A Novel Dependency-to-String Model for Statistical Machine Translation

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1 A Novel Dependency-to-String Model for Statistical Machine Translation Jun Xie Haitao Mi Qun Liu Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY

2 Dependency Structure 举行 (hold) 世界杯 (World Cup) 在 (in/at) 成功 (successfully) 2010 年 (2010) FIFA (FIFA) 南非 (South Africa)

3 Dependency Structure 举行 (hold) 世界杯 (World Cup) 在 (in/at) 成功 (successfully) 2010 年 (2010) FIFA (FIFA) 南非 (South Africa) Best phrasal cohesion properties (Fox, 2002)

4 Dependency Structure 举行 (hold) 世界杯 (World Cup) 在 (in/at) 成功 (successfully) 2010 年 (2010) FIFA (FIFA) 南非 (South Africa) Best phrasal cohesion properties (Fox, 2002) Dependencies encode the semantic relations directly

5 Dependency Structures in SMT

6 Dependency Structures in SMT string-to-dependency bushi yu shalong juxing le huitan a Sharon Bush talk with held (Shen et al., 2008)

7 Dependency Structures in SMT string-to-dependency dependency-to-string juxing bushi yu le huitan bushi yu shalong juxing le huitan shalong Bush a talk with Sharon Bush held a talk with Sharon held (Shen et al., 2008) (Xiong et al., 2007)

8 Dependency Structures in SMT string-to-dependency dependency-to-string dependency-to-dependency juxing juxing bushi yu le huitan bushi yu le huitan bushi yu shalong juxing le huitan shalong shalong Bush a talk with Sharon Bush held a talk with Sharon Bush a talk with Sharon held held (Shen et al., 2008) (Xiong et al., 2007) (Quirk et al., 2005; Ding et al, 2005 Lin et al., 2004)

9 Dependency Structures in SMT dependency-to-string juxing bushi yu le huitan shalong Bush held a talk with Sharon (Xiong et al., 2007)

10 Dependency Structures in SMT dependency-to-string juxing bushi yu le huitan shalong Bush held a talk with Sharon (Xiong et al., 2007) Treelets as elementary structures

11 Dependency Structures in SMT dependency-to-string juxing bushi yu le huitan shalong Bush held a talk with Sharon (Xiong et al., 2007) Treelets as elementary structures Heuristics to assist translations

12 Dependency Structures in SMT dependency-to-string juxing bushi yu le huitan shalong Bush held a talk with Sharon (Xiong et al., 2007) Treelets as elementary structures Heuristics to assist translations Problem: heuristics is not reliable

13 Dependency Structures in SMT dependency-to-string juxing bushi yu le huitan shalong Bush held a talk with Sharon (Xiong et al., 2007) Treelets as elementary structures Heuristics to assist translations Problem: heuristics is not reliable Idea: specify ordering directly in translation rules

14 Preview of Results We specify ordering information directly in head-dependents rules

15 Preview of Results We specify ordering information directly in head-dependents rules 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯在 AD3 1 2

16 Preview of Results We specify ordering information directly in head-dependents rules 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯在 AD3 1 2 No heuristics

17 Preview of Results We specify ordering information directly in head-dependents rules 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯在 AD3 1 2 No heuristics Better performance

18 cons2str hiero-re dep2str nist2004 nist2005

19 cons2str hiero-re dep2str nist2004 nist2005 The first source dependency-based model outperforming the state-of-the-art models

20 Our dependency-to-string model captures patterns of sentences and phrases

21 Intuitions

22 Intuitions Intuition 1 A sentence is formed by An instance of sentence pattern Instances of phrase patterns

23 Sentence pattern VV NR P AD

24 Sentence pattern VV jǔxíng 举行 NR P AD 世界杯 shijìebēi 在成功 zài chénggōng

25 Sentence pattern VV jǔxíng 举行 Phrase patterns NR P AD NR 世界杯 shijìebēi 在成功 zài chénggōng NT NR

26 Sentence pattern VV jǔxíng 举行 Phrase patterns NR P AD NR 世界杯 shijìebēi shijìebēi 世界杯 在成功 zài chénggōng NT NR 2010 年 FIFA 2010niàn

27 Sentence pattern VV jǔxíng 举行 NR P AD 世界杯 shijìebēi 在成功 zài chénggōng Phrase patterns NR P shijìebēi 世界杯 NT NR NR 2010 年 FIFA 2010niàn

28 Sentence pattern VV jǔxíng 举行 NR P AD 世界杯 shijìebēi 在成功 zài chénggōng Phrase patterns NR P shijìebēi 世界杯 zài 在 NT NR NR 2010 年 FIFA 2010niàn 南非 nánfēi

29 举行 世界杯 在 成功 2010 年 FIFA 南非 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010niàn shijìebēi zài nánfēi chénggōng jǔxíng

30 Elementary structures: Head-dependents relations 举行 世界杯 在 成功 2010 年 FIFA 南非 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010niàn shijìebēi zài nánfēi chénggōng jǔxíng

31 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants

32 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants P NR 1

33 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants 在 zài P 南非 nánfēi NR 1

34 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants P 在 zài 南非 nánfēi NR NR 1 2

35 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants 在 zài P 南非 nánfēi NR 1

36 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants 在 zài P P NR 1 南非 nánfēi 3

37 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants 在 zài P 南非 nánfēi NR 1

38 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants P 在 zài NR 1 南非 nánfēi 4

39 Intuitions Intuition 2 A pattern has many variants 在 zài P 在 zài P 在 zài 南非 nánfēi NR NR 南非 nánfēi 南非 nánfēi

40 Grammar Head-dependents rules jǔxíng 举行 X1 was held successfully X2 世界杯在成功 1 2 shijìebēi zài chénggōng

41 Grammar Head-dependents rules jǔxíng 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯 shijìebēi 在 1 2 zài AD3

42 Grammar Head-dependents rules VV4 X1 X4 X3 X2 NR P 1 2 AD3

43 Grammar Head rules 成功 successfully chénggōng

44 Grammar Derivation 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010niàn shijìebēi zài nánfēi chénggōng jǔxíng

45 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR

46 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR R1: 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯 1 在 2 AD3

47 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR R1: 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯 1 在 2 AD3

48 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR R1: 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯 1 在 2 AD3

49 世界杯 /NR was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR

50 世界杯 /NR was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR R2: 世界杯 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 年 FIFA

51 世界杯 /NR was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR R2: 世界杯 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 年 FIFA

52 世界杯 /NR was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR R2: 世界杯 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 年 FIFA

53 2010 FIFA World Cup was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 南非 /NR

54 2010 FIFA World Cup was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 南非 /NR R3: 成功 successfully

55 2010 FIFA World Cup was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 南非 /NR R3: 成功 successfully

56 2010 FIFA World Cup was held 成功 /AD 在 /P 南非 /NR R3: 成功 successfully

57 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully 在 /P 南非 /NR

58 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully 在 /P 南非 /NR R4: 在 in x1 NR1

59 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully 在 /P 南非 /NR R4: 在 in x1 NR1

60 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully 在 /P 南非 /NR R4: 在 in x1 NR1

61 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully in 南非 /NR

62 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully in 南非 /NR R5: 南非 South Africa

63 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully in 南非 /NR R5: 南非 South Africa

64 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully in 南非 /NR R5: 南非 South Africa

65 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully in South Africa

66 Decoding Bottom-up chart parsing

67 Decoding Bottom-up chart parsing Post-order transverse

68 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR

69 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR

70 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 年

71 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 年 Rule set

72 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 2010 年 Rule set 南非 /NR 2010 年 2010

73 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR

74 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 世界杯 2010 年 FIFA 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR NR NT NR

75 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 世界杯 2010 年 FIFA 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR NR Rule set NT NR

76 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 世界杯 2010 年 FIFA 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 世界杯 2010 年 FIFA 2010 FIFA World Cup 南非 /NR Rule set NT NR NR NR3 X1 X2 X3 NT1 NR2

77 Experiments Large scale experiments on Chinese-to-English translation

78 Baselines Constituency-to-String model (Liu et.al., 2006) Replication of HPB (Chiang, 2005) Data Training: 1.5M sentence pairs from LDC LM: Xinhua portion of Gigaword Dev Set: NIST 2002 Test Sets: NIST 2004 /2005 Stanford Parser (Klein et al., 2003)

79 Rule # 30 cons2str hiero-re dep2str Rule # (M)

80 BLEU Score cons2str hiero-re dep2str nist2004 nist2005

81 BLEU Score cons2str hiero-re dep2str nist2004 nist2005 The first source dependency-based model outperforming the state-of-the-art models

82 Analysis of Translations

83 Analysis of Translations Better long distance reordering

84 Example 1 subj prep prep 巴尼耶在美国国务院与鲍尔短暂会谈后表示 bāníyē yǔ bāoěr biǎoshǐ Reference: After a brief talk with Powell at the US State Department, Barnier said

85 Example 1 subj prep prep 巴尼耶在美国国务院与鲍尔短暂会谈后表示 bāníyē yǔ bāoěr biǎoshǐ Reference: After a brief talk with Powell at the US State Department, Barnier said Cons2str: Barnier after brief talks in US State Department and Powell said Hiero-re: After a short meeting with Barnier on the US State Department, Powell said

86 Example 1 subj prep prep 巴尼耶在美国国务院与鲍尔短暂会谈后表示 bāníyē yǔ bāoěr biǎoshǐ Reference: After a brief talk with Powell at the US State Department, Barnier said Dep2str After brief talks with Powell, the US State Department Barnier said

87 Example 2 subj obj 中国赞赏反恐委员会所做的努力 zhōngguǒ zànshǎng Reference: 24 words nǔlì China appreciates the efforts of the Counter-Terrorism Committee to promote

88 Example 2 subj obj 中国赞赏反恐委员会所做的努力 zhōngguǒ zànshǎng Reference: China appreciates the efforts of the Counter-Terrorism Committee to promote Cons2str: China appreciates building for the efforts, Hiero-re: 24 words China appreciates support for efforts nǔlì

89 Example 2 subj obj 中国赞赏反恐委员会所做的努力 zhōngguǒ zànshǎng Reference: 24 words nǔlì China appreciates the efforts of the Counter-Terrorism Committee to promote Dep2str: China appreciates efforts of Anti-Terrorism

90 Conclusion The first source dependency-based model that outperforms state-of-the-art models

91 Conclusion The first source dependency-based model that outperforms state-of-the-art models Better long distance reordering

92 Conclusion The first source dependency-based model that outperforms state-of-the-art models Better long distance reordering No heuristics

93 Conclusion The first source dependency-based model that outperforms state-of-the-art models Better long distance reordering No heuristics Future work Employ parse forest to alleviate parse errors

94 Conclusion The first source dependency-based model that outperforms state-of-the-art models Better long distance reordering No heuristics Future work Employ parse forest to alleviate parse errors Exploit typed dependencies to direct translation

95 Thanks!

96 About heuristics 举行 世界杯 * 成功 在 2010 年 FIFA 南非 2010 Cup was held successfully in South Africa

97 About heuristics 举行 世界杯 * 成功 在 2010 年 FIFA 南非 2010 Cup was held successfully in South Africa

98 Rule acquisition Intuition 3 Semantically close items tend to stay close across languages

99 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010niàn shijìebēi zài nánfēi chénggōng jǔxíng 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully in South Africa

100 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010niàn shijìebēi zài nánfēi chénggōng jǔxíng 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 FIFA World Cup was held successfully in South Africa

101 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010 FIFA [World Cup] was held successfully in [South Africa]

102 Rule acquisition Acceptable head-dependents fragments Intuition 3 Rule induction Intuition 2

103 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010 FIFA [World Cup] was held successfully in [South Africa]

104 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010 FIFA [World Cup] was held successfully in [South Africa]

105 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 held successfully $[South Africa]$

106 Rule acquisition Rule induction Generate variants of the encoded pattern

107 Rule acquisition Rule induction Generate variants of the encoded pattern VV NR P AD

108 Rule acquisition Rule with four lexical words (fully lexicalized) 举行 X1 held successfully X2 世界杯在成功 1 2

109 Rule acquisition Rules with three lexical words VV4 世界杯在成功 1 2 X1 X4 successfully X2

110 Rule acquisition Rules with two lexical words 举行 X1 held successfully X2 NR P 成功 1 2

111 Rule acquisition Rules with one lexical word 举行 X1 held X3 X2 NR P AD3 1 2

112 Rule acquisition Rule of the pattern (fully unlexicalized) VV4 X1 X4 X3 X2 NR P AD3 1 2

113 About restrictions Three types of nodes Head node Internal nodes Leave nodes jǔxíng 举行 世界杯 shijìebēi 在成功 zài chénggōng

114 About restrictions Open word class {CD,DT,OD,JJ,NN,NR,NT,AD,FW,PN}

115 Why not multiple layer? Head dependents rules Better long distance relation capture capability

116 Why not multiple layer? Head dependents rules Better long distance relation capture capability 举行 X1 was held X3 X2 世界杯在 AD3 1 2

117 IP NP( 世界杯 ) VP PP NP NP ADVP VP NT NR NR P NR AD VV 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行

118 11 nodes 6 levels IP NP( 世界杯 ) VP PP NP NP ADVP VP NT NR NR P NR AD VV 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行

119 Why not multiple layer? Data sparseness problem

120 Why not multiple layer? Data sparseness problem Head-dependents relation with verb as head More than 4 nodes

121 Why not multiple layer? Data sparseness problem Head-dependents relation with verb as head More than 4 nodes Massive grammar size

122 Why not GHKM span? Top level head-dependents relations the GHKM spans often overlap

123 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010 FIFA [World Cup] was held successfully in [South Africa]

124 举行 /VV 世界杯 /NR 在 /P 成功 /AD 2010 年 /NT FIFA/NR 南非 /NR 2010 年 FIFA 世界杯在南非成功举行 2010 FIFA [World Cup] was held successfully in [South Africa]

125 Why not GHKM span? A looser constraint under the intuition --semantically closed items tends to stay close across languages

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