Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia Climate and vegetation. Insular region highlands low lands. Topography of Southeast Asia. Forest destruction in

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1 Topography of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Climate and vegetation Continental Insular 大林太良編 東南アジアの民族と文化 < 民族の歴史 >6 山川出版社 1984 年 Southeast Asia viewed from Satellite Noah Forest destruction in Southeast Asia Red part is forest area Forest in Northeast of Thailand, Southwest of China, Malay peninsula are decreasing every year due to the development Topographic classification of Southeast Asia Continental region mountainous districts plains deltas Insular region highlands low lands

2 Topography of Southeast Asia Lahu tribal village, Northern Thailand Mountainous region There are various scenes in Southeast Asia Each scenery represents the regional characteristics 石井米雄 桜井由ミ雄 東南アジア世界の形成 <ビジュアル版世界の歴史 >12 講談社 1985 年 China Myanmar Laos Thailand Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, China border Golden Triangle; notorious for opium Slash-and and-burn farming conducted prior to paddy agriculture Scenery of Bagan (November 1986) Plains, savanna Upland, Myanmar

3 Thailand(Continental delta) Aquatic life in Chao Phraya delta Chao Phraya Delta 石井米雄 桜井由ミ雄 東南アジア世界の形成 < ビジュアル版世界の歴史 >12 講談社 1985 年 Chao Phraya delta Legaspi Coast, Southern Philippines Lowland, Insular SEA 石井米雄 桜井由ミ雄 東南アジア世界の形成 <ビジュアル版世界の歴史 >12 講談社 1985 年 Southern Luzon Volcanic area located in the west part of Jawa island (Highlands of insular part) West Java, Indonesia

4 Ihugao Terraced Fields, Northern Philippines Highland, Insular SEA Northern part of Luzon Climatic zone of Southeast Asia Climatic zone of Southeast Asia Climatic Division by Köppen Af;Tropical Rainforest Climate Am;Tropical Monsoonal Climate Aw;Savanna Climate Koeppen;German meteorologist Climatic Division by Köppen

5 Climatic type of Southeast Asia 1. Tropical rainforest climate (Af( Af) Rain throughout the year No climate change Climatic type of Southeast Asia 2. Tropical monsoonal climate (Am) Rotation of weak dry season and wet season The same characteristic with Af Climatic type of Southeast Asia 3. Savanna climate (Aw) Clearly divided into dry season and wet season Possibility of flood in the wet season Possibility of draught in the dry season September Northern Hemisphere December winter summer March June Southern Hemisphere December September Summer Winter June March Direction of wind in Southeast Asia (January)

6 Winter (September to March) of the Northern Hemisphere Causes high atmospheric pressure in the inland of the Eurasian continent Dry cold wind blows to the south Influenced by the rotation of the globe and becomes northeasterly wind Indonesia becomes wet season Winter (September to March) of the Northern Hemisphere While crossing South China Sea and Java Sea, wind draw up water and brings about wet northeast monsoon When crossing equator, wind changes its direction to northwest Indochina peninsula becomes dry season Summer (March to September) of the Northern Hemisphere High atmospheric pressure occurs in the inland of Australian Continent Influenced by the rotation of the earth, wind direction changes to southeast Middle west part of Indonesia becomes dry season Wind direction of Southeast Asia (July) Summer (March to September) of the Northern Hemisphere After crossing the equator, direction of the wind changes to southwest While crossing South China Sea, wind draws up water and brings Indochina Peninsula and the Philippines wet season Japan becomes the rainy season(tsuyu The equatorial region Since rain is always brought from the north and south, in the area right under the equator, there is abundant amount of rain throughout the year Form tropical rainforest Middle Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Borneo (middle Kalimantan), Sulawesi, Moluccas, Irian Jaya(New Guinea)

7 Heavy Downpour is approaching Vegetation and Climate What kind of characteristics can be seen in these climate? There are close relations between vegetation and climatic type 1, Vegetation 1. Rich forest < hot and humid climate 2. Cultivated area is comparatively little 3. Vegetation varies depending on the regional variation ex. precipitation, topographical features, water system Types of Forests in SEA Two major vegetation; 1. tropical rain forest 2. Tropical monsoonal forest 3. Other types of vegetation Secondary forest, Mangrove, Fresh water marsh, Mountain forest, Savanna forest, Casuarina forest, bush Mangrove Mangrove tree in Riau islands

8 Vertical distribution of vegetation Cold weather Mild weather Tropical weather Mangrove in high tide Halmahera, Indonesia Types of plants There are many fragrant flowers > attract insects Abundance of variety of plants Tropical Rainforest Mulu National Park, East Malaysia Many creepers can be found Rhododendron on Mt.Kinabaru (4101m high) Mt. Mt. Kinabalu

9 Zoological classification State of Sabah, Malaysia Zoological division of the world Based on fauna in various regions, it divided the area by the distinguished characteristic. Since the 19th century, divided into 6 dividions; ; New north div. New tropicial div., Old north div.,.,ethiopia div., Oriental div., Australia div. Now three division is more popular; 1. Northern sphere 2. Southern sphere 3. New sphere Distribution of animals Coexistence of Asian type and Australian type Wallace line; Strait of Makassar and Lombok Weber line;moluccas Wallace line & Weber Line Wallace Line Wallacia Weber Line Alfred Russell Wallace 1823~ British natural historian Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection with Charles Darwin. Born in Wales, UK Explored the Amazon river with British natural historian in 1848 During 1854 to 62, studied fauna in Malay Islands Realized that there is a fundamental difference between Asia and Australia Set a zoological boundary line called a wallace line between Kalimantan (Borneo) island and Sulawesi

10 Alfred Russell Wallace 1823~ Compiled a theory of natural selection In 1858, dispatched the gist to Darwin There was a common idea with the theory of evolution proposed by Darwin In July 1858, announced two article extracts as a joint article It is wallace who named the theory of evolution as "Darwinism Works; Malay Archipelago(1869) Oriental div. Malay sub. Div. Walalce line Australia div. Wallacia Sundaland and Sahulland Wallace line and Waber line Set by A. R. Wallace in 1868 Division of zoological geography Between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, Bali and Lombok islands Dviding Oriental div(malay sub. Div.). And Australian div. Wallace proposed this line by studying the distribution of animal such as birds and insects Wallace line and Weber line In 1923, Meril proposed a new hypothesis to extend Wallace line to the western side of the Philippines.(Huxley line) Philippino flora and fauna have common feature with Australia Weber line; division lies on the eastern side of Sulawesi island Nowadays both of the theory is accepted and the sets Wallacia between two lines, being a mixed area Dry forest of Wallacia East Timor Laterite,, Sumatra

11 Laterite Means brick in Latin By the a large quantity of rain, the fertile soil starts to flow and the barren soil remained. Contains high amount of iron. This is unsuitable for paddy cultivation Suitable for palm, coconut, pineapple, rubber production