ceramic roduction. None of thee latter 10 herd are decorated excet for two herd that are red-lied (from XU10 and XU16c), and none ha the finger groove below the li. Thee herd come from XU6 to XU44a. Ten herd oe dimle mark on their internal urface, indicating the ue of addle and anvil during manufacture. A further 141 herd, each < 3.0 cm long, are redlied or red ainted (all robably rereenting red liing, with no clear-cut incidence of ainting having been identified). Thi mean that a total of 159 herd, or 1.2% of the total aemblage, are red-lied or red ainted. Of all the herd with body decoration (other than red liing or red aint), 150 are Anadara hell edge-imreed (e.g. Figure 6 and 8). Thee hell imreion are of a imilar narrow range of deign a in Square A. There i no indication that uch decoration continue to the bae itelf, but a few herd how that the decoration to rior to reaching the bae. It i hortly below the widet oint of the veel that linear hell edge-imreion uddenly change direction, meeting another et of imilar decoration at cloe to right or lightly greater angle (Figure 8f i a good examle). Such decoration commence in XU33 and continue in mot XU to XU2. In addition to the hell-imreed herd, four other herd have dentate taming made from indeterminate comb or hell imreion: XU3 < 3 cm long herd #2 (a body herd with two row above a et of arallel angled line of dentate imreion); XU7 herd #7 (a rim herd: A B C D 0 5cm Figure 7: Indeterminate comb- or hell-imreed (dentate) herd from Bogi 1 Square B. A: XU3 < 3 cm herd #2; B: XU7 #7; C: XU9 #13; D: XU17b #6. 83

12 Bruno David et al. A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay South Coat of Mainland PNG article A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 5cm Figure 8: Plain and Anadara hell edge-imreed rim herd with the finger groove below the li from Bogi 1 Square B. Dahed line = robable but uncertain orientation angle. A: XU14a herd #4; B: XU13a <3 cm herd #12; C: XU12a <3 cm herd #12; D: XU15a <3 cm herd #11 (to) + #12 (bottom); E: XU10 herd #7; F: XU9 #15; G: XU14b herd #19; H: XU26a herd #2; I: XU17d herd #2; J: XU14b herd #18; K: XU8 herd #5; L: XU20a herd #8; M: XU20a herd #7; N: XU14b herd #17. 2 row of indeterminate comb or hell imreion immediately below a hallow concave rim that i reminicent of a finger groove below the li, with et of column of indeterminate comb or hell imreion rogreing down from the lower row); XU9 herd #13 (a body herd: 2 row of indeterminate comb or hell imreion with a row of indeterminate comb- or hell-imreed zig-zagging V-hae immediately below the lower row); and XU17b herd #6 (body herd: adjacent row or column of indeterminate comb or hell imreion covering the entire herd) (Figure 7). All of thee dentate-tamed herd excet for the one from XU3 are 3.0 cm long. There are only two other herd with body decoration in the entire aemblage. Both are from XU34a, and conit of 1) a very mall herd with a thin incied line (the herd i too mall to determine the deign that thi line rereent); and 2) a herd with what aear to be a thickened houlder, oibly a carinated veel, with a row of hort vertical and broad tick(?) imreion along the houlder. It i ignificant that both of thee herd come from below the lowermot level (XU33) containing hell-imreed herd. The indication i that rior to XU33, and around calbp (95% robability) a determined by a radiocarbon determination from XU39 in Square B, an earlier ceramic tradition exited at Bogi 1 Square B. Subequent excavation in Square C and D have revealed that thi i indeed the cae, with the dicovery of Laita ceramic in the lowermot ceramic level (David et al. 2011; McNiven 84

13 article Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No et al. 2011). Thee will be reorted in detail elewhere, but are mentioned here to how that in Square B the earliet Linear Shell Edge-Imreed herd are receded by omething ele, and therefore the commencement of the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition can be dated. Twenty-ix rim herd contain the characteritic finger groove below the li (e.g. Figure 8). Thi groove occur 7.2 ± 1.9 mm below the to of the li (range: mm) and i 7.7 ± 1.5 mm wide (range: mm). They come from XU6 to XU27a therefore, they are all tratigrahically aociated with the Anadara hell-imreed ottery level. Eleven of thee themelve contain Anadara hell imreion below the groove (from XU8 XU23a); five are red-lied or red ainted (from XU9 XU27a); two have the finger groove below the li lime-infilled (both are from XU20a); and 12 are lain herd (from XU6 XU15a). Ten (40%) of thee herd with the finger groove below the li are broken along the middle of the groove where they are thinnet (i.e. along their weaket oint). Thi indicate that, a wa alo the cae in Square A, the finger groove below the li i contemoraneou with Anadara hell imreion. Only 45 herd 3.0 cm have the li reent (thereby contituting rim herd ); a further 53 rim herd are reent among the < 3.0 cm herd. Therefore, only 98 (0.7%) of all herd are rim. In total five rim herd have li decoration: XU25a herd #1 i imreed with an unknown, thin-edged tool (tick?) to create a thin, hallow groove acro the li; XU32a herd #1 i imreed with an unknown tool (tick?) to create groove emanating from the outer edge continuing acro mot of the width of the li; XU36a herd #1 i imreed with an unknown, thin-edged tool (tick?) to create a thin, hallow row of lahe along the outer edge of the li; XU44a herd #1 i imreed with an unknown tool (tick?) to create groove emanating from the outer edge continuing acro mot of the width of the li; XU48a herd #1 i imreed with an unknown tool (tick?) to create alternating vertical groove along the inner and outer edge of the li. It i ignificant that thee li-decorated herd occur almot excluively in level below the hell-imreed herd, ignalling a ottery decorative tradition receding the etablihment of the hell-imreed tradition. The earliet evidence of ottery at Bogi 1 Square B come from the bae of the excavation in XU50a, dated to ome time hortly before calbp (radiocarbon determination from 117cm deth in XU45a, 13.5 cm above the bae of XU50a, at highet 95% robability). Excavation Unit 1, the mot recent ottery-bearing level in thi quare, date to calbp (a evidenced by a radiocarbon date from cm deth in XU2 immediately below XU1, at highet 95% robability). Peak ceramic veel ue and deoition in Square B took lace from XU4 to XU15 (Figure 9), correonding reciely with SU3 and SU4. Within that level, the highet concentration of herd are found in XU6 to XU9, rereenting the lowermot four XU (and lowermot 10.4 cm) of SU3, and thereby indicating that thi level rereent an old urface uon which eak ottery deoition took lace ometime between calbp (from XU2 above) and calbp (from XU17b below) (highet 95% robabilitie). Total weight of herd (g) Total weight of herd (g) Square A Square B Deth below ground (cm) Figure 9. Ditribution of ottery herd by XU, Bogi 1 Square A and B. Dicuion Ceramic herd occur relatively arely throughout much of the Square A and B deoit when contrated with a very dene midden layer anning XU3 12 (4 29 cm below ground) in Square A and XU4 15 (5 36 cm) in Square B. We refer to thi dene cultural deoit a the Uer Horizon. Thi Uer Horizon i well demarcated tratigrahically, and indicate a 25 cm to 31 cm-thick cultural unit; 93.3% (by weight) of ceramic herd from Square A, and 67.4% from Square B come from thi Uer Horizon (remembering that excavation of Square B rogreed deeer than Square A). Both the deth of the SU4 SU5 tratigrahic interface, and the incidence of herd below SU4 relative to thoe above, indicate ome 20 cm of ot-deoitional downward movement and mixing (from c. 34 to c. 53 cm deth) from an occuied urface at the bae of SU4. Thi i conitent with the evidence from neighbouring excavated quare. The radiocarbon determination from all the excavated quare indicate raid deoition of SU3 and SU4 in articular (the culturally dene Uer Horizon ediment), receded by a eriod of c. 300 year for the build-u of SU5. 85

14 Bruno David et al. A New Ceramic Aemblage from Caution Bay South Coat of Mainland PNG article The Bogi 1 Square A and B ceramic have been reented earately to how that a conitent vertical ditribution of Linear Shell Edge-Imreed ceramic occur in both quare (we note that the other excavated quare from the adjacent it at Bogi 1 dulicate the reult from Square A and B, and will be reented in the Bogi 1 monograh). The range of decorative convention within thi tradition i extremely narrow, coniting of traight or lightly curved linear arrangement of mall Anadara hell edge indentation, with the individual indentation ranging from 0.50 mm to 2.29 mm in width (uggeting that Anadara hell valve of all ize were ued). The individual indentation are uually triangular in hae (e.g. Figure 8f), although ometime they are connected by the curvilinear imreion of the hell valve contour between the individual indentation rereenting the hell doral ridge (Figure 6g and the centre-row on Figure 6i), indicating not o much that greater reure wa alied while reing the hell into the clay, a a change in angle of alication. The linear arrangement occur ingly, in air, or in juxtaoed arallel et. The decoration i invariably hell edge-imreed: no combination of hell imreion and other decorative technique have been encountered (aart from the finger groove below the li, which alway occur ingly, with or without the hell imreion that alway occur excluively below the groove when reent). The decoration i o far limited to the following deign on individual herd (thee all relate to traight or lightly curved line of mall indentation, in arallel grou when in et): 1. Row, column or angled line, ingly or in et, often aired (e.g. Figure 8h, n); 2. One to three row meeting ingle, aired or multile column or angled line beneath (e.g. Figure 6e); 3. Angled line meeting angled line at an obtue angle beneath (Figure 5a and 8f); 4. Reeated et() of row, column or angled line, ometime beneath one or two row (e.g. Figure 6f); 5. One or two row of down-ointing triangle, ometime earated by a double row of indentation (Figure 6i); 6. Interecting/meeting line. Putting the data from both quare together, out of a total of 17,787 herd from thi chrono-tratigrahically contiguou hell-imreed horizon (16,850 or 94.7% being le than 3cm long, the vat majority of which are tiny herd a few millimetre long), 287 herd (1.6%) contain Anadara hell edge-imreion; 48 herd (mot with the li reent, but ome miing the li itelf) oe the finger groove below the li (24 of which alo have Anadara hell edge-imreion, and 24 of which are undecorated). In addition, there are four indeterminate comb or hell dentate-tamed herd and two mall herd each with a thin and hallow linear inciion within the ame level a the hell-imreed herd; and one herd with a linear inciion and one with a row of hort tick(?) imreion along the carination, found tratigrahically below the hell-imreed and finger groove horizon. Two hundred and fifty-ix (1.4%) of the herd from the Anadara hell edge-imreed horizon are red lied. Below XU33 in Square B Anadara hell-imreed herd are entirely abent, a are herd with finger groove below the li. Although cultural material are far le dene in thoe deeer level, they contain a total of 651 herd, only one (0.2%) of which i red-lied and two (0.3%) of which oe other form of decoration. The evidence from Square A and B indicate that within the hell-imreed ceramic horizon, one in every 60 herd oee Anadara hell edge-imreion, one in every 357 herd oee a finger groove below the li, and one in every 60 herd i red-lied. Thi mean that in the underlying level in Square B, tatitically we would exect about 10 herd to have Anadara hell imreion, one herd with a finger groove below the li, and ten red-lied herd if uch exited at that time. The comlete abence of Anadara hell edge-imreed herd from thi lowermot excavated level, couled with the reence of other kind of decorated herd that do not occur further u, i meaningful and indicate a temoral ucceion in decorative convention. While we will addre in detail thi iue of ucceion of decorative convention in later aer when the other Bogi 1 quare and nearby ite are analyed, we etablih here that a well-defined cultural horizon at Bogi 1 contain a ceramic decorative tradition of limited deign variability almot excluively focued on Anadara hell edge-imreion below finger-grooved li. It i thi tradition, decoratively and chrono-tratigrahically contrained, that we term the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition after it overwhelmingly dominant decorative convention. We were temted to adot Bulmer (1999) mot recent terminology, the Early Laloki tyle, but decided againt thi becaue even though it i clear that he ee hell-imreed herd to have develoed locally from earlier tradition likely to include Laita, her Early Laloki tyle continue to incororate ceramic from a number of different tyle and eriod of time, deite her own attemt at diaggregation (contrained by oor chrono-tratigrahic evidence and no data receding 2000 calbp). Thu, Bulmer (1999:555) note that: The Early Laloki ottery from Port Moreby ha the following technique of decoration; liing, burnihing, inciing, hell edge imreing (both traight and curved), imreion of the back of hell, imreing of the end of traight and curved multile-toothed tool, i.e. dentate taming, end imreing of ingleand double-ointed tool, ainting, grooving, and lime infilling. The Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition, on the other hand, i almot entirely retricted to red liing, hell edge imreing (both traight and lightly curved), 86

15 article Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. 3 No a ingle finger groove below the li and rare lime infilling; there are no unambiguouly burnihed ware. Furthermore, the hell edge-imreed decoration reorted by u in thi aer rereent a highly homogeneou ceramic convention that i tightly contrained chrono-tratigrahically at Bogi 1, and indeed at other ite in Caution Bay alo (the latter to be reorted elewhere). They are not imly the early exreion of a dicrete tyle that continue for hundred of year more, but rather belong to a ditinctive and reviouly undecribed chronological hae in a long ceramic equence that begin with Laita and end with the ethnograhic eriod. For thi reaon we cannot imly combine the linear hell edge-imreed ceramic reorted here within Bulmer Early Laloki tyle which contain other form of decoration belonging to a different eriod of time. We tre that the differentiation of chrono-tratigrahically contrained ceramic tradition within individual ite and region, a we have done here, enable u to critique and dientangle reviouly rooed, broader concet uch a the Early Laloki tyle and the EPP. It alo enable u and other reearcher to ytematically invetigate connection and dicontinuitie with earlier and later convention and tradition. The two quetion we now ak are: 1. How old i the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition? and 2. How doe it fit with broader tylitic trend reviouly rooed for Port Moreby and the broader outh coat region? The age of the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition The evidence from Bogi 1, reented in ome detail in thi aer, trongly indicate that Linear Shell Edge- Imreed Tradition ceramic date from c ± 30 BP (charcoal date) to at leat 2384 ± 30 BP (hell date). With the lowermot herd of thi tradition coming from XU33 of Square B (down to 84 cm deth), and with radiocarbon determination of 2134 ± 30 BP from XU17b (41 cm deth) and 2140 ± 30 BP from XU25a (62 cm deth) above, and 2130 ± 30 BP from XU37a (92 95 cm) below, the age of XU33 eem ecure. We note that there i no evidence for Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition ceramic in XU39 of Square B; a radiocarbon determination of 2180 ± 30 BP (= calbp at highet robability of 2 igma, or c.2250 cal BP median age) from 100 cm deth in thi XU indicate that Linear Shell Edge-Imreed decoration doe not yet occur at thi time. However, a lightly out-of-equence radiocarbon date of 2215 ± 30 BP from XU12 (31 cm) above could ugget a lightly older age than 2150 calbp for it commencement. Neverthele given the three other, internally conitent radiocarbon determination, we interret the XU12 date a oeing an inbuilt old wood factor (ee Rowe 2001:144), a otential roblem with radiocarbon dating of wood charcoal generally. Thi, we ugget, i the mot at interretation in light of the otherwie conitent deth-age chronology uorted alo by radiocarbon determination from Square C and D at Bogi 1 (ee Mc- Niven et al for detail). With the uermot Linear Shell Edge-Imreed herd at Bogi 1 Square A and B coming from XU2 (1 3 cm deth) in Square B, their mot recent aearance at the ite can be aid to date to 2384 ± 30 BP (hell date alo from XU2, at 1 3 cm deth). A we do not know from Bogi 1 when thi tradition end, a it mot recent exreion i not uereded by anything ele, we cannot ay when the tradition itelf here end, beyond determining that it i ometime after the 2384 ± 30 BP hell date (correonding with a 2100 calbp median age). Thi mean that the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition date from calbp (highet 95% robability calibration for the 2140 ± 30 BP charcoal date), or around 2150 calbp, to an indeterminate time after calbp (highet 95% robability calibration for the 2384 ± 30 BP hell date), or after c.2100 calbp (ee Table 1). We can thu conclude that ometime between aroximately 2150 and 2100 calbp, eak rate of ottery deoition took lace in Square B. The eole who deoited thee ottery herd utilied, and oibly made, herd imreed with the dital edge of Anadara hell valve that included the characteritic finger groove below the li (the quetion of where the ceramic were manufactured i the ubject of current invetigation). A mall number of indeterminate comb- or hell-imreed ceramic are alo evident during thi time. In earlier level, a different tye of ottery occur at Bogi 1, a tyle that i only hinted at by a handful of herd in Square B but which i conitent with numerou Laita and immediately ot-laita ceramic ubequently found in neighbouring excavation quare at thoe equivalent and lower level (David et al. 2011; McNiven et al. 2011). We have now excavated a number of other ite at Caution Bay with excellent rereentation of the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition; analyi, including AMS dating of numerou additional charcoal and hell amle, i in rogre and will be reorted in due coure. We conclude that the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition date from c to c calbp at Bogi 1. The lace of the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition in the regional ceramic equence A a defined ceramic tradition, the Linear Shell Edge-Imreed Tradition i older than anything reviouly documented for the outh coat of Paua, with the excetion of the recently reorted Laita ware from thi ame area (David et al. 2011; McNiven et al. 2011). We note in thi context that Negihi and Ono (2009) have reorted ceramic dating back to c calbp from Kaainabwana Midden on Wari Iland in the Maim to the eat, with the few herd from the earliet level coniting of non- 87