Observational Studies of Mesoscale Flows in Complex Topography!
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1 Observational Studies of Mesoscale Flows in Complex Topography! C. David Whiteman! University of Utah! Salt Lake City, Utah USA! Croatian-USA Workshop on Mesometeorology June 2012 Ekopark Kraš Resort Monte Fitz Roy, Argentina CD Whiteman!
2 Introduction! Handout: Zardi, D., and C. D. Whiteman, 2012: Diurnal Mountain Wind Systems. Chapter 2 in: Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting (Chow, F. K., S. F. J. DeWekker, and B. Snyder, Eds.). Springer, Berlin. In press.! Dolomite Mtns, Italy CD Whiteman!
3 Outline! Introduction! Mountain-Plain Wind System Slope Wind System Valley Wind System Diurnal Cycle of Mountain Winds Valley Exit Jets Basin Meteorology Rime Mushrooms Summary! Figures: Whiteman (2000) unless otherwise indicated!
4 Diurnal mountain winds!
5 Mountain-Plain Wind System! Adam Naisbitt!
6 Mean 850 mb pressure and wind patterns! adapted from Reiter & Tang (1984)!
7 Mean 850 mb pressure and wind patterns! adapted from Reiter & Tang (1984)!
8 The Southwest or Mexican Monsoon! adapted from Stensrud et al. (1995)!
9 1-4 m/s! Late morning through afternoon! Winkler et al. (2006)! Weissmann et al. (2006)!
10 Slope Wind System! Roundtop Pk from Carson Pass, Sierra Nevada Craig Clements!
11 Slope flows! Slope winds are gravity or buoyancy circulations following the dip of the underlying slope and caused by differences in temperature between air heated or cooled over the mountain slopes and air at the same altitude over the valley center. Quick response. Affected by along-valley wind system, weather (SEB and radiation budget, ambient flows), changing topography/surface cover, obstacles. --- Difficult to find in a pure form.!
12 Downslope flows Gruenloch Basin sidewall! 2051 UTC 2 June 2002! From R. Steinacker!
13 Open questions - slope flows! Models developed and run with little comparison to scarce data! Numerical models often overemphasize speeds! Work needed:! - Interactions of thermal circulations! - Effects of ambient stability ( simple slopes )! - No radiative flux divergence models! - Intermittency! Representativeness of observations on slopes!
14 Whiteman & Zhong (2008)! Zhong & Whiteman (2008)! Salt Lake Valley, UT! Downslope flow! VTMX, 8 Oct 2000! LST! Jet profile max velocity ~ 15 m AGL increases with downslope distance, reaching 7 m/s! Temperature deficit increases with downslope distance, reaching 7 K! Downslope flow layer extends to ~150 m AGL! Volume (mass) flux increase with downslope distance! Haiden, T., and C. D. Whiteman, 2005: Katabatic flow mechanisms on a low-angle slope. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, !
15 Early in the evening when the atmosphere is near-neutral, downslope flows are strong and they converge on the valley floor. As the ambient stability (valley inversion) builds later in the evening, the downslope flows cannot penetrate readily to the valley floor and converge at higher altitudes.!
16 Valley Wind System! COMAP Boulder, CO Brush Creek Valley CD Whiteman!
17 Valley wind system! Valley winds are closed circulations that attempt to equalize horizontal pressure gradients that are built up hydrostatically between the valley and plain caused by the greater temperature range of a column of air within the valley compared to a similar column of air over the plain at the same elevation.! Whiteman (2000), adapted from Hawkes (1947)!
18 Valley wind system! Avon, CO is in the Eagle Valley! below the Vail/Beaver Creek ski! area. The observations come! from an automatic weather! station operated in the early! 1980s before the ski resort! was built.! Whiteman!
19 Typical T and wind profiles near sunrise! down-valley flows near sunrise! average of all ascents during upvalley and down-valley periods.! from Ekhart (1944)! Eagle Valley! 700 m deep! Yampa Valley! 450 m deep! S. Fk. White R.! 750 m deep!
20 What causes the temperature range difference?! 1. Horizontal area over valley receives same insolation as that over the plain. Insolation heats ground surface and a portion is redistributed to the air above by radiation, conduction, and convection. An equal amount of energy is applied to a smaller mass of air within valley, producing a larger temperature response in the smaller volume (FLT). Similarly, at night loss of heat by radiation is applied to the smaller volume (topographic amplification factor, TAF; areaheight relationship).! 2. There is an efficient distribution of heat in the valley, where slopes are good heat exchange surfaces. During day, heat is transferred efficiently to cross section by sinking motions that compensate for upslope flows on sidewalls. During night, downslope flows continually cause new air to contact the cold radiating slopes and fill valley with cold air, whereas over plain only a shallow layer is cooled near the surface.! 3. Valley air is somewhat protected from gradient winds by surrounding topography. Heated air by day and cooled air by night is stored up within the valley.!
21 TAF depends on valley geometry. Heating in a V- shaped valley produces an amplification of 2 relative to a plane (or vertical sidewall valley). TAF is less for a U- shaped valley and more for a convex-sidewall valley.! Problems with TAF concept:! a static concept (doesn t account for advection)! requires heat exchange to be confined to volume!
22 S! LAGO DI GARDA! Laghi Valley Adige Valley TRENTO Terlago Roncafort E! Italy, Looking S from Alps! L Ora del Garda:! ricerche su un vento locale! molto particolare! Lavis San Michele N Dino Zardi!
23 The valley exit jet! adapted from Pamperin &! Stilke (1985)!
24 Cross-Valley Wind System! Bugaboo Spire Adam Naisbitt!
25 Brush Creek, CO tracer experiment! adapted from Bader & Whiteman (1989)! Lehner, M., C. D. Whiteman, and S. W. Hoch, 2011: Diurnal cycle of thermally driven cross-basin winds in Arizona's Meteor Crater. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, ! Lehner, M., and C. D. Whiteman, 2012: The thermally driven cross-basin circulation in idealized basins under varying wind conditions. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51, !
26 The Diurnal Cycle of Mountain Winds!
27 The diurnal cycle! Whiteman, adapted from Fiedler (1987)!
28 Wind turning: Left bank - CCW; Right bank - CW! adapted from Hawkes (1947)!
29 Example: Rush Valley winds! Great! Salt! Lake! Fletch=1 m/s! Tooele Valley! Salt! Lake! Valley! Rush Valley! adapted from Stewart et al. (2002)!
30 Evening Transition! Colorado Rocky Mtns CD Whiteman!
31 Morning Transition! Eastern Alps Georg Pistotnik!
32 Temperature and wind structure layers at a time midway through the transition! Whiteman (1980)! Subsidence!!
33 Basin Meteorology! Southern Bolivia Altiplano Jochen Reuder!
34 Cold air pools in valleys!
35 Basin Meteorology! Whiteman (1990)! Extreme minimum temperatures usually occur in mountain basins, rather than in valleys:!! Peter Sink, UT F (-56.3 C) Feb 1, 1985! West Yellowstone, MT -66 F (-54 C) Feb 1933! Taylor Park, CO -60 F (-51 C) Feb 1951! Fraser, CO -53 F (-47 C) Jan 1962! Stanley, ID -54 F (-48 C) Dec 1983! Gruenloch Basin, Austria -63 F (-52.6 C) between 19 Feb and 4 Mar 1932!
36 The Meteor Crater Experiment! METCRAX (October 2006)! Near- circular impact crater basin (49 ky old) Surrounded by a uniform plain sloping upwards to the SW with 2% slope Uniform rim height - no major saddles or passes 1.2 km 50 m 170 m Whiteman, C. D., et al., 2008: METCRAX 2006 Meteorological experiments in Arizona's Meteor Crater. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, ! John S. Shelton!
37 Savage et al. (2008)!
38 Propagation of shadows and insolation patterns! Meteor Crater, Arizona! Whiteman & Kahler (2006)!
39 Radiative transfer modeling within topography! SW diffuse! SW direct! 1200 MST 21 Oct 2006! Hoch et al. (2008)! Hoch, S. W., C. D. Whiteman, and B. Mayer, 2011: A systematic study of longwave radiative heating and cooling within valleys and basins using a three-dimensional radiative transfer model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, ! Mayer, B., S. W. Hoch, and C. D. Whiteman, 2010: Validating the MYSTIC threedimensional radiative transfer model with observations from the complex topography of Arizona's Meteor Crater. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, doi: / acp ! Hoch, S. W., and C. D. Whiteman, 2010: Topographic effects on the surface radiation balance in and around Arizona's Meteor Crater. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, ! Sebastian Hoch!
40 Temperature evolution! Meteor Crater, Oct 2006! Strong 30-m deep inversion on crater floor! Isothermal atmosphere in remaining 75% of crater depth! Temperature jump develops at rim level! Crater cools while remaining isothermal! Horizontally homogeneous! What physical process(es) produce the isothermalcy?!
41 Cold air intrusions! A southwesterly drainage flow comes down the Colorado Plateau. A cold air mass builds up on the front side of the crater, the flow splits around the crater, and some of the cold air spills over the rim. The cold air flows down the upwind inner sidewall, detraining cold air into the basin atmosphere. This horizontal mixing into the crater atmosphere, which decreases with distance down the sidewall and the compensatory rising motion, destabilizes the basin atmosphere driving it towards isothermalcy.! Whiteman, C. D., S. W. Hoch, M. Lehner, and T. Haiden, 2010: Nocturnal cold air intrusions into Arizona's Meteor Crater: Observational evidence and conceptual model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, ! Haiden, T., C. D. Whiteman, S. W. Hoch, and M. Lehner, 2011: A mass-flux model of nocturnal cold air intrusions into a closed basin. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, !
42 Warm air intrusions! Adler, Bianca, C. David Whiteman, Sebastian W. Hoch, and Manuela Lehner, 2012: Warm air intrusions in Arizona's Meteor Crater. JAMC, 51, !
43 Temperature inversions in Bingham Canyon Mine Mine bottom 1373 m ASL Mining extends to elevations of 2500 m ASL Depth > 1100 m Diameter ~ 3000 m Lowest gap 1973 m ASL Depth 600 m Photo provided by Rio Tinto / Kennecott Utah Copper!
44 Rime mushrooms R. Garibotti!
45 Rime mushroom Rime mushroom: A hard rime accretion on a surface-based obstacle in the form of a bulge or mushroom-shaped projection.! Hard rime: white ice that forms when super-cooled cloud droplets freeze on the windward side of sub-freezing ground-based obstacles, usually with high wind velocities and air temperatures between -2 and -10 C.! Extreme semi-permanent or permanent rime mushrooms can occur in some mountain ranges, presenting a significant impediment to mountain climbers.! note the overhang hard rime wind direction hard rime
46 Mt Washington, NH! Rime mushrooms
47 Monte Sarmiento, Tierra del Fuego! Ralf Gantzhorn!
![Rate of accretion of super-cooled liquid water mass on a sub-freezing structure:! dm/dt = w U A [kg s -1 ]!](/docs-images/72/67507998/images/48-0.jpg "! w = super-cooled liquid water content! U = wind speed normal to surface! A = surface area! = collision coefficient (0-1)!")
48 Rate of accretion of super-cooled liquid water mass on a sub-freezing structure:! dm/dt = w U A [kg s -1 ]!! w = super-cooled liquid water content! U = wind speed normal to surface! A = surface area! = collision coefficient (0-1)! The skiing analogy!
49 Rime Mushroom Examples
50 Rolando Garibotti!
51 Cerro Paine Grande! SW ridge! Rolando Garibotti!
52 Cerro Standhardt! N Ridge! 30 m! Rolando Garibotti!
53 Locations where rime mushrooms have been reported!
54 Meteorology of Rime Mushrooms - Patagonia
55 70 kpa! January! July! Wind speed (m s -1 )! Wind speed (m s -1 )!
56 PM = Puerto Montt! CR = Comodoro Rivadavia! CT = Cerro Torre! PA = Punta Arenas! Northern! Patagonian! Ice Cap! Southern! Patagonian! Ice Cap! Radiosondes! Apr 2012! Cerro Torre is in the! Monte Fitz Roy Massif! Google maps! NCDC: Global radosonde archive!
57 70 kpa winds!
58 Lifting condensation level!
59 Height of -2 and -10 C isotherms!
60 Climbing Ice Mushrooms
61 Rolando Garibotti! Cerro Torre!
62 Punta Herron! W Ridge! Ice mushrooms form on this ridge. They grow and then break off.! Rolando Garibotti!
63 W Face Cerro Torre natural tunnel was climbable Cerro Torre W Absent Face! in 2011.! Reports of such tunnels date back to mid-1980s.! Natural tunnels! Colin Haley entering 50-m long natural tunnel! Rolando Garibotti!
64 W face Cerro Torre! 50 m natural mushroom tunnel! Bjørn-Eivind Årtun! A similar tunnel was climbed in 1993 by Jay Smith and partners!
65 Cerro Torre! 6 climbers! Jorge Ackermann digging upper part of a tunnel/half pipe in CT s last mushroom! Rolando Garibotti! Cullen Kirk!
66 January 2012! climbers! Colin Haley! Cerro Torre!
67 Summary! Acknowledgments: Sebastian Hoch, Manuela Lehner, Bianca Adler, Thomas Haiden, Rolando Garibotti, Dino Zardi, Johanna Whiteman and many former colleagues and students! Torres del Paine Sigrid & Ron Smith!
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