GIS Tools for Bicycle Network Analysis and Planning
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1 Portland State University PDXScholar TREC Friday Seminar Series Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) GIS Tools for Bicycle Network Analysis and Planning Mike Lowry University of Idaho Let us know how access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Transportation Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Lowry, Mike, "GIS Tools for Bicycle Network Analysis and Planning" (2014). TREC Friday Seminar Series This Book is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in TREC Friday Seminar Series by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact
2 Friday Transporta.on Seminar, May 30, 2014 Mike Lowry, University of Idaho
3 Tool 1: Calculate Bicycle Level of Service Tool 2: Calculate Community- wide Bikeability Tool 3: EsEmate Bicycle Volumes Tool 4: Assess Dangerous SituaEon Exposure
4 Tool 1 CALCULATE BICYCLE LEVEL OF SERVICE
5 Background Bicycle Suitability Perceived comfort and safety of a segment of street or pathway Bikeability Perceived comfort and safety of network connec6vity for accessing important des6na6ons Bicycle Friendliness Perceived comfort and safety of all aspects of bicycle travel, including bikeability, laws and policies to promote bicycling, educa6on efforts to encourage bicycling, and general acceptance of bicycling throughout the community
6 Name of Method Acronym Author Date Bicycle Safety Index RaEng BSIR Davis 1987 Bicycle Stress Level BSL Sorton and Walsh 1994 Road CondiEon Index RCI Epperson 1994 InteracEon Hazard Score HIS Landis 1994 Bicycle Suitability RaEng BSR Davis 1995 Bicycle Level of Service BLOS Botma 1995 Bicycle Level of Service BLOS Dixon 1996 Bicycle Suitability Score BSS Turner et al 1997 Bicycle CompaEbility Index BCI Harkey et al 1998 Bicycle Suitability Assessment BSA Emery and Crump 2003 Rural Bicycle CompaEbility Index RBCI Jones 2003 CompaEbility of Roads for Cyclists CRC Noel et al 2003 Bicycle Level of Service BLOS Zolnik 2007 Bicycle Level of Service BLOS Jensen 2007 Bicycle Level of Service BLOS Petritsch et al 2007 Bicycle Environmental Quality Index BEQI SFDPH 2009 Bicycle Quality Index BQI Birk et al 2010 Bicycle Level of Service BLOS HCM 2011 Bicycle Levels of Traffic Stress LTS Mekuria and Furth 2012 Protected Lane Level of Service PL- LOS Foster and Monsere Today
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8 Method AWribute BSL BSS BCI BSA BLOS width of outside lane x x x x x width of bike lane x x x width of shoulder x x x x on- street parking x x x presence of curb x x vehicle traffic volume x x x x x number of lanes x x speed limit x x x x x percent heavy vehicles x x pavement condi6on x x x eleva6on grades x adjacent land use x x storm drain grate x physical median x turn lanes x x frequent curves x restricted sight distance x numerous driveways presence of sidewalks x x
9 BICYCLE LEVEL OF SERVICE
10 BICYCLE SUITABILITY SCORE
11 BICYCLE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT
![[BLOS DemonstraEon video]](/docs-images/89/100108523/images/12-2.jpg "hwp://www.youtube.com/watch?")
12 [BLOS DemonstraEon video] hwp://
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14 Proposed Proposed Improvement Improvement BLOS Current Conditions Scenario 1 Scenario 2 A B C D E F Great Bicycle Suitability But does it go anywhere?
15 Tool 2 CALCULATE COMMUNITY- WIDE BIKEABILITY
16 Bicycle Suitability Perceived comfort and safety of a segment of street or pathway Bikeability Perceived comfort and safety of network connec6vity for accessing important des6na6ons Bicycle Friendliness Perceived comfort and safety of all aspects of bicycle travel, including bikeability, laws and policies to promote bicycling, educa6on efforts to encourage bicycling, and general acceptance of bicycling throughout the community
17
![[Bikeability DemonstraEon video]](/docs-images/89/100108523/images/18-2.jpg "hwp://www.youtube.com/watch?")
18 [Bikeability DemonstraEon video] hwp://
19
20 Tool 3 ESTIMATE BICYCLE VOLUMES
21 Background CiEzen- volunteer count programs
22 InstrucEons Forms Training PresentaEon
23 CiEzen Volunteer Counts
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25 How can ciezen- volunteer count data be used? Snap shot of volumes 26 LocaEons 2011, 2012, :00 9:00 AM 4:00 6:00 PM
26 80 locaeons!
27 Background EsEmaEng Bicycle Demand MulEstep Behavior Demand Models Direct Demand Models 1. Trip genera6on 2. Trip distribu6on 3. Mode choice 4. Route assignment Volume = β 0 + β 1 (Func6onal class) + β 2 (Adjacent land use) + β 3 (Distance to BART)
28 Background EsEmaEng Bicycle Demand MulEstep Behavior Demand Models Direct Demand Models Our New Method
29 EsEmated Bike Volumes Observed Count Points Network- wide 2 Hour Volume
30 Topological Flow
![[Volume EsEmaEon DemonstraEon video]](/docs-images/89/100108523/images/31-3.jpg "hwp://www.youtube.com/watch?")
31 [Volume EsEmaEon DemonstraEon video] hwp://
32
33 Step 1. SpaEally Extrapolate Step 2. Temporally Extrapolate AM 2 Hour Volume AADB PM 2 Hour Volume
34 Scenario Planning
35 Scenario Planning Third Street Bicycle Volumes ExisEng and Forecasted Intersection Cross Street Existing Conditions (AADB) Proposed Scenario (AADB) Van Buren Street Harrison Street Tyler Street Polk Street Taylor Street Fillmore Street Pierce Street Increase of about 150 bicyclists per day. Increase of about 200 bicyclists per day.
36 Tool 4 ASSESS DANGEROUS SITUATION EXPOSURE
37 Background Challenge of Accident Analysis 1. Lack of Volume Data 2. Lack of Accident Data
38 Dangerous SituaEons (SituaEonal Antecedents to accidents) Dangerous Situation Description References Mixed cycling in harsh traf2ic Cycling in the vehicle travel lane on a road with high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percent heavy vehicle Mapes, 2009; Teschke, 2012; Harkey and Stewart, 1997; Elvik et al., 2009; Moritz 1997; Tinsworth et al., 1994; Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Klop and Khattak, 1999; Vandenbulcke 2013; Schepers et al., 2013; CROW 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Stone and Broughton, 2003; Carter et al., 2007; McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996 Dedicated ROW in harsh traf2ic Cycling in a dedicated right- of- way adjacent to high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percent heavy vehicle Reynolds et al., 2009; Pucher and Buehler, Separated cycling Physically separated on- street cycling, such as cycle tracks Lusk et al., 2011; Lusk et al., 2013; Kin et al., 2007; Wachtel and Lewiston, 1994; Schepers et al., 2011 Cramped Space Excessive space Dooring and vehicle parking Roads without a bike lane or shoulder, narrow travel lanes Roads with wide travel lanes, no bike lane, and at least moderate speed Areas with on- street parking and high parking turnover McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996; Vandenbulcke 2011; Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Klop and Khattak, 1999; Harkey and Stewart, 1997 Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Hunter et al., 1999 Vandenbulcke et al., 2013; Tilahun et al., 2007 Frequent access points High frequency of driveways Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Emery and Crump, 2003
39 Dangerous SituaEons (SituaEonal Antecedents to accidents) Dangerous Situation Description References Mixed cycling in harsh traf2ic Cycling in the vehicle travel lane on a road with high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percent heavy vehicle Mapes, 2009; Teschke, 2012; Harkey and Stewart, 1997; Elvik et al., 2009; Moritz 1997; Tinsworth et al., 1994; Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Klop and Khattak, 1999; Vandenbulcke 2013; Schepers et al., 2013; CROW 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Stone and Broughton, 2003; Carter et al., 2007; McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996 Dedicated ROW in harsh traf2ic Cycling in a dedicated right- of- way adjacent to high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percent heavy vehicle Reynolds et al., 2009; Pucher and Buehler, Separated cycling Physically separated on- street cycling, such as cycle tracks Lusk et al., 2011; Lusk et al., 2013; Kin et al., 2007; Wachtel and Lewiston, 1994; Schepers et al., 2011 Cramped Space Excessive space Dooring and vehicle parking Roads without a bike lane or shoulder, narrow travel lanes Roads with wide travel lanes, no bike lane, and at least moderate speed Areas with on- street parking and high parking turnover McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996; Vandenbulcke 2011; Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Klop and Khattak, 1999; Harkey and Stewart, 1997 Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Hunter et al., 1999 Vandenbulcke et al., 2013; Tilahun et al., 2007 Frequent access points High frequency of driveways Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Emery and Crump, 2003
40 Dangerous SituaEons (SituaEonal Antecedents to accidents) Dangerous Situation Description References Mixed cycling in harsh traf2ic Cycling in the vehicle travel lane on a road with high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percent heavy vehicle Mapes, 2009; Teschke, 2012; Harkey and Stewart, 1997; Elvik et al., 2009; Moritz 1997; Tinsworth et al., 1994; Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Klop and Khattak, 1999; Vandenbulcke 2013; Schepers et al., 2013; CROW 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Stone and Broughton, 2003; Carter et al., 2007; McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996 Dedicated ROW in harsh traf2ic Cycling in a dedicated right- of- way adjacent to high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percent heavy vehicle Reynolds et al., 2009; Pucher and Buehler, Separated cycling Physically separated on- street cycling, such as cycle tracks Lusk et al., 2011; Lusk et al., 2013; Kin et al., 2007; Wachtel and Lewiston, 1994; Schepers et al., 2011 Cramped Space Excessive space Dooring and vehicle parking Roads without a bike lane or shoulder, narrow travel lanes Roads with wide travel lanes, no bike lane, and at least moderate speed Areas with on- street parking and high parking turnover McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996; Vandenbulcke 2011; Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Klop and Khattak, 1999; Harkey and Stewart, 1997 Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Hunter et al., 1999 Vandenbulcke et al., 2013; Tilahun et al., 2007 Frequent access points High frequency of driveways Allen- Munley et al., 2004; Emery and Crump, 2003
41 Dangerous SituaEons Dangerous Situation Description References Crossing harsh traf2ic Complicated intersections Crossing a road with high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percentage heavy vehicle Navigating; e.g. 2ive point intersections or roundabouts Summala et al., 1996; CROW, 2007; Schepers et al., 2011 Daniels et al., 2009; Brüde and Larsson, 2000; Schoon and Van Minnen, 1994; Vandenbulcke et al., 2013 Right hook Right- turning cars con2licting with through cyclist McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Weigand, 2008; Schepers et al., 2013; Furth et al., 2014 Left sneak Thru clip Cyclist sneaking across travel lanes to complete a left turn Left turning vehicles con2lict with through cyclist Hunter et al., 1999 Summala et al., 1996; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Shepers et al., 2014 Gaps in bicycle network Discontinuity of bicycle the network Krizek and Roland, 2005; Mekuria et al., 2012 Wrong- way riding Cycling the wrong- way on a one- way street. Wachtel and Lewiston, 1994; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Summala et al., 1996; Hunter et al., 1999; Sidewalk riding Cyclist utilizing sidewalks Schimek, 2014; Wachtel and Lewiston 1994; Infrequent cyclers Low cyclist volume Elvik et al., 2009; Jacobsen, 2003; Nordback et al., 2014; Brüde and Larsson, 1993; CROW 2007
42 Dangerous SituaEons Dangerous Situation Description References Crossing harsh traf2ic Complicated intersections Crossing a road with high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percentage heavy vehicle Navigating; e.g. 2ive point intersections or roundabouts Summala et al., 1996; CROW, 2007; Schepers et al., 2011 Daniels et al., 2009; Brüde and Larsson, 2000; Schoon and Van Minnen, 1994; Vandenbulcke et al., 2013 Right hook Right- turning cars con2licting with through cyclist McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Weigand, 2008; Schepers et al., 2013; Furth et al., 2014 Left sneak Thru clip Cyclist sneaking across travel lanes to complete a left turn Left turning vehicles con2lict with through cyclist Hunter et al., 1999 Summala et al., 1996; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Shepers et al., 2014 Gaps in bicycle network Discontinuity of bicycle the network Krizek and Roland, 2005; Mekuria et al., 2012 Wrong- way riding Cycling the wrong- way on a one- way street. Wachtel and Lewiston, 1994; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Summala et al., 1996; Hunter et al., 1999; Sidewalk riding Cyclist utilizing sidewalks Schimek, 2014; Wachtel and Lewiston 1994; Infrequent cyclers Low cyclist volume Elvik et al., 2009; Jacobsen, 2003; Nordback et al., 2014; Brüde and Larsson, 1993; CROW 2007
43 Dangerous SituaEons Dangerous Situation Description References Crossing harsh traf2ic Complicated intersections Crossing a road with high vehicle volume, speed, and/or percentage heavy vehicle Navigating; e.g. 2ive point intersections or roundabouts Summala et al., 1996; CROW, 2007; Schepers et al., 2011 Daniels et al., 2009; Brüde and Larsson, 2000; Schoon and Van Minnen, 1994; Vandenbulcke et al., 2013 Right hook Right- turning cars con2licting with through cyclist McCarthy and Gilbert, 1996; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Weigand, 2008; Schepers et al., 2013; Furth et al., 2014 Left sneak Thru clip Cyclist sneaking across travel lanes to complete a left turn Left turning vehicles con2lict with through cyclist Hunter et al., 1999 Summala et al., 1996; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Shepers et al., 2014 Gaps in bicycle network Discontinuity of bicycle the network Krizek and Roland, 2005; Mekuria et al., 2012 Wrong- way riding Cycling the wrong- way on a one- way street. Wachtel and Lewiston, 1994; Räsänen and Summala, 1998; Schimek, 2014; Summala et al., 1996; Hunter et al., 1999; Sidewalk riding Cyclist utilizing sidewalks Schimek, 2014; Wachtel and Lewiston 1994; Infrequent cyclers Low cyclist volume Elvik et al., 2009; Jacobsen, 2003; Nordback et al., 2014; Brüde and Larsson, 1993; CROW 2007
44 Step 1. Define Exposure Metrics Community- specific metrics should be based on: Dangerous Situation Separated cycling in harsh traffic Mixed cycling in harsh traffic Cramped space Parking maneuvers and dooring Metric Bike lane Vehicle volume > 8,000 AADT No bike lane Vehicle volume > 3,000 AADT Vehicle lane width < 12 ft Vehicle volume > 1,000 AADT Vehicle speed limit > 20 mph Parking turnover > 4 maneuvers per hr Public involvement Local experience Latest research Frequent acces points Access points > 30 per mile Steep grade Grade > 4% Wrong-way riding Wrong-way riding occurrence Unexpected cyclers Cyclist volume < 50 AADB
45 Step 2. Calculate Exposure
46 Scenarios S1: ExisEng CondiEons S2: Proposed Improvements
47 AADB Scenario 1 (Exis6ng) Scenario 2 (Proposed)
48 Change in AADB
49 Exposure Along Street Segments Dangerous Situation Mixed cycling in harsh traf2ic Dedicated ROW in harsh traf2ic Cramped space Dooring and vehicle parking Frequent access points Metric Conditions No bike lane Vehicle volume > 3,000 AADT Bike lane Vehicle volume > 8,000 AADT Veh. lane width < 12 ft Vehicle volume > 1,000 AADT Vehicle speed limit > 20 mph Vehicle parking turnover > 4 per hr Access points > 30 per mile Scenario 1: Existing Conditions (Annual BMT) Scenario 2: w/ Proposed Improvements (Annual BMT) Change (Annual BMT) Percent Change 666, , ,000-59% 97, , , % 307, , ,000-41% 2,646,000 2,746, ,000 4% 3,923,000 3,847,000-76,000-2% Steep grade Grade > 4% 197, , % Wrong- way riding Wrong- way riding occurrence 134, ,000 11,000 8% Infrequent cyclers Cyclist volume < 15 AADB 1,151,000 1,096,000-55,000-5%
50 Exposure at IntersecEons Dangerous Situation Metric Conditions Scenario 1: Existing Conditions (Annual Bicyclists) Scenario 2: w/proposed Improvements (Annual Bicyclists) Change (Annual Bicyclists) Percent Change Crossing harsh intersections Cross street vehicle volume > 2,000 AADT 7,114,000 6,647, ,000-7% Right hook Vehicle right turns > 1,000 AADT 605, ,000-28,000-5% Left sneak Oncoming thru vehicle volume > 2,000 AADT 7,516,000 7,523,000 7,000 0% Thru clip Oncoming left-turn vehicle volume > 1,000 AADT 615, ,000-2,000 0%
51 Right Hook Exposure Hot Spot Analysis
52 Future Work 1. Create Safety Performance Func6ons (SPFs) based on exposure. Expected Number of Right Hook Accidents = β 0 + β 1 (right hook exposure) 2. Create Crash Modifica6on Factors (CMFs) to for improvements. green paint => 12% reduc6on
53 Conclusions New tools are Inexpensive and easy to use, Require commonly available GIS data, and Can produce very good results.
54 Thank you QuesEons??
55 Tool 1: Calculate Bicycle Level of Service Callister, D. and Lowry, M. (2013). Tools and Strategies for Wide- scale Bicycle Level of Service Analysis. ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol. 139, No.4, p Tool 2: Calculate Community- wide Bikeability Lowry, M., Callister, D., Gresham, M. and Moore, B. (2012). Assessment of Communitywide Bikeability with Bicycle Level of Service. Transporta.on Research Record: Journal of the Transporta.on Research Board, 2314, pp Tool 3: EsEmate Bicycle Volumes McDaniel, S., Lowry, M., and Dixon, M. (In press). Using Origin- DesEnaEon Centrality to EsEmate DirecEonal Bicycle Volumes. Transporta.on Research Record: Journal of the Transporta.on Research Board, Scheduled publicaeon Tool 4: Assess Dangerous SituaEon Exposure Cool, S. and Lowry, M. (Forthcoming). QuanEfying dangerous situaeon exposure for bicyclists Scheduled Submission June, 2014.
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