Five Things Not to Do to Increase Physical Activity. Mark Fenton Tufts University Jan
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1 Five Things Not to Do to Increase Physical Activity Mark Fenton Tufts University Jan. 2016
2 Five things... Don t tell people to exercise. Stop doing health fairs. Never beg for physical activity infrastructure. Don t create a big coalition w/ monthly meetings. Do not be happy unless you ve put stuff on the ground and changed the rules.
3 #1 Don t just promote exercise. How we often depict PA... Anchorage AK Kingsport TN
4 National Physical Activity Plan humankinetics.com
5 The Stickiness Problem Effect of Short Bouts, Home Treadmills (Jakicic et.al., J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 282, 16) 240 Exercise (min/week) ? LB SB SBT months
6 The Stickiness Problem Effect of Short Bouts, Home Treadmills (Jakicic et.al., J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 282, 16) Exercise (min/wee LB SB SBT months
7 Energy Expenditure Structured vs. Lifestyle Activity (Dunn et.al., JAMA 281, 4) 35 Energy Expenditure (kcal/kg/day) Lifestyle Structured months
8 Self-help vs. Commercial Weight Loss Programs (Heshka et.al., JAMA 289, 14; April 9, 2003) Weight Change, kg Self-help months Commercial
9 The point: Simply teaching, promoting, cajoling, urging, & bribing people to exercise is not enough. The focus must be on increases in routine, daily physical activity for everyone.
10 The story in just three numbers: 30 minutes of daily physical activity recommended (60 min. for youth). ( < 20 % of Americans actually meet these recommendations (thru LTPA). (Troiano et.al., Med Sci Sports & Ex., 40(1), , 2008) 365,000 estimated annual deaths in America due to physical inactivity & poor nutrition. (2 nd only to tobacco.) (Mokdad et.al., JAMA Jan 19;293(3):298)
11 Pre-1973 Post-1973 Berrigan D, Troiano R. The association between urban form & physical activity in U.S. Adults., Am J Prev Med Aug;23(2 Suppl):74-9.
12 Social Ecology Model Sallis & Owen, Physical Activity & Behavioral Medicine. Individual motivation, skills Interpersonal - family, friends, colleagues Institutional - school, work, health care & service providers Community - networks, facilities Public Policy - laws, ordinances, Determinants of behavior change permitting practices & procedures
13 #2 No more health fairs. Only reaches those who choose to show up! Doesn t necessarily change behavior. Doesn t change the context.
14 Can our day-to-day environment be made sticky? Denton TX 1. Varied destinations within walk, bike, & transit distance. 2. Network of sidewalks, trails, bike lanes, transit. 3. Functional inviting designs for pedestrians, bicyclists, & transit users. 4. Safe & accessible for all ages, incomes, abilities
15 Four Elements of Healthy Design: Ped, bike, & transit network Mix of destinations Safety & access for all Functional site design
16 The US Surgeon General concurs: 1. Promote more walking. 2. Build a more walkable world.
17 Low cost options & demonstration projects. E.g. Inexpensive, reversible curb extensions. St. Louis Billings Queens NY
18 Walkyourcity.org Montpelier Street furnishings, wayfinding, parklets.
19 Anaconda, MT pop-up curb extension. But can the biggest truck make the turn? Try it!!
20 Better Block demonstration Youngstown OH betterblock.org
21 Diagonal parking increases on-street capacity, but... Akron OH Reverse angle: Less severe & costly collisions. Safer for bikes. Pedestrians out of the road.
22 Hutchinson, KS reverse angle parking tryout
23 Trial - Villa Rica, GA
24 #3 No begging for infrastructure.
25 Bicycle network Sharrow elements: Bike lane American River Trail Sacramento Protected bike lane
26 Selling it: Make the economic case. Walking the Walk: How Walkability Raises Housing Values in U.S. Cities (CEOs for Cities)* walkscore = 67 walkscore = 12 Higher score = $4,000-$34,000 home value *
27 On Common Ground Nat l Assoc. of Realtors Summer 2010; The Next Generation of Home Buyers: Taste for in-town living. Appetite for public transportation. Strong green streak. Plus, Americans are driving less overall!
28 Walkability. Why we care & why you should too! National Association of Home Builders, Mar Consumer desire Flexibility in design Lower development costs...
29 Counter the NIMBYs & CAVEs. Homes abutting trails sell in 1/3 to 1/2 the time, and at a larger % of asking price, than non-abutters. Bedford MA Trails & Greenways: Advancing the Smart Growth Agenda Rails-to-Trails Conservancy
30 Smart Growth & Economic Success Dec. 2012, Nov 2013
31 Environmental & economic sustainability Support, protect the rural landscape Economic development Protecting agriculture Help existing places, downtowns thrive. Create great new places Designate growth areas Constrain road costs
32 Benefits of protected bike facilities BikeWalkAlliance.org GreenLaneProject.org Healthier, more productive workers. Support real estate values. Increased retail revenue. Recruiting & retaining skilled employees.
33 #4 Don t just create a giant coalition w/ monthly meetings. Schools & education Planning & Zoning Engineering, DPW Parks & recreation Historical Society Public Health & Safety Chamber of Commerce Economic Development, employers Neighborhood Assoc., church & service groups Environment, Conservation...
34 Not so organized chart: ACS Employers YMCA AHA ADA Hospital Insurer Rec. Health Planning Transport DPW Parks Trails Electeds Neighborhoods Bike/Ped Advocates Developers Schools PTOs
35 Build a stealth team: Transport Planning Elected Parks Trails Rec. Bike/Ped Advocate Enviro. Neighborhoods Employers Hospital Insurer DPW Agriculture YMCA Health ADA Vision Jobs Reach ACS Found. Schools AHA Econ. Devlpmt Developer Churches Banks PTOs Service Orgs. NAR NAHB
36 Focused action teams: Small, strong, well-connected leadership team. Tight, focused action teams on specific topics. No monthly meetings, just functionally targeted work. Open space protection Transport trails Stealth Leadership Team SRTS Zoning updates Ped/Bike Plan Complete Streets
37 #5 Don t bother unless you re working to change infrastructure & policies! (Fenton, Community Design & Policies for Free Range Children, Childhood Obesity 8(1), Feb 2012) 1. Healthy planning & zoning. 2. Complete Streets. 3. Transportation trail networks. 4. Transit- & bicycle-friendly policies. 5. Comprehensive Safe Routes to School.
38 5a Best practices in zoning. Less of this... More like this? Narrow streets, sidewalks both sides, required links to trail system (existing & planned). Compact design, shared open space. Mix housing types, sizes (& incomes).
39 Steer residential & retail development back into cities and towns. E.g. Naperville, IL Greenfield IN
40 Policy Multi-modal Transportation Analysis vs. Traffic Impact Analysis (MMTA vs TIA) Typical: Turn lanes, signal... Sidewalk link? Benches? Bike lane, sharrows? Transit shelter, pathway?
41 5b Policy: Complete Streets 1. Pedestrians, cyclists, transit riders, & drivers of all ages & abilities considered whenever we touch a corridor. 2. Limited, specific exemptions. 3. Update design guidelines
42 Update guidelines, design requirements. Urban Street Design Guide Don t reinvent the wheel! Nat l Association of City Transportation Officials have compiled the evidence base and best practices.
43 Complete Streets for a complete network 5 or 4 lanes reduced to 3, road diets. Reduces collisions & severity. Improves performance for pedestrians, bikes. Urbana, IL; before & after.
44 Hutchinson, KS. E. Avenue A; other fourlane roads.
45 . Avenue A, Hutchinson, KS they did it!
46 5c A comprehensive network of transportation trails. Connect to other parts of network (sidewalks, bike lanes, transit). Focus on destinations (schools, shopping, parks, senior housing) Plan for & fund maintenance! Boone NC Cornell Elem. Rapid Creek Tr.,
47 Eisenbahn State Trail, West Bend, WI Decorah Elem.
48 E.g. Nashville, TN Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) Scoring for Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP) includes impacts to pedestrian, bicycle, & transit travel, not just motor vehicle Level of Service (LOS). 60% depends on active modes! Result: auto-only projects don t get funded.
49 Go do tomorrow... Form a truly mixed stealth team. Organize some pop-up, demonstration, & pilot projects. Big goals: Adopt routine MMTA (instead of TIA) Adopt Complete Streets & NACTO. Change your MPO s project scoring. Update zoning for compact, healthy growth.
50 Resources for demonstration, pilot projects Effective,... but generally inexpensive, simple, & reversible. americawalks.org
51 Companion pieces... Institutional shift. Getting the community on board. Resources. Policy change, routine accommodation, paying for the infrastructure. Walk audits, inventory, events & short-term trials, Complete Streets resolution.
52 Summary: Sell leaders on the environmental, economic, & public health benefits. Start w/ demonstrations & pilots. Operate on 3 levels: land use, active network, site design/place making. Change the rules: policies, procedures, & market incentives.
53 Olshansky et.al., A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy... New Eng. J. of Med., March 17, 2005
54 Go do tomorrow... Form a truly mixed stealth team. Organize some pop-up, demonstration, & pilot projects. Big goals: Adopt routine MMTA (instead of TIA) Adopt Complete Streets & NACTO. Change your MPO s project scoring. Update zoning for compact, healthy growth.
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2 3 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Recommended Activity Physical Inactivity 4 90 89 89.3 88 87 87.1 86 85 85 84 83.9 83 82 81 1977 1983 1990
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