Planning for Economic and Fiscal Health

Transcription

1 Planning for Economic and Fiscal Health Building the Economic Case for Walkable Communities Building Active Communities Initiative Roger Millar, PE, AICP March 17, 2015

2 Presentation objectives Discuss the context within which Montana communities plan Frame our work in the context of economic and fiscal health Discuss the relationship between transportation and land use Share the state of the Complete Streets movement 2

3 The value of planning 3

4 Smart Growth Smart growth means building urban, suburban and rural communities with housing and transportation choices near jobs, shops and schools. These strategies support thriving local economies and protect the environment. 4

5 What I hear about smart growth Wengen 5

6 Smart growth is ugly. Riomaggiore, Italy 6

7 We have no history with it. Mesa Verde, CO 7

8 Nobody would want to live there. Aspen, CO 8

9 It just doesn t work here. Pearl District, Portland, OR 9

10 Shut up and drive! 10

11 But Roger, Montana is different 11

12 The state we live in 12

13 Rural demographics 280, , , , , , , ,000 '04 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '06 '07 '08 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 215,351 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 '24 '09 '18 '19 215,516 '26 '27 '28 '29 '30 '08 '20 '21 '07 '22 '04 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '23 191,309 '06 '12 '13 '05 '14 192,115 '26 '15 '27 '28 '29 '30 '04 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23 160,909 '26 '27 '28 '29 ' , , , ,000 '04 '06 '08 '10 '12 '14 '16 '18 '20 '22 '24 '26 '28 '30 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 Graph courtesy of Dr. Larry Swanson, O Connor Center for the Rocky Mountain West, U. of Montana 13

14 Urban levels of traffic 14

15 Lack of transportation choice 15

16 Lack of housing for workers 16

17 Lack of housing for families 17

18 Infrastructure capacity 18

19 Environmental issues 19

20 Economic viability of downtowns 20

21 Workforce development 21

22 A desire for a vibrant cultural community 22

23 A need for lifelong learning and civic involvement 23

24 More than any other time in history, mankind faces a crossroads. One path leads to despair and utter hopelessness. The other, to total extinction. Let us pray we have the wisdom to choose correctly. Woody Allen 24

25 Remember why you live here 25

26 Trend is not destiny. -Lewis Mumford 26

27 Why plan? Have a plan. Follow the plan and you ll be surprised how successful you can be. Most people don t have a plan. That s why it is easy to beat most folks. - Paul Bear Bryant 27

28 Why plan? Respond to an evolving market Provide housing and transportation choice Make efficient use of infrastructure Preserve open space Protect critical environmental areas and sensitive land Reduce urban runoff Reduce vehicle miles traveled 28

29 Who is involved? Citizens Neighborhoods Civic organizations Government Developers Lenders Designers Builders 29

30 The Role of Citizens Get educated about the importance of smart growth and spread the word. Get involved early in comprehensive community planning. Urge local leaders to create a community-based vision for future growth Attend planning meetings and insist on: Quality design that fits in with the community Track record of success Integrated with the transportation system 30

31 The Role of Business Leaders Attend planning meetings to support good projects Advocate for zoning law changes that allow for higher density and mixed uses Locate businesses near public transportation and existing infrastructure Encourage employees to actively support proposals for higher-density housing near jobs and transportation 31

32 The Role of Elected Officials Change the regulatory climate Update our zoning/land use regulations Change the economic climate Density bonuses Tax deferrals and reductions Fee waivers Setting aside or buying down the cost of land Change the dialogue Educate citizens smart growth brings new amenities, new jobs, new tax revenues, new retail Change the political climate Build citizen support for smart growth by creating a communitybased vision for growth Assure citizens you will insist on quality 32

33 Planning for economic and fiscal health 33

34 The way we design and build our communities has enormous consequences 34

35 We must be aware of 3 important factors affecting the future of our communities 1. The market is changing, especially for housing 2. The recipe for economic growth is changing 3. We can no longer afford to use tax money to subsidize inefficiency 35

36 THE CHANGING MARKET 36

37 THE CHANGING MARKET Your community is changing There are two demographic changes that are driving the market and must drive your decision making. The rise of the Millennials. The aging of the Baby Boomers. 37

38 PROSPERITY Demographic change and the labor force 90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 POPULATION LABOR FORCE 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 Greatest GeneraJon Baby Boomers Gen X Millenials 38

39 THE CHANGING MARKET American households are changing In the 1950s roughly half of all households were families with kids. Between 1970 and 2012, the share of households that were married couples with children under 18 halved from 40 percent to 20 percent. US Census Bureau, America s Families and Living Arrangements: 2012 By Jonathan Vespa, Jamie M. Lewis, and Rose M. Kreider August

40 THE CHANGING MARKET Preferences: Housing Millennials especially are trending away from traditional suburbs 47% would prefer to live in a city or a suburb with a mix of houses, shops, and businesses 40% would prefer a rural or a small town 12% say they would prefer a suburban neighborhood with houses only Boomers want to age in their community 40

41 THE CHANGING MARKET Americans Want More Walkable, Sustainable Neighborhoods Americans ideal communities have a mix of houses, places to walk, and amenities within an easy walk or close drive. 77% of Americans want pedestrian-friendly features. 88% place more value on the quality of the neighborhood than the size of the home. Source: Consumer survey conducted for the National Association of Realtors 41

42 THE CHANGING MARKET The market: Housing 42

43 THE CHANGING MARKET How will your community meets the needs of millennials and aging boomers in order to improve your competitiveness? 43

44 PROSPERITY 44

45 PROSPERITY The rise of the millennials and the globalization are driving the economy. 45

46 THE CHANGING MARKET Millennials " They follow lifestyle, not jobs. Millennials choose where to live before finding a job. 46

47 PROSPERITY The labor force Millenials choose where to live before finding a job. 64% looked for a job after they chose the city where to live. (Source: U.S. Census) How people want to work is changing and where they want to work is changing. 47

48 PROSPERITY The labor force From office space. 48

49 PROSPERITY The labor force.to office settings. Research Triangle Park, Raleigh, NC Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 49

50 PROSPERITY Businesses respond to changing preferences Across the country corporations are responding to employee preferences and moving to the talent. They are choosing to relocate from suburban offices to downtown locations. 50

51 PROSPERITY Businesses respond to changing preferences Zappos, Las Vegas, NV Hillshire, Chicago, IL 51

52 There is a price/value premium for walkable places (commercial) We find that, all else being equal, the benefits of walkability are capitalized into office, retail and industrial property values with more walkable sites commanding higher property values. On a 100 point scale, a 10 point increase in walkability increases property values by 1 to 9 percent, depending on property type. Gary Pivo and Jeffrey D. Fisher, The Walkability Premium In Commercial Real Estate Investments, February

53 There is a price/value premium for walkable places (residential) More than just a pleasant amenity, the walkability of cities translates directly into increases in home values. Homes located in more walkable neighborhoods those with a mix of common daily shopping and social destinations within a short distance command a price premium over otherwise similar homes in less walkable areas. Houses with the above-average levels of walkability command a premium of about $4,000 to $34,000 over houses with just average levels of walkability in the typical metropolitan areas studied. Joe Cortright, Walking the Walk: How Walkability Raises Home Values in U.S. CiJes, August

54 There is a price/value premium for walkable places New study ranks the top 30 US metropolitan areas in walkability Major findings: The top ranking metros have an average of 38% higher GDP per capita as compared to the low ranking metros. Office rent in urban WalkUPs rent at a 74% higher premium per square foot over drivable sub- urban areas

55 PROSPERITY Smart growth is part of an economic development strategy Economic development is increasingly a compejjon over placemaking. Building a great place to live, work, and play IS an economic development strategy. 55

56 PROSPERITY How can your community take advantage of the changing nature of the economy in order to create jobs and wealth? 56

57 FISCAL HEALTH 57

58 FISCAL HEALTH How communities develop affects costs and revenue. 58

59 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects costs Photo by Alex Maclean 59

60 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects costs When it comes to costs: Compact development is the best deal. Low-density suburban development rarely pays for itself. It makes sense to reuse existing infrastructure. 60

61 61

62 62

63 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects costs Building infrastructure to serve new development on the fringe can cost the city up to three times more per acre than urban infill development. 63

64 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects costs Compact development offers efficiencies in regards to services as well. Police and fire departments have less area to cover. Fewer miles of road to cover for snow removal and trash pickup. 64

65 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects costs Case Study: Charlotte, NC Fire Stations 65

66 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects costs Annualized Per- Capita Life Cycle Costs (based on 2- apparatus stajon) Households per Fire StaJon $800 30,000 $700 25,000 $600 $500 20,000 $400 15,000 $300 10,000 $200 $100 5,000 $- StaJon 2 StaJon 15 StaJon 14 StaJon 24 StaJon 22 StaJon 19 StaJon 9 StaJon 31 StaJon 31 w/ Shelley 0 StaJon 2 StaJon 15 StaJon 14 StaJon 24 StaJon 22 StaJon 19 StaJon 9 StaJon 31 StaJon 31 w/ Shelley Greater Connectivity ç è Less Connectivity Greater Connectivity ç è Less Connectivity 66

67 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue When it comes to revenue Compact development is the best deal. Low-density suburban development generates much less per acre revenue. You can increase your property tax base significantly simply by bringing back areas that already exist 67

68 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue The revenue side of things is affected as well. Multifamily housing in near an area s center can generate nine times more revenue per acre than traditional large-lot, single-family housing on the fringe. 68

69 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects costs Building infrastructure to serve new development on the fringe can cost the city up to three times more per acre than urban infill development. 69

70 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue $120,000 Municipal property tax yield (per acre) 2011 Raleigh, NC $100,000 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 Wal- Mart Single- Family ResidenJal Crabtree Valley Mall 3-4 Story ResidenJal 3 Story Office 6- Story Mixed Use 70

71 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue Joe Minicozzi, AICP - Public Interest Projects : Asheville NC 71

72 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue Denser development can carry an enjre city financially 72

73 FISCAL HEALTH What about Billings? What are the numbers for Yellowstone County? Courtesy Joe Minicozzi,AICP of Urban 3 73

74 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue Yellowstone County (Billings) Property Tax Revenue Profile: 2010 Tax Yield per Acre $50,000 $41,667 $43,513 $33,333 $25,000 $16,667 $8,564 $11,703 $12,918 $15,201 $18,357 $29,822 $31,765 $32,102 $8,333 $0 County Res. S-F* $161 Wells Fargo Sub. $529 Conoco $880 City Res. S-F* $1,102 Kmart $1,374 City Res. Condo* $1,573 $1,965 Rimrock Mall $1,994 Marketplace Total $2,023 Costco $2,091 Shopko Total $2,449 Walmart CTA Building Kress Bld. Securities Building Acme Building Old Penneys Masonic Bld. Crowne Plaza 1st Interstate Wells Fargo Residential Commercial Mixed-Use *Average values per Garfield County Joe Minicozzi,AICP - Public Interest Projects : Asheville NC Courtesy Joe Minicozzi,AICP of Urban 3 74

75 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue $300,000 Yellowstone County (Billings) Property Tax Revenue Profile: 2010 Tax Yield per Acre $250,000 $200,000 $230,058 $150,000 $100,000 $50,000 $0 County Res. S-F* $161 Wells Fargo Sub. $529 Conoco $880 City Res. S-F* $1,102 Kmart $1,374 City Res. Condo* $1,573 $1,965 Rimrock Mall $1,994 Marketplace Total $2,023 Costco $2,091 Shopko Total $2,449 Walmart $8,564 CTA Building $11,703 Kress Bld. $12,918 Securities Building $15,201 Acme Building $18,357 Old Penneys $29,822 Masonic Bld. $31,765 Crowne Plaza $32,102 1st Interstate $43,513 Wells Fargo Montana Power Residential Commercial Mixed-Use *Average values per Garfield County Joe Minicozzi,AICP - Public Interest Projects : Asheville NC Courtesy Joe Minicozzi,AICP of Urban 3 75

76 FISCAL HEALTH Development affects revenue 76

77 Nashville Case Study 3 development projects Bradford Hills (convengonal suburban) Lenox Village ( New Urban suburban ) The Gulch (smart growth) OperaJng Costs only No infrastructure cost analysis General Fund only 77

78 Bradford Hills (conventional suburban) 78

79 Lennox Village ( New Urban suburban ) 79

80 The Gulch (smart growth) 80

81 Project Acreage Bradford Hills Lenox Village The Gulch 81

82 Housing Units Bradford Hills Lennox Village The Gulch 82

83 Gross Revenue $18,000,000 $16,000,000 $14,000,000 $12,000,000 $10,000,000 $8,000,000 $6,000,000 $4,000,000 $2,000,000 $0 Bradford Hills Lennox Village The Gulch 83

84 Revenue and Cost $18,000,000 $16,000,000 $14,000,000 $12,000,000 $10,000,000 $8,000,000 $6,000,000 $4,000,000 $2,000,000 $0 Bradford Hills Lennox Village The Gulch 84

85 Net Revenue $10,000,000 $9,000,000 $8,000,000 $7,000,000 $6,000,000 $5,000,000 $4,000,000 $3,000,000 $2,000,000 $1,000,000 $0 Bradford Hills Lennox Village The Gulch 85

86 Net Revenue Without The Gulch $160,000 $140,000 $120,000 $100,000 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 Bradford Hills Lennox Village 86

87 Net Revenue Per Housing Unit $2,500 $2,000 $1,500 $1,000 $500 $0 Bradford Hills Lennox Village The Gulch 87

88 Net Revenue Per Acre $120,000 $100,000 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 Bradford Hills Lennox Village The Gulch 88

89 Bottom Line Downtown and close-in neighborhoods will yield a much higher return Village-style suburban development will yield a higher return These surpluses can be used to offset costs of existing neighborhoods When infrastructure is added to the mix, these trends probably become stronger As Nashville-Davidson County runs low on developable land, these considerations become vastly more important. 89

90 Land Use and Transportation 90

91 Traditional approach Transportation systems prioritize high speed mobility Auto oriented development follows All other modes at disadvantage Spread out development increases transportation demand Cycle repeats From IntegraJng Land Use and TransportaJon Planning Through Placemaking by Gary Toth 91

92 Something happened Actually, everyone s driving less... 92

93 Placemaking Access rather than mobility Urban streets as places of social and economic exchange Non-motorized transportation is key to urban cores Neighborhood streets safe for play Commercial streets safe for walking and cycling while moving through and local traffic Plan for people and places, not cars and traffic From IntegraJng Land Use and TransportaJon Planning Through Placemaking by Gary Toth 93

94 Placemaking Transportation the process of going to a place can be wonderful if we rethink the idea of transportation itself. We must remember that transportation is the journey, but enhancing the community is always the goal. From IntegraJng Land Use and TransportaJon Planning Through Placemaking by Gary Toth 94

95 Best Development Practices Keep vehicle miles of travel (VMT) below the area average. Contribute to the area s jobs-housing balance. Mix land uses at the finest grain the market will bear and include civic uses in the mix. Develop in clusters and keep the clusters small. Place higher density housing near commercial centers, transit lines, and parks. Phase convenience shopping and recreational opportunities to keep pace with housing. Make subdivisions into neighborhoods with well-defined centers and edges. Reserve school sites and donate them if necessary to attract new schools. Concentrate commercial development in compact centers or districts. Make shopping centers and business parks into all-purpose activity centers. Tame auto-oriented land uses, or at least separate them from pedestrianoriented uses. From Best Development PracJces: A Primer for Smart Growth by Reid Ewing with Robert Hodder 95

96 Site Plan Development Legal and physical access Lot size conforms to zoning or sanitation Limited driveways on arterials, some collectors Useable lots that meet setbacks 96

97 Site Plan Development Topography Road grades not over 8% Buildable area Amount of cut & fill Consider existing features 97

98 Site Plan Development 98

99 Site Plan Development 99

100 Site Plan Development 100

101 Impact Assessment Usually Considered Financial cost to governments Travel speed Vehicle operating costs Per-mile crash risk Construction environmental impacts From Comprehensive Transport Planning, Victoria Transport Policy InsJtute 101

102 Impact Assessment Often Overlooked Downstream congestion impacts Traffic impacts on nonmotorized travel Parking costs Vehicle ownership and mileage-based depreciation Indirect environmental impacts Strategic land use impacts Mobility for non-drivers Equity impacts Impacts on physical activity and public health From Comprehensive Transport Planning, Victoria Transport Policy InsJtute 102

103 Access Management Limit direct access to major roadways Promote intersection hierarchy Locate signals to favor through movements Preserve the functional area of intersections and interchanges Limit the number of conflict points Separate conflict areas Remove turning vehicles from through traffic lanes Use non-traversable medians to manage left-turn movements Provide a supporting street and circulation system. From Oregon Department of TransportaJon Access Management Best PracJces Manual 103

104 Access Management Interchange spacing Median treatments Auxiliary lanes Intersection design Signalized Unsignalized Roundabouts Driveway spacing Sight lines From Oregon Department of TransportaJon Access Management Best PracJces Manual 104

105 Parking Management Reduced minimum parking requirements Parking maximums and areawide parking caps Shared parking Parking management districts Controlling parking demand Transit investment TOD Unbundled parking Pricing From Driving Urban Environments: Smart Growth Parking Best PracJces by Maryland Governor s Office of Smart Growth 105

106 Parking Management Location Screening and landscaping On-street parking Structures Low impact development techniques Cross access easements Preferred parking ADA HOV Electric vehicles From Driving Urban Environments: Smart Growth Parking Best PracJces by Maryland Governor s Office of Smart Growth 106

107 Street Connectivity 107

108 Right-of-Way Preservation Varies by state Corridor preservation in the comprehensive plan Corridor management ordinances Right-of-way acquisition Preserving transit corridors From Corridor PreservaJon Best PracJces by Center for Urban TransportaJon Research 108

109 Why Complete Streets? 109

110 Not complete. 110

111 Not complete. 111

112 Not complete. 112

113 The National Complete Streets Coalition AARP Alliance for Biking & Walking America Walks American Planning Association APTA American Society of Landscape Architects Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals Institute of Transportation Engineers National Association of City Transportation Officials National Association of Realtors Nelson\Nygaard Smart Growth America SRAM Stantec SvR Design Company 113

114 Promote policies & practices that: Ensure safety Encourage balance Are aware of the larger context Consider networks Respect people 114

115 Our work Establish standard practice Provide training & direct assistance Develop leadership 115

116 Policy adoption & issue awareness 116

117 Change requires intent and effort

118 Complete Streets success 1. Political will 2. Clear path forward 3. Ownership within agency 118

119 Activities: Plan & be accountable Change the way you make decisions Allow (encourage!) critical thinking in design choices Share Complete Streets knowledge Measure your efforts 119

120 Proliferation of tools & guidance 120

121 How we develop is connected to our health, our household costs, our transportation choices and our ability to move up the economic ladder.! Some development costs more, for taxpayers and consumers. Some costs less. 121

122 FISCAL HEALTH Can your community continue to subsidize inefficiencies of development patterns, while not reaping the potential reward? 122

123 We have the freedom to make informed, humane, and intelligent choices about the kind of world we want to leave for our children and grandchildren. We also have the freedom to make uninformed, selfish, and stupid choices. Which will it be? - Greg Pahl 123

124 Thank you! 124