NOVEL Hz ACCELERATORS FOR PROTON AND CARBON THERAPY: THE CYCLINACS

Transcription

1 NOVEL Hz ACCELERATORS FOR PROTON AND CARBON THERAPY: THE CYCLINACS Ugo Amaldi University y of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 1

2 15 years of TERA: TERA has proposed and produced 3 designs for the National Centre e for carbon ions (and p) to be built on 3 sites: Novara ( ), 1995), Milano ( ) and Pavia CNAO is being completed in Pavia by the CNAO Foundation TERA has developed ( ) a novel type of accelerator: the cyclinac for protons and carbon ions 2. IDRA (2001) 3. CABOTO (2005) FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 2

3 The National Centre in Pavia FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 3

4 CNAO = Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica CNAO Foundation created on TERA request by the Italian Health Minister in 2001: 4 Hospitals in Milan, 1 Hospital in Pavia and TERA In 2003 TERA passed to CNAO the full design (3000 pages) and 25 people INFN has become Institutional Participant in 2004 with construction responsibilities Hospital building ReadybyMay2007 High-tech building Installation from October 2006 Project: Calvi-Tekne Project: TERA A company has asked CNAO a license for PIMMS/TERA FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 4

5 The surface buildings Main source of 90 M : M Italian Health Ministry First beam: end 2007 CNAO Foundation President: Medical Director: Technical Director: E. Borloni R. Orecchia S. Rossi FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 5

6 Power station The hospital building in March 2007 FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 6

7 Emplacements of the sources, LEBT and Linac: 20 February 07 LINAC LEBT FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 7

8 Start of sources installation: 26 march 2007 Ion source FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 8

9 Cyclinacs FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 9

10 LOW currents of protons and ions spare healthy tissues 200 MeV - 1 na! protons 27 cm tumour target 4800 MeV 0.1 na! carbon ions which can control radioresistant tumours charged hadron beam that loses energy in matter X rays Photons protons or Protons carbon ions linac cobalt 60 proton tail light ion (carbon) FFAG07 httt://global.mitsubishielectric.com/bu/particlebeam/index_b.html - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 10

11 24 MeV protons, 350 μa Commercial cyclotrons 30 MeV protons, μa ACS - Vancouver IBA ACS SC at 300 MeV/u H 2 +1, C cm 70 MeV 500 μa 290 cm IBA IBA/LNS FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 11

12 Beams used for other purposes The new concept introduced by TERA: the cyclinac Sophisticated computer controlled source Ion Linac = Drift Tube Linac and/or Cavity Coupled Linac cyclotron to therapy cyclotron + linac = cyclinac The linac used in conventional radiotherapy is f = 3 GHz. f = 3 GHz has been chosen for IDRA and CABOTO because (i) it is an international standard, (ii) components are relatively cheap, (iii) it implies shorter linacs since the gradient is roughly proportional to f ½ This high frequency had never been used to accelerate protons and ions, FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 12

13 Beams used for other purposes The new concept introduced by TERA: the cyclinac Sophisticated computer controlled source Ion Linac = Drift Tube Linac and/or Cavity Coupled Linac cyclotron to therapy cyclotron + linac = cyclinac The cyclotron is used as injector but has other valuable medical utilizations: A. Production of radioisotopes for diagnostics and/or therapy MeV p A. Isotopes for diagnostics and/or therapy and eye melanoma MeV p 7 Mev/u He +2 and C +6 C. Deep (shallow) therapy with protons (with carbon ions) MeV/u H 2 +, C +6 Note: TERA has deposited two patents, one for A.+B. and one for C. FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 13

14 Time and amplitude structure of the beam - the proton example: IDRA 4 4 FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 14

15 Cyclinac uses the GSI approach to face the challenge: moving organs p +1 or C +6 CYCLINAC: energy variation by electronics and not mechanics 4D radiotherapy is the frontier of IMRT and the future of hadrontherapy FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 15

16 Properties of the therapy beams Accelerator Beam always present during treatments Energy variation by electronic means Time needed for varying the energy Cyclotron Yes No ms (*) Synchrotron No Yes 1 second Cyclinac Yes Yes 1 millisecond (*) With movable absorbers The energy is changed by adjusting the RF pulses to the modules FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 16

17 A proton cyclinac: : IDRA Institute for Diagnostic and RAdiotherapy FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 17

18 IDRA, the first cyclinac,, was proposed in m IDRA design: Riccardo Zennaro with LINAC by Ken Crandall FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 18

19 Prototype of 2 modules of the CCL LIBO= LInac BOsoster (now in Microcosm-CERN) Collaboration INFN-CERN-TERA Proiect leader: Mario Weiss Module tested at LNS, Catania - NIM paper 73 MeV with 3.4 MW instead of 4.0 MW for 2 modules p energy Project value: 16 MV/m; 3 GHz measured 27 MV/m with 12 MW LIBO in LIL FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 19

20 NIM-A A 2004 FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 20

21 The cyclotron has 4 high-current beam lines (30 MeV, 1000 μa) to produce radioisotopes for diagnostics and endoradiotherapy targets for Ga-67 Tl-201 I-123 Bi-212 Bi-214 systemic hadrontherapy Neutron fields for BNCS and Adiabatic Resonance Crossing by AAA: Re-186, Ho-166 (liver) C-11 O-15 ACS FDG FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 21

22 The first two modules of the linac of IDRA 1 klystron 2 x 3.0 MW 200 Hz, 5 μs MV/m 50 cm 30 MeV 35 MeV 40 MeV 30 MeV 35 MeV 40 MeV 3 = locations of the permanent quadrupoles FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 22

23 Construction details of the first module built by industry 1.3 m Half cells Bridge coupler FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 23

24 Layout of the IDRA underground floor PT NM LIBO 1 st floor: receptions, klystron gallery, NM and PT areas 2 nd floor: laboratories, offices and common spaces FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 24

25 RF power distribution system with 20 klystrons pulser modulator RF generator The new solution has 10 modulators, 10 klystrons and 20 FFTs: Plug power: 200 kw at 200 Hz FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 25

26 10 pulsers,, 10 klystrons and 20 FFTs (Peter Pearce) accelerating modules M01 M02 M03 M04 IQM Phase and Attenuation Control RF window Directional coupler Power Circulator Magic Tee IQM fast ferrite assembly Φ Φ Φ Φ IQM1 IQM2 IQM3 IQM4 M 1 M2 M3 M4 Klystron Drive Amplifier FWD BWD A1 MT1 K1 FWD BWD FWD BWD 7.5 MW klystrons Klystron Drive Amplifier FWD BWD A2 MT2 K1 FWD BWD FWD BWD NOVEL IQMs = FAST FERRITE TRANSFORMERS vary the power of individual modules Computer Attenuation Control Digital Attenuator Computer Attenuation Control Digital Attenuator Computer Phase Control Digital Φ shifter 360 deg Computer Phase Control Digital Φ shifter 360 deg 3 GHz frequency Synthesizer RF source System RF Drive Amp High Voltage Pulse DKSSM High Voltage Pulse Modulator 1 Mod-1 Modulator 2 FFAG07 Machine - Cyclinacs timing -pulse Hz U. Amaldi 26

27 Cowan - China: modulator built for Physics Department Milano Bicocca Klystron location pulser RF generator Commercial modulator The first modulator is in-house FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 27

28 Bragg curves obtained by switching off accelerating modules FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 28

29 Protons at 200 Hz for 1 liter sphere at 10 and 20 cm: distance/fwhm = cm Giulio Magrin and Marco Dominietto 6.9 mm 10.1 mm FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 29

30 At least 16 paintings for 4 Gy l -1 min -1 : a missing spot 2.5% 6.9 mm on 19 3 = deliveries on 13 3 = 6544 deliveries 99 (trans)+ 15 (long) = 114 s 33 (trans)+ 9 (long) = 42 s Giulio Magrin and Marco Dominietto [ but on s] FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 30

31 A carbon ion cyclinac: : CABOTO CArbon BOoster for Therapy in Oncology FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 31

32 490 cm The new IBA/LNS SC cyclotron 290 cm A side view of the cyclotron 250 MeV/u H 2 +1, C MeV/u H 2 +1, C +6 spiraled sectors highlighted in the model FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 32

33 The last LNS paper FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 33

34 The 300 MeV/u LNS project for Cannizzaro Hospital (Catania) FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 34

35 Maximum water-range range used by HIMAC-NIRS on 2000 patients % treated with 300 MeV/u 400 MeV/u 75 % 300 MeV/u 65 % Patients 250 MeV/u 55 % ST SARC. < 3 % FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 35

36 Upgrading of the SC cyclotron to 435 MeV/u with CABOTO 16 modules 22 m plug power at 400 Hz = 350 kw FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 36

37 Comparison CABOTO-CNAO CNAO 16 modules 22.2 m FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 37

38 The modules of CABOTO are longer than the ones of IDRA 1 klystron 4.2 MW 400 Hz, 4.5 μs Biperiodic chain of acceleratin cells and coupling cells. Bridge coupler for the housing of a PMQ End cell for the housing of a PMQ FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 38

39 Ion Bragg curves by adjusting the klystrons: MeV/u 13 modules 16 modules 10 modules 7 modules 4 modules 0 modules 17 cm 32 cm FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 39

40 A better solution with SC cyclotron of 250 MeV/u and 20 modules 3 modules 0 modules 15 modules 12 modules 9 modules 6 modules 18 modules With 20 modules the covered range is cm of water FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 40

41 Giulio Magrin and Marco Dominietto 10,120 voxels Carbon ions at 400 Hz with 10 paintings FWHM = 5 mm, distance/fwhm = cm 200 mm 3.75 mm 42,868 visits and 163 energy steps to have at least 10 paintings 4 GyE to 0.5 liter in ( ) = 123 s, i.e. 4 Gye l -1 min -1 FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 41

42 THE END FFAG07 - Cyclinacs U. Amaldi 42