TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Transcription

1 P R I N C I P L E S O F TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PARTHA CHAKROBORTY ANIMESH DAS

2 Principles of Transportation Engineering Partha Chakroborty Professor Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Animesh Das Professor Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur New Delhi

3 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Partha Chakroborty and Animesh Das 2003 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Sixth Printing July, 2011 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi

4 To my father Durgadas Chakroborty Partha Chakroborty To my mentor Prof. B.B. Pandey Animesh Das

5 Contents Preface xv 1. Introduction Transportation Engineering Classification of Transportation Studies Modal Classification Elemental Classification Functional Classification Organization of the Book 13 Part I TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 2. Properties of Traffic Engineering Elements Introduction Vehicle Characteristics Size, Weight, Axle Configurations and Power-to-Weight Ratio Turning Radius and Turning Path Vehicle as a Source of Pollution Design Vehicle Human Factors and Driver Characteristics Perception Reaction Process Psychological Characteristics Comfort Vision Design Driver Road Characteristics Surface Conditions Slopes Curves Control Mechanisms Terminal Facilities 28 Exercises 28 v

6 vi Contents 3. Highway Geometric Design Introduction Typical Road Cross-section Horizontal Curves Radius and Superelevation Available Sight Distance Transition Curves Curve Widening Vertical Curves Length of Vertical Curves Geometry of Curves Channelization Design 53 Exercises Traffic Flow Introduction Fundamentals of Traffic Flow Flow Characterization Fundamental Relation of Traffic Flow Uninterrupted Traffic Flow Stream Characteristics Data Collection Macroscopic Traffic Flow Models Microscopic Traffic Flow Models Capacity and Level-of-Service Analysis of Basic Freeway (Expressway) Sections Fundamentals of Interrupted Traffic Flow Shock Waves Traffic Flow at Signalized Intersections Traffic Flow at Unsignalized Intersections Data Collection 117 Exercises Design of Traffic Facilities Introduction Freeways (or Expressways) Intersections Unsignalized Intersections Signalized Intersections Interchanges Warrants for Interchanges Design of Interchanges 153

7 Contents vii 5.5 Parking Facilities Parking Demand On-street Parking Off-street Parking Parking Stalls Vehicle Circulation Road Signs Text of the Sign Lettering, Letter Sizes, and Colour Placement 163 Exercises 165 Part II PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 6. Transit System Operations Introduction Para-transit Systems Street Transit Systems (or Transit Systems) Rapid Transit Systems Route Development Properties of a Good Route Set Determination of a Good Route Set Stop Location and Stopping Policy Stopping Policy Stop Location Schedule Development Properties of a Good Schedule Determination of a Good Schedule 185 Exercises Capacity of Transit Systems Introduction Capacity of Rapid Transit Systems Line Capacity of RTS Capacity of Street Transit Systems 203 Exercises 204 Part III TRANSPORTATION PLANNING 8. Transportation Planning Process Introduction Elements of Transportation Planning Definition of Goals and Objectives 208

8 viii Contents 8.4 Identification of Needs Generation of Alternatives Evaluation of Alternatives Implementation of Alternatives 214 Exercises Transportation Demand Analysis Introduction Nature and Analysis of Transportation Demand Sequential Demand Analysis Trip-generation Models Trip-distribution Models Modal Split Model Traffic-assignment Models Collection of Transportation Demand Data 248 Exercises 249 Part IV PAVEMENT ENGINEERING 10. Pavement Materials and Characterization Introduction Soil Characterization Some Tests on Soil Stone Aggregates Source Characterization Tests on Aggregates Aggregate Gradation Batch Mixing Problem Bituminous Material Source Composition Characterization Other Forms of Bitumen Tests on Bituminous Binder Bituminous Mixes Mix Volumetrics Mix Design Stiffness Modulus and Fatigue Performance of Bituminous Mixes 310

9 Contents ix 10.6 Cement Composition Manufacture Tests Cement Concrete Stabilized Soil and Other Cemented Materials 317 Exercises 318 Annexure I 320 Annexure II Pavement Analysis Introduction Pavement Composition Bituminous Pavement Concrete Pavement Parameters for Pavement Analysis Elastic Modulus Poisson s Ratio Wheel Load, Wheel Configuration, and Tyre Pressure Temperature Analysis of Bituminous Pavement Structures Elastic Half-Space Solution Layered Elastic Solution Analysis of Concrete Pavement Structures Slab on Elastic Foundation Stresses in Concrete Pavements 344 Exercises Pavement Design Introduction Design Parameters Material Properties Traffic Characteristics Environmental Characteristics Design Life Philosophies of Design CBR Method California (Hveem) Method Limiting Shear Failure Method Limiting Deflection Method Regression Method Based on Pavement Performance Mechanistic Method for Bituminous Pavement Design 362

10 x Contents 12.4 Present Trends in Bituminous Pavement Design Shell Method Asphalt Institute Method Austroads Method South African Method Road Note 29 Method The AASHTO Design Method Japan Roads Association Method Indian Roads Congress Method Closing Remarks Present Trend in Concrete Pavement Design PCA Method Austroads Method AASHTO Method Indian Roads Congress Method Closing Remarks Drainage Considerations in Pavement Design Surface Drainage Sub-surface Drainage Further Discussion on Drainage Considerations Frost Damage in Pavement Design Other Design Concepts Bituminous Pavement with Cemented Base/Sub-base Stage Construction Airport Pavement Reinforced Concrete Pavement Full Depth Bituminous Pavement Pavement Shoulders 408 Exercises Highway Construction Introduction History of Road Construction Trésaguet Pavement Telford Pavement McAdam Pavement Equipment used in Highway Construction Earth Moving Equipment Aggregate Spreaders Rollers Nuclear Gauge Road Brooms Sprayers or Binder Distributors Paver Finisher 418

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