Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar An Introduction as Background for Grammar Implementation. Part II: Non-Finite Constructions

Transcription

1 Head-riven Prase Struture Grammar An Introdution as Bakground for Grammar Imementation Part II: Non-Finite Construtions etmar Meurers OSU, LING9K, Sring 00 Probem : Wy do s seeting non-finite omements differ w.r.t. wat kind of ontroers an our? () a. Jon tried to dane. (subjet) b. Jon aeared to dane. (subjet) () a. Jon ersuaded Peter to dane. (objet) b. Jon exets Peter to dane. (objet) () a. * It tried to rain. (subjet) b. It aeared to rain. (subjet) () a. * Jon ersuaded it to rain. (objet) b. Jon exets it to rain. (objet) 1 Te emiria aenge of non-finite onstrutions In non-finite onstrutions, te subjet of te embedded is not exressed as a y reaized deendent. Probem 1: Wat is interreted to be te subjet of te non-finite? (1) a. Jon tried to dane. (subjet) b. Jon romised Peter to dane. (subjet). Jon ersuaded Peter to dane. (objet) Cassifying non-finite omements Verbs seeting non-finite omements an be assified aording to teir orientation (subjet, diret or indiret objet): Wat is interreted to be te subjet of te non-finite omement? te nature of te reationsi of te embedding to te ontroer: Is te ontroer an argument of te embedding?

2 miria basis of assifiion I. Orientation: etermined by interretation of embedded infinitive. II. Reationsi: embedding ontroer Raising s ony mediate te requirement of te omement: 1. If te embedded requires a non-referentia (= dummy) subjet, so does te raising : () a. It rains. b. * God rains. () a. It seems to rain. b. * God seems to rain. (8) a. * It wants to rain. b. * God wants to rain.. If te embedded ermits a ausa subjet, so does te raising : (1) a. Tat Sara danes fasinates Jon. b. Sara fasinates Jon. (1) a. Tat Sara danes seems to fasinate Jon. b. Sara seems to fasinate Jon. (1) a. * Tat Sara danes wants to fasinate Jon. b. Sara wants to fasinate Jon.. Ifteembeddedasasubjet wit an idiomati interretation, so does it wen seeted by a raising : (1) Te is out of te bag. (1) Te seems to be out of te bag. (1) % Tewantstobeoutoftebag. Te same ods wen a dummy subjet is ermitted: (9) a. Tere is a dragon in te wood. b. Hobbs is a dragon in te wood. (10) a. Tere seems to be a dragon in te wood. b. Hobbs seems to be a dragon in te wood. (11) a. * Tere wants to be a dragon in te wood. b. Hobbs wants to be a dragon in te wood.. In anguages were subjetess onstrutions exist, raising s an embed su subjetess omements: (18) a. ort seint getanzt zu werden. tere seems daned to be Peoe seem to dane over tere. b. In seint zu frieren. im seems to freeze He seems to freeze. (19) a. * ort versut getanzt zu werden. tere tries daned to be b. * In im versut tries zu to frieren. freeze 8

3 Subjet oriented raising s on <seem> ead sub 1, VP inf, sub 1 : ont seem soa-arg 11 Objet oriented equi s on <ersuade> ead sub NP 1,NP,VP inf, sub NP : ont ersuade ersuader 1ref ersuadee ref soa-arg 1. assivization of te non-finite omement resuts in a ararase (0) a. Jonseemstoreadabook. b. Te book seems to be read by Jon. (1) a. Jon wants to read a book. b. % Te book wants to be read by Jon. 9 Subjet oriented equi s on <try> ead sub NP 1,VP inf, sub NP 1 : ont try tryer 1ref soa-arg 10

4 Objet oriented raising s on <beieve> ead sub NP 1,, VPinf, sub : beieve ont beiever 1ref soa-arg Raising as a widesread enomenon Comements of oter egories Not ony VP but aso AP omements are ossibe omements of raising s ike seem or aears: () Jon seems/aears inteigent. () Jon seems/aears to be inteigent. 1 1 Caturing te generaization beind raising Raising as a widesread enomenon More on AP omements Raising Prinie (Poard and Sag 199,. 10) Let be a exia entry wose sub ist L ontains an eement X not seified as exetive. Ten X is exiay assigned no semanti roe in te ontent of if and ony if L aso ontains a (nonsubjet) Y sub <X>. Su AP omements beave arae to te VP omements of raising s, e.g., wit reset to ausa subjets: () a. Tat e ame to er wedding is tasteess. b. Jon is tasteess. () a. Tat e ame to er wedding seems to be tasteess. b. Jon seems to be tasteess. () a. Tat e ame to er wedding seems tasteess. b. Jon seems tasteess. () a. * Tat e ame to er wedding wants to be tasteess. b. Jon wants to be tasteess. 1 1

5 Interesting asses of raising s I Te infitiva marker to Coua be + rediive XP: (8) Jon is ugy. (AP omement).g., non-referentia subjets of AP omements are ossibe: (9) It is ikey tat Jon sings tonigt. Certain moda s + VPbse: (0) Jon may/must/sa run. (1) It may/must/sa rain. () a. Jon wi aug / *to aug / *auged / *auging. b. Jon as *aug / *to aug / auged / *auging.. Jon is *aug / *to aug / *auged / auging. d. Jon seems *aug / to aug / *auged / *auging. Wat is te status of te infinitiva marker to? Isit art of te moroogy of te infinitive, or a searate syntati eement? 1 19 Interesting asses of raising s II Arguing for status of to as searate syntati eement Tense auxiiaries: () is + gerund a. Jon is running ome. b. It is raining. () wi +baseform: a. Jon wi run ome. b. It wi rain. () ave + ast-artiie: a. Jon as run ome. b. It as rained. In oordination ontexts to an seet a rase: () Jon seems to ome and go as e eases. Te aternative anaysis () Jon seems to ome and go as e eases. is imausibe sine te form of te oordination is neiter ony determined by te first onjunt nor aways to-infinitive if one is resent: (8) * Jon seems go and to ome 18 0

6 Anaysis of: It seems to rain <it> s ead noun sub on index it Λ <seems> ead 9 sub, 8VP inf, sub Ω ff i : on 10 seem soa-arg rase <to rain> s 8 ead vform inf sub Ω NP it ff on rain rase <seems to rain> ead 9 sub Ω ff on 10 rase <It seems to rain> ead 9 sub on 10 Anaysis of: *It wants to rain <wants> ead 9 sub NP 11, 8VP inf, sub NP 11 i : on 10 want wanter 11ref soa-arg rase <to rain> s 8 ead vform inf sub NP it on rain rase <wants to rain> s ead 9 sub Ω ff on 10 Wat kind of an eement is to? A raising! (9) Jon seems to run. (0) It seems to rain. A same raising anaysis: it seems to rain to rain seems to rain It seems to rain 1 Te subtree to rain <to> s ead vform inf sub, 1VP bse, sub Ω ff i : on <rain> s 1 ead sub Ω NP it ff on rain rase <to rain> s 8 ead sub Ω ff on

7 Past and Passive Partiies A exia rue to exress te generaization o ead vform ast-artiie sub NP 1,NP o ead vform assive-artiie sub NP PPby 1 Te Passive: subjet-to-subjet raising (1) a. Jon as stoen te ring. b. Te ring was stoen. on <as> ead» sub 1, VP ast-artiie, sub Ω 1 ff i : ont» erfetive soa-arg on <was> ead» sub 1, VP assive-artiie, sub Ω 1 ff i : ont Past and Passive Partiies on <stoen> ead» vform ast-artiie sub NP 1,NP ont stea steaer 1ref stoen ref on <stoen> ead» vform assive-artiie sub NP PPby 1 ont stea steaer 1ref stoen ref