Pathways of a conservative contaminant: Infiltration, fracture conduits, and re-emergence of chloride in wells and streams
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1 Pathways of a conservative contaminant: Infiltration, fracture conduits, and re-emergence of chloride in wells and streams Mark Holden M.S., C.G. Environmental Specialist III John Hopeck, Ph.D. Environmental Hydrogeology Manager MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Protecting Maine s Air, Land and Water
2 Why study chloride? Road salt is applied widely in Maine and chloride is a common contaminant in groundwater and surface waters. Chloride is a conservative contaminant, so there are fewer variables to consider in contaminant migration. There is a large data set available from Maine DOT pre-construction sampling. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
3 Why study chloride? To develop and test risk models that could be applied to diverse conditions of slope, bedrock and overburden geology, and hydrologic soil groups. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
4 Chloride in Streams Many intermittent streams which cross roads to which salt is applied in the wintertime have been observed to show a distinct increase in conductivity downstream of the road Salt appears to be bound up in the soil and slowly released over the course of the year into groundwater and subsequently into the streams as base flow MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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21 Conductivity Variation North to South in Intermittent Streams across Route 295 In Brunswick MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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24 Stream conductivity readings from distal upslope (left) across the road to down slope (right): measured in the fall when base flow more closely reflects groundwater. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
25 ROAD ROAD UPSLOPE DOWNSLOPE MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
26 Chloride in Residential wells Maine DOT sampled over 5000 wells in pre-construction surveys during wells were spatially located by Maine DEP in the field. These were selected from over 150 different municipalities in spatially diverse geographic settings. Outliers (beyond the second standard deviation) were removed from chloride concentration data. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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28 2D Spatial Parameters Well capture zone: 75-foot radius Proximal area: < 75 feet from road centerline Overlap zone: feet from road centerline Distal zone: > 150 feet from road centerline MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
29 Example: numbers reflect chloride results in PPM at residential wells MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
30 Results from preliminary study ( ) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
31 Comparison of mean chloride results for well captures for different degree slope areas. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
32 What is causing higher chloride results in areas with slope greater than 2-3 degrees? Culverts? Sand? Ice dams? Increasing runoff flow rates? MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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35 Hydrologic Soil Groups (HSG) HSG (A + B): generally more permeable HSG (C + D): generally less permeable In the statewide STATSGO layer, predominant hydrologic types (of usually three soils) were used to defined these groupings The less-than-statewide but more detailed SSURGO layer shows the individual A, B, C, and D hydrologic types MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
36 Hydrologic Soil Groupings: A+B: Green C+D: Light blue MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
37 Example from Gorham, Maine: Brackett Street: Hydrologic Soil Groups Distribution MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
38 CHLORIDE MEAN VALUES (PPM) ALL SPATIAL ZONES - ALL WELLS - BROKEN OUT INTO A+B AND C+D HYDROLOGIC GROUPS (outliers removed) Do the slower infiltrating C+D hydrologic soil groups retain more road salt while the faster infiltrating A+B groups allow it to disperse? HG_A+B HG_C+D DISTAL_UP OVERLAP_UP PROXIMAL_UP PROXIMAL_DOWN OVERLAP_DOWN DISTAL_DOWN WELL CAPTURE ZONES (PROXIMAL TO DISTAL) RELATIVE TO CENTERLINE OF ROAD MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
39 CHLORIDE MEAN VALUES (PPM) ALL SPATIAL ZONES - ALL WELLS - BROKEN OUT INTO A+B AND C+D HYDROLOGIC GROUPS (outliers removed) A comparison of Chloride results in well capture zones between drilled and dug wells and higher infiltrating (A+B) and lower infiltrating (C+D) soils DUG_WP_HSG (173) DRILLED (721) HG_A+B (315) HG_C+D (666) 10 0 DISTAL_UP OVERLAP_UP PROXIMAL_UP PROXIMAL_DOWN OVERLAP_DOWN DISTAL_DOWN WELL CAPTURE ZONES (PROXIMAL TO DISTAL) RELATIVE TO CENTERLINE OF ROAD MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
40 CHLORIDE RESULTS (PPM) CHLORIDE (PPM) IN 300 METER CROSS SECTION OF ROAD Distribution of chloride results perpendicular to roads: lower infiltration rates (Hydrologic C+D soils) versus higher infiltration rates (Hydrologic A+B soils) HG_C+D 150 HG_A+B DISTANCE (METERS) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
41 Distribution of chloride results upslope (negative distance - left) versus downslope (positive distance - right): Low slope areas. Different hydrologic soils and well types. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
42 Distribution of chloride results upslope (negative distance - left) versus downslope (positive distance - right): Medium slope areas. Different hydrologic soils and well types. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
43 Distribution of chloride results upslope (negative distance - left) versus downslope (positive distance - right): Higher slope areas. Different hydrologic soils and well types. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
44 Distribution of chloride results upslope (negative distance - left) versus downslope (positive distance - right): Steep slope areas. Different hydrologic soils and well types. MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
45 Effect of bedrock fractures Does bedrock fractures (joints, fracture cleavage) orientation have an effect on hydrologic movement of road salt in the groundwater? How to proceed: Identify principal fracture directions Concentrate on higher angle fracture planes (>40 degrees of dip) Measure within as close a proximity to well data as possible Do stereoscopic projection analysis (rose diagrams) to determine dominant trends Determine the well to road declination as well as declination of the tangential perpendicular at the road for each well MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
46 Road Salt Hydrologic Analysis Western Maine Road Salt Analysis: Regional Fracture Orientations MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
47 Strike Angle and Dip Slope Measurements Brunton Compass MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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53 Mean Chloride % 60 Percentage Distribution of Normalized Chloride Data in 30 meter increments perpencular to the road (Upslope (left) and Downslope (right)) - Hancock_Sullivan (Rt. 1) - outlier (1) SIN.13_.99_P1_76_Samples_100% 50 SIN.13_.80_P1_38_Samples_38.96% SIN.81_.99_P1_38_Samples_61.04% Meters 20 Road Center METER INTERVALS UPSLOPE (LEFT) TO DOWNSLOPE (RIGHT) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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55 Determination of Topographic Slope Angle using ArcMap Tool: Aspect MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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59 Mean Chloride % Percentage Distribution of Normalized Chloride Data in 30 meter Increments perpencular to the road and in relation to the direction of the Primary Fracture Direction (P1)- Orrington (River Road) - all data SIN.69_1.00_P1_ 90 Samples_100% SIN.85_1.00_P1_63_Samples_77.82% SIN.69_.84_P1_27_Samples_22.18% Meters Road Center METER INTERVALS UPSLOPE (LEFT) TO DOWNSLOPE (RIGHT) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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61 Mean Chloride % Durham_Freeport (Rte. 136) Drilled Wells Only - outlier removed SIN.61_.99_P1_79_Samples_100% SIN.82_.99_P1_63_Samples_74.4% SIN.61_.81_P1_16_Samples_25.6% Road Center Meters METER INTERVALS UPSLOPE (LEFT) TO DOWNSLOPE (RIGHT) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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63 Mean Chloride % 50 Robbinston_Perry (Rt. 1) -(P2) - outliers (2) removed SIN.72_.94_P2_67 Samples_100% SIN.95_.1.00_P2_47Samples_65.93% SIN.72_.94_P2_20 Samples_34.06% Meters Road Center METER INTERVALS UPSLOPE (LEFT) TO DOWNSLOPE (RIGHT) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
64 Road Salt in solution Does the salt solution move out or down within the soils and bedrock? Does it concentrate at shallow depths or deep?: MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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66 Depth (feet) Well Depth Profile for Conductivity and Temperature Winslow, 1000 ft. NE of SSP MicroSiemans/Cm or Temperature (C) 65 Ft Water Bearing Zone 120 Ft Water Bearing Zone TDS_PPM Temperature_C MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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68 Objective: A Predictive Model for Road Salt Hydraulic Behavior in consideration of: A. Residence time: of salt and/or salt solute 1. based on hydrologic soil type and underlying surficial geology 2. based on degree of topographic slope 3. culvert and ditch configuration: presence or absence, size B. Regional Primary Bedrock Fracture Orientation MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
69 Where: a = ht. of peak (1) b = center of peak (19.64) c = stand. dev. (53.97) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
70 Mark Holden (207) MAINE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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