The Theory of Urban Fabrics: Understanding the Science of Planning Ci?es. The Journey. How did I get from Chemistry to Sustainable Transport.?

Transcription

1 The Theory of Urban Fabrics: Understanding the Science of Planning Ci?es By Peter Newman Professor of Sustainability CUSP, Cur?n University The Journey. How did I get from Chemistry to Sustainable Transport.? Professor, 15 books, 250 ar?cles on sustainable transport IPCC, IA. PhD in Chemistry Front Main Index Author Index 69 Wed Thurs Fri

2 DelV 1972/73, studying Environmental Science and discovering European ci?es Stanford Studying Ecology and discovering. 2 Front Main Index Author Index 70 Wed Thurs Fri

3 PEAK OIL The Hubbert Peak Sci Amer 1971 Society collapsing Front Main Index Author Index 71 Wed Thurs Fri

4 I needed to find out why ci?es were so different in how they consumed fuel Fuel Use Decreases as Density Increases 4 Front Main Index Author Index 72 Wed Thurs Fri

5 Sustainability is reducing the footprint whilst improving the liveability Metabolism helps you describe the problem, but what causes the dynamics?? 5 Front Main Index Author Index 73 Wed Thurs Fri

6 Different parts of the city have very different transport fuel use. Outer Inner Centre Melbourne.wealthy in the core and inner areas use cars less, and sustainable modes more Core Inner Middle % Household earning > $70, Outer/ Fringe 6 Car Use Public Transport Walk/bike Front Main Index Author Index 74 Wed Thurs Fri

7 core inner outer 7 Front Main Index Author Index 75 Wed Thurs Fri

8 outer inner core Sydney.three different ci?es Annual Vehicle Km per Household, 2004 Outer suburbs residents, par?cularly those away from rail lines, drive much more than inner suburbs residents Front Main Index Author Index 76 Wed Thurs Fri

9 Perhaps there are three city types? The development of a model Why transportation priorities shape cities MARCHETTI CONSTANT The average travel time budget is around one hour per person per day. (i.e. half an hour average for the journey to work). Found to apply across the world and throughout urban history. This means? THE CITY IS ALWAYS ONE HOUR WIDE. 9 Front Main Index Author Index 77 Wed Thurs Fri

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18 AUTOMOBILE CITIES From the 1950 s in America and Australia city planners opted for the new fronler of automobile dependence. CiLes could now spread 50 km and in every direclon, if it is assumed that automobile access is primary. Automobile ciles require the infrastructure of highways, the dispersed housing of land development and the cultural values of suburbia. All ciles are being shaped in some way by these prioriles. THE PLANNING DEFAULT OPTION. 18 Front Main Index Author Index 86 Wed Thurs Fri

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22 Bossley Park 22 Front Main Index Author Index 90 Wed Thurs Fri

23 Na?onal City Lines removed transit in 44 ci?es... Town planning then adopted the car- based city as its model.neglec?ng the other types and trea?ng them as though they did not exist. 23 Front Main Index Author Index 91 Wed Thurs Fri

24 The Theory of Urban Fabrics All ci?es have a combina?on of Walking City, Transit City and Automobile City fabrics. The elements of the fabric consist of differences in density, mix, road widths and infrastructure that supports the modes (parking levels, sta?ons, pedestrian and cycling spaces.) Planning needs to Recognise, Respect and Repair/Regenerate each urban fabric Enter the Finn.. 24 Front Main Index Author Index 92 Wed Thurs Fri

25 Paradigm 1933 New Models since1990 Functional City Walking- Transit- and Car City A Model that SPLIT TRANSPORT and LAND USE Land Use Traffic Land Use Based Functions and Environments And Networks as the Connecting Function Housing Areas Employment Areas Recreational Areas The Centre Road Traffic Theories of Land Use and Urban Environment A City of Three Main Systems NEWMAN Model Kuopio Model - Non Motorized Traffic Rail Traffic Water Traffic Air Traffic Theories of Traffic and Networks NEW THEORY OF URBAN FABRICS Traffic Models and Land Use Models NEVER INTEGRATED INTEGRATED! TRAFFIC ENGINEERS TOOK OVER THE MONEY AND THE POWER Recognise.. Recognise the urban fabrics by careful mapping and especially where the overlaps and transi?ons occur. 25 Front Main Index Author Index 93 Wed Thurs Fri

26 ONE LANE - people per hr: Freeway 2,500 Busway 5000 LRT 10-20,000 Train 50,000 Respect. Respect the urban fabrics as the basis of understanding how the city works and thus how it needs to be planned; 26 Front Main Index Author Index 94 Wed Thurs Fri

27 Repair and Regenerate. Regenerate the urban fabrics to work more effec?vely in their walking, transit and car- based func?ons. within a sustainability framework to set the objec?ves. Restoring place, eg River in Seoul, buried under freeway 27 Front Main Index Author Index 95 Wed Thurs Fri

28 ⑥ｰ1 Cheonggyecheon Area aver RestoraLon (hhp:// 28 Front Main Index Author Index 96 Wed Thurs Fri

29 Shanghai 1990 and s - Flir?ng with the American model 29 Front Main Index Author Index 97 Wed Thurs Fri

30 Rapidly filled So what can be done? Shanghai Metro 12 lines, 273 sta?ons, 420km covering 80% of metro area Built mostly since 2000; carries 8 million per day 30 Front Main Index Author Index 98 Wed Thurs Fri

31 Jan Gehl the walkability magician... Transforma?on of Broadway 31 Front Main Index Author Index 99 Wed Thurs Fri

32 Melbourne. 32 Front Main Index Author Index 100 Wed Thurs Fri

33 Places 1994 for People Report by Jan Gehl Places 2004 for People Report Gehl Architects Extention and modernization of the Streetcar System 33 Front Main Index Author Index 101 Wed Thurs Fri

34 1983 More People living down town! 1992 = 5 dwellings More People living down town 738 dwellings! = 5 dwellings 34 Front Main Index Author Index 102 Wed Thurs Fri

35 2002 More People living down town 9,895 dwellings!! = 5 dwellings convenience store New Street trees street trees since Front Main Index Author Index 103 Wed Thurs Fri

36 Outdoor Cafes! curbside cafes in Front Main Index Author Index 104 Wed Thurs Fri

37 Outdoor Cafes! curbside cafes in 1993 Outdoor Cafes! curbside cafes in Front Main Index Author Index 105 Wed Thurs Fri

38 New life in the lane ways Pedestrian traffic weekdays daylme: +40% Pedestrian traffic evening: +100 % StaLonary aclviles % 38 Front Main Index Author Index 106 Wed Thurs Fri

39 LRT land use Front Main Index Author Index 107 Wed Thurs Fri

40 Sydney Transit City tram fabric and train fabric Code Red for outer areas...sydney Annual Vehicle Km per Household, 2004 Outer suburbs residents, par?cularly those away from rail lines, drive much more than inner suburbs residents Front Main Index Author Index 108 Wed Thurs Fri

41 What about the Automobile City? What does the theory suggest we do. New Urbanism experiments in Perth. 41 Front Main Index Author Index 109 Wed Thurs Fri

42 % of trips Liveable 50 neighbourhoods 40 Conven?onal 30 neighbourhoods All neighbourhoods 0 Motor vehicle Public transport Walking Cycling Frankland Springs LN Brighton Even with permeable streets and footpaths, the car remains king. Some elements of Transit City and Walking City but not enough Beaumaris Landsdale Gdns 42 Front Main Index Author Index 110 Wed Thurs Fri

43 Rebuilding the Transit City while the traffic engineers s?ll reigned. Then extending the Transit City into the Auto City. Year Route Km km km km km km km Total 172km 54 kms within freeway median 43 Front Main Index Author Index 111 Wed Thurs Fri

44 Na?onal and global model $17-22 mill per km. 78,000 passengers a day, 16% growth in past year! But respects the Auto City slll Carrying 8 lanes of traffic. 44 Front Main Index Author Index 112 Wed Thurs Fri

45 70,000" 60,000" 50,000" 40,000" Northern Line Adelaide" 30,000" Perth" 20,000" 10,000" 0" 1988" 1989" 1990" 1991" 1992" 1993" 1994" 1995" 1996" 1997" 1998" 1999" 2000" 2001" 2002" 2003" 2004" 2005" 2006" 2007" 2008" 2009" 2010" 2011" iannual"rail"boardings"('000s:"train"and"tram)" Southern Line YEAR" " 45 Front Main Index Author Index 113 Wed Thurs Fri

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47 Helps rebuild the Walking City New Central Sta?on under government building. Next development over the sunken rail line 47 Front Main Index Author Index 115 Wed Thurs Fri

48 Esplanade Sta?on New Perth waterfront TOD S t a t i o n 48 Front Main Index Author Index 116 Wed Thurs Fri

49 Respec?ng the old inner city fabric Now we know density can look good.. Even in the outer suburbs 49 Front Main Index Author Index 117 Wed Thurs Fri

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51 Public transport elec?on. 51 Front Main Index Author Index 119 Wed Thurs Fri

52 The Ring Rail, LRT and BRT plus development sites for the next 30 years growth in Perth regenera?ng all 3 fabrics! 52 Front Main Index Author Index 120 Wed Thurs Fri

53 The economics of regenera?ng the three urban fabrics. Double then triple the transit patronage. Reduce the sprawl poten?ally to zero. Save $3.9b in residen?al infrastructure costs. Save 1.14b T of greenhouse gases per year (50% less per household). Save $2.6b in transport costs for new residents over 50 years. Save health costs and improve worker produc?vity by $403m per year. Knowledge- city light rail 53 Front Main Index Author Index 121 Wed Thurs Fri

54 Tram land use... Rebuilding Auto City as a Smart Sustainable City with real centres 54 Front Main Index Author Index 122 Wed Thurs Fri

55 Why we must regenerate the three urban fabrics.. ArcLc sea ice extent in millions of km2 (Na?onal Snow and Ice Data Center 55 Front Main Index Author Index 123 Wed Thurs Fri

56 Percentage average increase in car VKT per capita Signs of hope Front Main Index Author Index 124 Wed Thurs Fri

57 Peak Car Use - US ci?es... Declining in car use 4.3% in past year, plateau over the past 5 years. Increasing transit use 6.5% in past year. Ci?es coming back in Per Capita Private Travel by City '000 Kms per capita by car, commercial vehicle and motorcycle Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth Adelaide Canberra Hobart Darwin Source: BTRE (2011): Australian Infrastructure Statistics Yearbook Front Main Index Author Index 125 Wed Thurs Fri

58 Annual vehicle miles per driver by age, USA, 1995, 2001, Front Main Index Author Index 126 Wed Thurs Fri

59 History of innova?on and transport. Next: Sustainable transport. 59 Front Main Index Author Index 127 Wed Thurs Fri

60 Cars are so yesterday: young and rich leave guzzlers behind And increased: Public transit 100% Biking 122%, and Walking by 37% MOSTLY MOVING BACK INTO CITIES From 2001 to 2009, car use by 16 to 34 year olds decreased from 10,300 miles to 7900 miles per capita a drop of 23 per cent. 60 Front Main Index Author Index 128 Wed Thurs Fri

61 Sydney is coming back in aver a century of going out Is a New urban form emerging? THE POLYCENTRIC CITY Households living within a TOD are smaller, same age and same income as rest of US but own fewer cars (0.9 cf 1.6) and have 20% of income freed due to less costs for transportalon. Centre for Transit Oriented Development, Reconnec?ng America. 61 Front Main Index Author Index 129 Wed Thurs Fri

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