Center for By-Products Utilization

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1 Center for By-Product Utilization MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE MADE WITH CLASS C BLY ASH FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF WISCONSIN By Tarun R. Naik, Shiw S. Singh, and Mohammad M. Hoain Report No. CBU REP-194 Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanic College of Engineering and Applied Science THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MILWAUKEE

2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE MADE WITH CLASS C FLY ASH FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF WISCONSIN By Tarun R. Naik Director, Center for By-Product Utilization Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanic Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee P.O. Box 784, Milwaukee, WI 521 Telephone: (414) Fax: (414) Shiw S. Singh Reaearch Aociate, Center for By-Product Utilization Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanic Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee and Mohammad M. Hoain

3 Synopi: Thi reearch wa carried out to evaluate the effect of ource and amount of fly ah on trength and durability propertie of concrete. Mechanical propertie conidered were compreive trength, tenile trength, flexural trength, and modulu of elaticity. The durability propertie conidered were: hrinkage, abraion reitance, air and water permeability, chloride permeability and alt caling reitance of concrete. A reference concrete wa proportioned to attain the 28-day compreive trength of 41 MPa. Three ource of Cla C fly ah were ued in thi work. Fly ah from each ource wa ued at three level of cement replacement (4, 5, and 6% ) in producing concrete mixture. The water to cementitiou material ratio wa maintained at. ±.2 for all mixture. In general trength and durability propertie of concrete were coniderably affected by both the fly ah ource and amount of fly ah. Alo, the trength and durability propertie for the 4% fly ah mixture were either comparable or uperior to the no-fly ah concrete. The alt caling reitance of fly ah concrete wa either comparable to or better than the no-fly ah concrete, except for one ource of fly ah at 6% cement replacement level. All the mixture, with and without fly ah, teted in thi invetigation conformed to the trength and durability requirement for excellent quality tructural grade concrete.

4 INTRODUCTION Fly ah i generated from combution of coal in power plant. It phyical, chemical, and mineralogical propertie are dependent upon type and ource of coal, type of combution ytem, combution temperature, type of pollution control ytem ued, etc. Conequently, fly ah can have varying propertie depending upon the ource of fly ah. Ue of fly ah in concrete i deirable due to technical and economic benefit. High volume of fly ah have been ued in concrete for a long time, for reducing cot and controlling temperature increae in order to reduce cracking at early age. A ytemic invetigation wa tarted at CANMET in 1985 for development of high-volume Cla F fly ah concrete. Application of large amount of Cla C fly ah in tructural grade concrete and other product began at the Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee in More recently, the ue of fly ah ha been extended to high-trength a well a high-performance concrete. In order to develop material pecification for concrete incorporating fly ah, their long-term mechanical and durability propertie need to be etablihed. Thi tudy wa carried out to invetigate the effect of ource and amount of Cla C fly ah on mechanical and durability propertie of concrete.

5 SCOPE Concrete mixture incorporating 4, 5, and 6 percent Cla C fly ah obtained from three different ource were proportioned. Thee mixture were produced at the concrete laboratory of Center for By-Product Utilization (CBU) at the Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee (UWM). The water-to-cementitiou material ratio [W/(C + FA)] wa kept at. ±.2 for all mixture. All laboratory mixture were air-entrained and uperplaticized uing an air entraining agent and a uperplaticizer, repectively. Freh and hardened concrete propertie were determined for all mixture. The freh concrete propertie meaured were unit weight, lump, air content, etc. Tet pecimen were prepared to meaure hardened concrete propertie including compreive trength, plitting tenile trength, flexural trength, modulu of elaticity, drying hrinkage, abraion reitance, air permeability, water permeability, chloride permeability, and deicing alt caling reitance. LITERATURE REVIEW A number of publication (1-6) have reported that adding fly ah to concrete mixture reduce the water content, increae workability, decreae bleeding, and improve pumpability. Naik and Ramme (6) invetigated rheological propertie and etting characteritic of concrete made with high-volume of Cla C fly ah. Their reult revealed that initial and final time of etting were not greatly different when the fly ah replacement for cement i increaed up to the level of 55%. Other (1,7,8)

6 have reported increae in the initial and final time of etting of concrete uing low-calcium fly ahe. Ue of cla C fly ah ha hown a mixed behavior on etting and hardening of concrete. Air entrainment in concrete ytem i provided to prevent damage due to freezing and thawing action. It i etablihed that incluion of fly ah in concrete increae the amount of air entraining agent (AEA) compared to the no-fly ah concrete (1-5,9). The primary reaon for the increaed AEA doage rate i reported to be the preence of unburned carbon content and finene of fly ah. Gebler and Klieger (1) tated that an increae in the lo on ignition of fly ah lead to an increae in the amount of air entraining admixture rate. They alo found that concrete containing Cla C fly ah demanded le AEA compared to concrete with Cla F fly ah. A large number of invetigation have devoted effort toward development of fly ah concrete for tructural application (6-2). Thee invetigation have hown that more than 5% cement can be replaced with fly ah for manufacture of tructure grade concrete. Gebler and Klieger (21) reported that the abraion reitance of Cla C fly ah concrete with 25% fly ah wa generally uperior to Cla F fly ah concrete. Tikalky et al. (22) oberved the ame trend up to 5% cement replacement with fly ah. Hadchti et al. (2) indicated that at equal trength, fly ah concrete i a reitant to abraion a no-fly ah concrete. Naik et al. (24-27) indicated higher abraion

7 reitance of concrete made with up to 5% Cla C fly ah and comparable to concrete with 4% Cla F fly ah. Naik et al.(24-27) alo howed excellent abraion reitance of concrete incorporating high-volume of Cla C fly ah. Bilodeau and Malholtra (28) howed lower abraion for the fly ah concrete containing 55 to 6% Cla F fly ah relative to concrete without fly ah. Numerou tudie (29-5) have hown very low permeability of concrete incorporating fly ah relative to no-fly ah concrete. Rodway and Fedirko (29) reported permeability of concrete incorporating Cla C fly ah for 68% cement replacement of about.65 x 1-12 m/. Elli et al. () demontrated reduction in chloride permeability of concrete with an increae in both Cla C or Cla F fly ah content for a fixed amount of cement content. Bilodeau et al. (1) evaluated water and chloride permeabilitie of concrete having 55 to 6% cement replacement. They reported coefficient of water permeability of fly ah concrete in the range of 1.6 x 1-14 to 5.7 x 1-1 m/. The value of chloride permeability (le than 65 Coulomb at 91 day) oberved in their invetigation for fly ah concrete were comparable to chloride permeability of ilica fume concrete. Naik et al. (2) have alo reported imilar reult. Recently, Naik et al. (2-5) evaluated permeability of concrete incorporating a Cla C fly ah for cement replacement in the range of to 7%. The concrete mixture up to 6% fly ah content (FA/C+FA =.6) exhibited good reitance to air, water, and chloride permeabilitie. Beyond 6% fly ah content, concrete permeability increaed

8 ubtantially. Numerou invetigation (12, 24, 6, 7, 8) have hown atifactory performance of Cla C fly ah concrete when ubjected to freezing and thawing action. Yuan and Cook (12) reported excellent freezing and thawing durability of air entrained concrete containing up to 5% Cla C fly ah. Naik and Ramme (6) and other (24, 7, 8) have alo oberved imilar reult for high-volume fly ah concrete ytem. There i a lack of data on effect of Cla C fly ah incluion on concrete reitance to alt caling (41). Gebler et al. (42) found that Cla C and F fly ah concrete poeed identical deicing alt caling reitance at a curing temperature of 2 C. Naik et al. (41) reported adequate alt caling reitance of concrete containing up to 6% Cla C fly ah. MATERIALS Portland Cement Type I portland cement conforming to ASTM C 15 requirement wa ued in thi tudy. The phyical and chemical propertie of the cement are hown in Table 1. Fly Ah Three different ource of fly ah (ASTM Cla C) were elected for thi invetigation. Thee fly ah ource are deignated a F1, F2, and F. The chemical and phyical propertie of fly ahe were determined in accordance with ASTM C 11 (Table 1).

9 Aggregate The fine aggregate wa natural and with a 6. mm nominal maximum ize. The coare aggregate ued in thi tudy wa 19 mm nominal maximum ize cruhed limetone that met ASTM C requirement. The grading and phyical propertie of the aggregate are given in Table 2 and, repectively. Chemical Admixture A commercially available ynthetic rein type air-entraining admixture (AEA) and a melamine-baed uperplaticizer wa ued in all mixture. The air-entraining admixture and the uperplaticizer met the pecification of ASTM C 26 and C 494, repectively. MIXTURE PROPORTIONS A total of 1 different mixture were proportioned. One of them wa a control mixture and the remaining nine mixture contained Cla C fly ah a a replacement of cement. For each fly ah ource, three level of fly ah (4, 5, and 6) were elected. The water-to-cementitiou material ratio (W/(C + FA)) wa kept at. ±.2 for all the mixture. The deired workability wa achieved through the aid of a uperplaticizer. Each mixture wa air-entrained with a target air content of 6 ±.5 percent uing an air entraining agent. The mixing procedure wa according to ASTM C 192. Each batch wa mixed in a power-driven revolving tilting drum mixer uing.16 m batche. For each batch,

10 lump, unit weight, temperature, denity, air content, etc. were meaured.

11 FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES Jut meaured. after each concrete batch wa mixed, freh concrete propertie were A lump tet wa determined in accordance with ASTM C 14. The air content of the concrete wa meaured according to ASTM C 21. The unit weight of the concrete wa determined following ASTM C 18. All mixture proportion and freh concrete propertie are hown in Table 4. CASTING, CURING, AND TESTING OF SPECIMENS All pecimen were cat and cured in accordance with ASTM C 192. Compreive trength, plitting tenile trength, and modulu of elaticity pecimen were cat in 15 x mm platic mold. Prim were cat for flexural trength tet (75 x 1 x mm). Uing applicable ASTM Standard compreive trength (ASTM C 9), plitting tenile trength (ASTM C 496), flexural trength (ASTM C 78), and modulu of elaticity (ASTM C 469) were determined. Prim (75 x 1 x mm) were cat for length change meaurement of concrete in accordance with ASTM C 157. Tet pecimen were cured in lime-aturated water for 28 day, and then tranferred to a controlled air drying room. The temperature and relative humidity of the drying room air were maintained at 2 C and 5 ± 4%, repectively.

12 Air and water permeability of concrete wa meaured according to the Figg Method (,4). Thi tet method involved drilling a hole, 4mm deep by 1mm diameter, into the concrete urface. Thee hole were plugged with a polyethylene foam and the urface ealed with a ilicon ealant. A hypodermic needle wa then inerted into the plug. For air permeability teting, the hypodermic needle wa ubjected to a vacuum preure of about minu 55 kpa by a hand-held vacuum pump. The time, taken for the preure to change from minu 55 kpa to minu 5 kpa, wa taken a a meaure of air permeability of concrete. For water permeability teting, a water head of 1 mm wa applied to concrete through the needle. Then the time taken to aborb 2 ml wa recorded a a meaure of water permeability. Three 1 x 2 mm cylinder were cat for chloride permeability meaurement of concrete. From each cylinder, a 1 mm diameter x 5 mm thick lice wa cut from the middle portion uing a diamond tipped aw. The chloride ion permeability of concrete pecimen wa meaured according to ASTM C 122. Tet pecimen of x x 1 mm were cat for abraion reitance determination of concrete. An accelerated tet method, a modified ASTM C 944, a decribed in detail elewhere (25, 26, 27), wa ued to meaure abraion reitance of concrete. In thi method, a rotating cutter wa equipped with waher having maller diameter relative to the dreing wheel. Furthermore, an equal amount of ilica and ("Ottawa Sand") wa added to the concrete urface during expoure to abraion at one minute interval. One level teapoon of and wa added each time. At each wear

13 location (circle of wear), for each wear time, three reading were taken along two line in the circle; and, the average of thee ix reading were recorded a one reading for each experimental condition. Specimen of x x 1 mm thick lab were cat in wood mold for meauring alt caling reitance of concrete urface in accordance with ASTM C 672. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Freh Concrete Propertie The freh concrete propertie uch a lump, air content, temperature, and denity are preented in Table 4. For a given air content, doage of air-entraining admixture (AEA) increaed with fly ah content for all the three ource of fly ah ued in thi invetigation. However, the amount of uperplaticizer wa lower for the fly ah mixture compared to the reference mixture without fly ah for the deired level of conitency of thee mixture (lump wa 1 ± 2 mm). Thi wa due to improvement in workability of concrete mixture reulting from the preence of pherical fly ah particle. The doage of the uperplaticizer varied amongt the variou ource of fly ah. For a given ource of fly ah, the uperplaticizer doage neceary, for the deignated workability, decreaed a fly ah content increaed.

14 Hardened Concrete Propertie Compreive Strength Tet data on compreive trength are preented in Table 5 and illutrated in Fig. 1. At early age up to day, generally the fly ah mixture exhibited lower trength compared to the reference mixture without fly ah. At 7 day, all the mixture except M5 and M6 attained trength of 4 MPa or greater. At 28 day, the mixture (except M5, M6, and M9) with and without fly ah howed trength higher than 5 MPa. The effect of ource of fly ah wa ignificant on trength development of concrete. Thi wa attributed to the difference in the reactivity of fly ahe obtained from different ource. The bet reult were oberved for the mixture incorporating ource F1 fly ah. At early age, fly ah F1 and F (trength) were equivalent but F2 trength were lower. However, the effect of ource became mall beyond 28 day. At 65 day, fly ah mixture attained compreive trength in the range of 65 ± 1 MPa. Bet trength wa oberved for the mixture incorporating ource F1 fly ah. The other two ource generally exhibited equivalent reult. Generally 4 and 5 percent fly ah concrete performed equivalent or better than no fly ah concrete, except at the very early age. Splitting Tenile Strength

15 The plitting tenile trength generally decreaed with increae in fly ah content up to 7 day (Table 6, Fig. 2). The level of decreae with fly ah content wa markedly influenced by ource of fly ah up to 7 day. The bet reult were obtained for the mixture containing ource F1 fly ah up to an age of 7 day. The other two ource (F2 and F) howed comparable reult. The tenile trength of the reference mixture and all ource of fly ah were equivalent at 28-day and 91-day age. The tenile trength value at 65-day age were generally lower for all fly ah mixture compared to the reference mixture without fly ah. The fly ah F1 had equivalent reult and F2 and F ource were lower compared to the no-fly ah mixture. Flexural Strength The flexural trength of concrete wa influenced by the ource of fly ah (Table 7, Fig. ). The value of flexural trength for the fly ah mixture varied from 4. to 6.8 MPa at 28 day, 4.7 to 6.8 MPa at 91 day, and 5.2 to 7.2 MPa at 65 day. The flexural trength value for the reference mixture were 6.2 MPa at 28 day, 6.9 MPa at 91 day, and 7.4 MPa at 65 day. Generally, fly ah concrete mixture had lower flexural trength compared to the reference mixture without fly ah. Typically, fly ah F2 had lower value compared to fly ah F1 and F. Modulu of Elaticity At the one day age, the modulu of elaticity of the fly ah concrete were ignificantly lower compared to the reference concrete (Table 5 and Fig. 4). The effect of fly ah ource wa alo ignificant at thi early age. At the 7-day age, the value for

16 fly ah concrete were till lower than the no-fly ah concrete, though not by a ignificant margin. At 28 day and beyond fly ah concrete howed equivalent reult than the reference mixture. The modulu of elaticity value ranged between 29. to 2.8 GPa at 28 day, 6.6 to 8. GPa at 91 day, and 4.4 to 45.5 GPa at 65 day for the fly ah concrete. The reference concrete howed modulu of elaticity value of 4.5 GPa at 28 day, 7.8 GPa at 91 day, and 45.9 GPa at 65 day. Drying Shrinkage The drying hrinkage increaed with age (Table 9, and Fig.5). Beyond 56 day of age of concrete (i.e., 28-day hrinkage train meaurement), fly ah concrete howed motly equivalent or higher hrinkage than the no-fly ah concrete. The effect of ource alo became ignificant at thi age and beyond. The highet hrinkage wa oberved for the concrete incorporating fly ah from ource F. Abraion Reitance The depth of abraion increaed with increaed abraion time and decreaed with increaing age (Table 1). The abraion reitance of the concrete for 4% fly ah wa comparable to the reference concrete for the fly ah F1; lower abraion reitance for fly ah F2; and, generally highet for fly ah F. A fly ah concentration increaed, the abraion reitance decreaed compared to the no-fly ah concrete. However, all concrete with or without fly ah had high reitance to abraion (i.e., wear of le than 2. mm).

17 Air and Water Permeabilitie The air and water permeabilitie value for the tet mixture meaured by the Figg method were not conitent. Thi wa primarily due to the detructive nature of the tet, a microcrack are believed to be produced during the fabrication of tet hole. Thee microcrack can affect the reult, epecially in high-trength concrete, due to their high brittlene, ued in thi project. A a reult, the air and water permeability data meaured by the Figg method are not reported. Thee data are available elewhere (5). Chloride Permeability In general, beyond 28 day, the fly ah concrete howed higher reitance to chloride ion than the no-fly ah concrete (Table 11). The effect of ource and amount of fly ah on chloride ion permeability of concrete wa inignificant (Fig. 6). Fly ah F2 had the highet Chloride ion permeability at the 28-day age. At 65 day all the fly ah mixture howed chloride permeability of le than 4 coulomb (very low), while the reference concrete howed a value of 16 coulomb (low) at thi age. The "very low" and "low" claification are in accordance with ASTM Tet C-122. Deicing Salt Scaling Reitance In general, all the fly ah mixture up to 6% cement replacement exhibited equal to or better than reitance to deicing alt caling compared to the no-fly ah concrete (Table 12). At 4% cement replacement, the fly ah mixture out-performed the reference mixture. Above 4% fly ah content, except the mixture containing 6%

18 fly ah from ource F2, the fly ah concrete howed either comparable or better reult than the reference mixture. No definite trend could be etablihed about ource of fly ah on alt caling reitance of concrete. However, fly ah F performed the bet. CONCLUSIONS 1. All the mechanical trength propertie, uch a compreive trength, tenile trength, flexural trength, and modulu of elaticity were affected by both ource and amount of fly ah. But the degree of influence of thee factor varied depending upon age (maturity) of concrete. The difference between the trength propertie of the fly ah mixture and the reference mixture (no-fly ah mixture) decreaed with age. Generally, fly ah ource F1 performed the bet, followed by fly ah F, and then F2. 2. The early age trength (up to day) of the fly ah mixture were lower relative to the reference mixture. Beyond day, the 4% fly ah mixture with different ource of fly ah howed either equivalent or uperior reult when compared to the reference mixture. The 4% mixture containing variou ource of fly ah howed in exce of 51 MPa at 28 day. All the mixture containing 5 to 6% fly ah produced compreive trength in exce of 4 MPa at 28 day.. The tenile trength, flexural trength, and modulu of elaticity data followed a imilar general trend a that oberved for the compreive trength data. Although,

19 ource and amount of fly ah had a much greater impact on actual tet value oberved. 4. Up to the age of 56 day, the fly ah mixture howed drying hrinkage reult equivalent to that attained by the reference mixture. But beyond 56 day, with one exception, the fly ah mixture generally had higher drying hrinkage compared to the reference mixture. 5. Up to 4% cement replacement, abraion reitance of concrete wa equivalent to that of the no-fly ah reference concrete. When fly ah content wa increaed to more than 5%, concrete abraion reitance decreaed lightly for all ource of fly ah. 6. Concrete reitance to chloride ion permeability decreaed ubtantially at age beyond 28 day for cement replacement in the range of 4 to 6% with fly ah. Chloride ion permeability wa relatively unaffected by ource of fly ah ued. REFERENCES 1. Berry, E.E., and Malhotra, V.M., "Fly Ah for Ue in Concrete - A Critical Review," ACI Material Journal, March-April 198, pp Helmuth, R.A., "Water-Reducing Propertie of Fly Ah in Cement Pate, Mortar, and Concrete: Caue and Tet Method," Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete, Madrid, Spain, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., ACI SP-91, 1986, pp

20 . ACI Committee 22, "Ue of Fly Ah in Concrete," ACI Journal, September-October, Vol. 84, No , pp Mehta, P.K., "Pozzolanic and Cementitiou By-Product in Concrete - Another Look," Proceeding of the Third International Conference, Trondheim, Norway, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., ACI SP-114, 1989, pp Ravina, D., and Mehta, P.K., "Propertie of Freh Concrete Containing Large Amount of Fly Ah," Cement and Concrete Reearch, Vol. 16, No. 6, November 1986, pp Naik, T.R., and Ramme, B.W., "Effect of High-Lime Fly Ah Content on Water Demand, Workability, Time of Set and Compreive Strength of Concrete", ACI Material Journal, Vol. 87, No. 6, November - December 199, pp Ma, G.R., "Proportioning Ma Concrete and Incorporating Pozzolan Uing ACI 211.1", Concrete International: Deign and Contruction, Vol. 4, No. 8, Augut 1982, pp Munday, J.G.L., Ong, L.T., and Dhir, R.K., "Mix Proportioning of Concrete with PFA: A Critical Review", ACI Publication SP-79, 198, pp Laron, T.D., "Air Entrainment and Durability Apect of Fly Ah Concrete", Proceeding, American Concrete Intitute, Vol. 64, 1964, pp Gebler, S. and Klieger, P., "Effect of Fly Ah on the Air-Void Stability of Concrete", Proceeding of the Firt International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag and other Mineral By-Product in Concrete, Montebellow, Canada, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., ACI SP-79, 198, pp Naik, T.R., and Singh, S.S., "Superplaticized High-Volume Fly Ah Structural Concrete", Preented at the ASCE Energy Conference on Energy in 199, Pittburgh, PA, March Yuan, R.L., and Cook, R.E., "Study of a Cla C Fly Ah Concrete", Proceeding of the Firt International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag, and Other By-Product in Concrete, Montebellow, Canada, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., ACI SP-79, 198, pp Naik, T.R., and Singh, S.S., "Superplaticized Structural Concrete Containing High Volume of Cla C Fly Ah", ASCE Journal of Energy Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 2, Augut 1991, pp Naik, T.R., and Ramme, B.W., "High Strength Concrete Containing Large Quantitie of Fly Ah", ACI Material Journal, Vol. 86, No. 2, March-April 1989, pp

21 15. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Gillot, M.A., and Hoain, M.M., "Mechanical and Structural Propertie of Concrete Containing Fly Ah", CBU Report No. 185, Center for By-Product Utilization, Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee, A Final Progre Report Prepared for EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, June 1994.

22 16. Gillot, M., Naik, T.R., and Singh, S.S., "Microtructure of Fly Ah Containing Concrete with Emphai on the Aggregate-Pate Boundary", Proceeding of the 51t Annual Meeting of the Microcopy Society of America, Augut Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hu, W.Y., "High-Volume Fly Ah Concrete Technology", EPRI Report No. TR 147, Palo Alto, CA, March Ghoh, R.S., and Timuk, J., "Creep of Fly Ah Concrete", ACI Material Journal, Proceeding, Vol. 78, No. 5, Sept.-October, 1981, pp Naik, T.R., and Ramme, B.W., "Setting and Hardening of High Fly Ah Content Concrete," Proceeding of the American Coal Ah Aociation 8th International Coal Ah Utilization Sympoium, Wahington, D.C., October Naer, K.W. and Al-Manaeer, A.A., "Shrinkage and Creep Behavior of Concrete Containing 5 percent Lignite Fly Ah at Different Stre-Strain Ratio", Proceeding of the Second International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag, and Other Pozzolan in Concrete, Madrid, Spain, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., ACI SP-91, 1986, pp Gebler, S.H., and Klieger, P., "Effect of Fly Ah on Phyical Propertie of Concrete", Proceeding of the CANMET/ACI Second International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete, Madrid, Spain, V.M. Malhotra, Ed. Vol. 1, ACI SP-91, 1986, pp Tikalky, P.J., and Carraquillo, R.L., "Durability of Concrete Containing Fly Ah", A Technical Report, Center for Tranportation Reearch, The Univerity of Texa at Autin, May 1986, 141 page. 2. Hadehti, K.M., and Carraquillo, R.L., "Abraion Reitance and Scaling Reitance of Concrete Containing Fly Ah," Center for Tranportation Reearch, Bureau of Engineering Reearch, Univerity of Texa at Autin, Reearch Report No. 481-, Augut, 1988, 185 page. 24. Naik, T.R., Ramme, B.W., Tew, J.H., "Pavement Contruction with High Volume Cla C and Cla F Fly Ah Concrete", Preented at the Fourth International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete, Itanbul, May Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hoain, M.M., "Abraion Reitance of Concrete a Influenced by Incluion of Fly Ah, " International Journal of Cement and Concrete Reearch, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1994, pp

23 26. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S. and Hoain, M.M., "Abraion Reitance of High-Strength Concrete Made with Cla C Fly Ah," ACI Material Journal, Vol. 92, No.6, November-December, 1994, pp Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S. and Hoain, M., "Abraion Reitance of High-Volume Fly Ah Concrete Sytem", CBU Report No. 176, Center for By-Product Utilization, Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee, A Final Progre Report Prepared for EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, January Bilodeau, A., and Malhotra, V.M., "Concrete Incorporating High Volume of ASTM Cla F Fly Ahe: Mechanical Propertie and Reitance to Deicing Salt Scaling and to Chloride-ion Penetration", Proceeding of the CANMET/ACI Fourth International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete, Itanbul, Turkey, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., Vol. 1, ACI Special Publication SP-12, 1992, pp Rodway, L.E., and Fedirko, W.M., "Superplaticized High Volume Fly Ah Structural Concrete", Proceeding of the Third International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete, Trondheim, Norway, Supplementary Paper, 1989, pp Elli, W.E., Jr., Rigg, E.H., and Butler, W.B., "Comparative Reult of Utilization of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, and GGBFS in Reducing the Chloride Permeability of Concrete", Proceeding of the Second CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Montreal, Canada, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., ACI SP-126, 1991, pp Bilodeau, A., Sivaundaram, V., Painter, K.E., and Malhotra, V.M., "Durability of Concrete Incorporating High Volume of Fly Ah From Source in the USA", ACI Material Journal, Vol. 91, No.1, January-February 1994, pp Naik, T.R., Collin, W.C., Patel, V.M., and Tew, J.H., "Rapid Chloride Permeability of Concrete Containing Mineral Admixture", Proceeding of the CBU/CANMET International Sympoium on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag, and Other By-Product in Concrete and Contruction Material, Milwaukee, WI, November Naik, T.R., Singh. S.S., and Hoain, M.M., "Permeability of Concrete Containing Large Amount of Fly Ah", International Journal of Cement and Concrete Reearch, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1994, pp Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hoain, M.M., "Permeability of High-Performance Concrete", ASCE Energy Engineering, 1995.

24 5. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hoain, M.M., "Permeability of Concrete Incorporating Large Quantitie of Fly Ah", CBU Report No. 18, Center for By-Product Utilization, Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee, A Progre Report Prepared for EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, March Naik, T.R., and Ramme, B.W., "Freezing and Thawing Durability of High-Lime Content Cla C Fly Ah Concrete", Proceeding of the Second CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Augut Johnon, C., "Effect of Microilica and Cla C Fly Ah on Reitance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing and Scaling in the Preence of Deicing Agent", Proceeding of the Katharine and Bryant Mather International Conference on Concrete Durability, Atlanta, GA, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., 1987, pp Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hoain, M., "Freezing and Thawing Durability of Concrete Incorporating Cla C Fly Ah", CBU Report No. 199, Center for By-Product Utilization, Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee, A Final Progre Report Prepared for the EPRI, June, Tikalky, P.J., and Carraquillo, R.L., "Durability of Concrete Containing Fly Ah", A Technical Report, Center for Tranportation Reearch, The Univerity of Texa at Autin, May 1986, 161 page. 4. Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., and Hoain, M., "Salt Scaling Reitance of High-Volume Cla C Fly Ah Concrete", CBU Report No. 26, Center for By-Product Utilization, Univerity of Wiconin-Milwaukee, A Progre Report Prepared for EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, June, Naik, T.R., Singh, S.S., Krau, R.N., and Hoain, M.M., "Deicing Salt Scaling Reitance of High-Volume Fly Ah Concrete Uing Variou Source of Fly Ah", Proceeding of the Workhop on Flowable Slurry Containing Fly Ah and other Mineral By-Product Special Seion on Coal Ah Reearch in Progre, Fifth CANMET/ACI International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolan in Concrete, June 4-9, 1995, 56 page. 42. Gebler, S.H., and Klieger, P., "Effect of Fly Ah on the Durability of Air-Entrained Concrete", Proceeding of the Second International Conference on the Ue of Fly Ah, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Product in Concrete, Montebellow, Canada, V.M. Malhotra, Ed., AI SP-79, Vol. 1, 1986, pp Rep-194

25 Table 1 Chemical and Phyical Propertie of Cement CHEMICALS LAFARGE CEMENT, PERCENT ASTM C15, TYPE I Tew* 6/92 Tew* 1/9 Silicon Oxide, SiO 2 - Aluminum Oxide, Al 2 O - Iron Oxide, Fe 2 O - Sulfur Trioxide, SO. Max. Calcium Oxide, CaO - Magneium Oxide, MgO 6. Max. Titanium Dioxide, TiO 2 - Potaium Oxide, K 2 O - Sodium Oxide, Na 2 O - Lo on Ignition. Max. PHYSICAL TESTS Air Content (%) Finene (m 2 /kg) Autoclave Expanion (%) Specific Gravity Compreive Strength, pi 1-day -day 7-day 28-day Vicat Time of Initial Set (min) Min. 75 Max. * Sent for chemical analyi at /26/9, reult yet to be received.

26 Table 2 Gradation of Aggregate Fine Aggregate Coare Aggregate Sieve Number % Pain g ASTM C- % Paing Sieve Size % Pain g ASTM C- % Paing " /4" /2" /8" # #8 2-5 Table Phyical Propertie of Aggregate Aggregate Fine Aggregate Coare Aggregate Bulk Specific Gravity Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) Appara nt Specific Gravity SSD Aborption (%) Dry Rodded Unit Weight (lb/ft ) Perce nt Void (%) Finene Modulu

27

28 Table 4 Mixture Proportion Uing No Fly Ah (Control Mix) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1C4 (S) 2C4 (S) C4 (P) 4C4 (S) 5C4 (S) 6C4 (P) 7C4 (P) 8C4 (P) 9C4 (P) 1C4 (S) 11C4 (P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand SSD (lb/cu.yd.) /4 in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) 1¼ ½ 1½ 8¼ 8½ 9 7¾ 2¼ 2¾ 8 6½ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq. oz./cu.yd.) AEA 1 (liq.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) 15. Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Note Tet Specimen f ' c(2) f ' c f ' c ft() 28 day Number of Specimen Date 12// 92 12// // 92 Ec(4) 28 day 21 fr(5) S(6) F(7) 28 day Ap(8) Wp(9) Cl(1) AR(11) SS(12) 28 day Ec 28 day 21 fr Ap Cl - SS F&T(1) 28 day 2 15 f ' c ft 28 day /4/9 1/4/9 1/4/9 1/4/9 1/8/9 1/8/9 7/6/9 8/2/ 9 Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixture for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixture. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixe. Mixture number (e.g. 1C4): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate control mixture and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. C4 = %) 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

29 Table 5 Mixture Proportion Uing Dairyland Power Cooperative Cla C Fly Ah (4%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1D1 (S) 2D1 (S) D1 (P) 4D1 (P) 5D1 (P) 6D1 (P) 7D1 (P) Note Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) /4 in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) 2¼ 4¼ 5¾ 5 4½ 4½ 4½ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA 1 (liz.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen f ' c(2) ft() 28 day Number of Specimen f ' c S(6) F&T(1) 21 ft 28 day 21 Ec(4) S 28 day 21 fr(5) F(7) F&T 28 day Ap(8) Wp(9) C (1) AR(11) SS(12) 28 day Date 1/6/9 1/6/9 1/6/9 1/6/9 1/12/9 1/12/9 1/12/9 Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixture for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixture. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixture. Mixture number (e.g. 1D1): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. 1 = 5%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

30 Table 6 Mixture Proportion Uing Dairyland Power Cooperative Cla C Fly Ah (5%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1D2(S) 2D2(P) D2(P) 4D2(P) 5D2(P) 6D2(P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) /4 in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) ½ 4½ ¾ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA 1 (liz.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen f ' c(2) S(6) Number of Specimen 21 ft() 28 day 21 Ec(4) 28 day 21 fr(5) F(7) AP(8) 28 day AP(8) WP(9) Cl(1) AR(11) SS(12) F&T(1) 28 day 1 2 f ' c(2) S(6) Date 1/14/9 1/14/9 1/14/9 1/18/9 1/18/9 8/2/9 21 Note Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixture for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixture. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixture. Mixture number (e.g. 1D2): Firt Number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. 2 = 45%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

31 Table 7 Mixture Proportion Uing Dairyland Power Cooperative Cla C Fly Ah (6%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1D(P) 2D(P) D(P) 4D(P) 5D(P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) /4 in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) 4½ 6 ¾ 6 ¼ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA 1 (liz.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen f ' c(2) S(4) AP(5) Wp(4) Number of Specimen ft() 28 day 21 Ec(4) 28 day 21 fr(5) F(7) F&T(1) 28 day Ap(8) Cl(1) AR(11) SS(12) 28 day Date 1/18/9 1/18/9 2/26/9 2/26/9 2/26/ Note Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixture for thi reearch project. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixture. Mixture number (e.g. 1D): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. = 55%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

32 Table 8 Mixture Proportion Uing Columbia Cla C Fly Ah (4%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1L1(P) 2L1(P) L1(P) 4L1(P) 5L1(P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) /4 in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) ¾ 4¼ ¼ 2½ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA 1 (liz.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen Ec(4) F&T(1) 28 day ft() S(6) 28 day f ' c(2) SS(12) fr(5) F(7) 28 day Ap(8) WP(9) Cl - (1) AR(11) 28 day Number of Specimen Date /16/9 /16/9 /16/9 /18/9 /18/9 Note Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixture for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixture. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixture. Mixture number (e.g. 1L1): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. 1 = 5%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

33 Table 9 Mixture Proportion Uing Columbia Cla C Fly Ah (5%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1L2(P) 2L2(P) L2(P) 4L2(S) 6L2(S) 7L2(P) 8L2(P) 9L2(P) 1L2(P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) /4 in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) 2¼ 4¼ 4 2¾ 7¾ ½ ½ ½ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA 1 (liz.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Note Tet Specimen ft() 28 day Number of Specimen 21 f ' c(2) F&T(1) 21 Ec(4) S(6) 28 day 21 5 Date /18/9 /26/9 /26/9 F(7) fr(5) 28 day 2 18 f ' c(2) fr(5) F(7) 28 day AP(8) WP(9) Cl - (1) AR(11) SS(12) 28 day AP(8) WP(4) Cl - (1) AR(11) SS(1) 28 day /8/9 6/1/9 6/1/9 6/1/9 1/15/9 fr(5) F(7) f'c@ 28 day /28/9 Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixture for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixture. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixture. Mixture number (e.g. 1L2): Firt Number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. 2 = 45%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

34 Table 1 Mixture Proportion Uing Columbia Cla C Fly Ah (6%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1L(P) 2L(P) L(P) 4L(P) 5L( P) 6L (P) 7L (P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) /4 in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) 2¾ ½ 4½ ¼ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA 1 (liz.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen ft() 28 day Number of Specimen 21 Ec(4) F&T(1) 28 day 21 f ' c(2) Ap(8) Wp(4) Cl - (1) AR(11) SS(12) 28 day F(7) fr(5) 28 day Date 6/17/9 6/17/9 6/17/9 6/17/9 6/24/ f'c (2) f'c (2) 1/1/ 9 12/28/ 9 Note Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixe for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixe. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixe. Mixture number (e.g. 1L): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. = 55%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

35 Table 11 Mixture Proportion Uing Weton Cla C Fly Ah (4%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1T1(P) 2T1(P) T1(P) 4T1(P) 5T1(P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) ¾ in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) 4½ 2¾ ½ ½ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA (Liq.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen ft() 28 day Number of Specimen 21 E c (4) 28 day 21 f'c(2) S(6) 21 fr(5) F(7) 28 day 2 18 Ap(8) Wp(9) Cl - (1) AR(11) SS(12) F&T(1) 28 day Date 6/24/9 6/24/9 8/25/9 8/25/9 9/2/9 Note Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixe for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixe. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixe. Mixture number (e.g. 1L): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. = 55%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

36 Table 12 Mixture Proportion Uing Columbia Cla C Fly Ah (5%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1T2(P) 2T2(P) T2(P) 4T2(P) 5T2(P) 6T2(P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) ¾ in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) 2¾ 2¼ 5 ¼ 2 ½ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA (Liq.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen ft() S(6) 28 day Number of Specimen 24 E c (4) 28 day 24 f'c F&T(1) 21 Ap(8) WP(9) Cl - (1) AR(11) SS(12) 28 day F(7) Fr(5) 28 day 2 18 f'c (2) F&T(1) Date 9/2/9 9/26/9 1/1/9 1/1/9 1/8/9 12/1/9 Note Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixe for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixe. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixe. Mixture number (e.g. 1L): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. = 55%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

37 Table 1 Mixture Proportion Uing Columbia Cla C Fly Ah (6%) - 5 pi (4.5 MPa) Specified Deign Strength Mixture Number 1T(P) 2T(P) T(P) 4T(P) 5T(P) 6T(P) Specified Deign Strength (pi) Cement (lb/cu.yd.) Fly Ah (lb/cu.yd.) Water (lb/cu.yd.) Water-to-Cementitiou ratio Sand, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) ¾ in. Aggregate, SSD (lb/cu.yd.) Slump (in.) ¼ ¼ 5 2¾ ½ Air Content (%) Superplaticizer (liq.oz./cu.yd.) AEA (Liq.oz./cu.yd.) Air Temperature ( F) Concrete Temperature ( F) Freh Concrete Denity (lb/ft ) Hardened Concrete Denity, SSD (lb/ft ) Tet Specimen ft() S(6) 28 day Number of Specimen 21 E c (4) 28 day 21 f'c F&T(1 ) 21 S(6) AP(8) WP(9) Cl - (1) AR(11) SS(12) 28 day F(7) Fr 28 day f'c() S(6) 28 day Date 9/24/9 9/27/9 9/27/9 1/8/9 1/1/9 12//9 Note Sub-deignation P indicate primary mixe for thi reearch project and S indicate econdary mixe. Main concluion are drawn with the data from the primary mixe. Mixture number (e.g. 1L): firt number indicate batch no., econd letter indicate ource of fly ah and third number indicate fly ah percent (i.e. = 55%). 1 Air Entraining Admixture 7 Fatigue 2 Compreive Strength 8 Air Permeability Tenile Strength 9 Water Permeability 4 Modulu of Elaticity 1 Chloride Permeability 5 Flexural Strength 11 Abraion Reitance 6 Shrinkage 12 Salt Scaling 1 Freezing and Thawing

38 Table 14 Tet Age for Concrete Tet Compreive Strength Modulu of Elaticity Splitting Tenile Strength Tet Age (day) year ye ye ye ye ye ye Flexural Strength no ye Abraion Reitance Water Permeability Air Permeability Chloride Permeability Salt Scaling Reitance Freezing & Thawing Fatigue ye ye ye ye no no ye no no ye no no ye no no ye no no ye no no ye no no ye no ye no ye no ye no ye no ye no ye no ye no ye 5 year 1 year ye ye* ye* ye* ye ye* ye* ye* ye ye* ye* ye* ye ye* ye* ye* ye no no no ye no no ye ye no no ye ye no no ye no no no no no no no no no no no no ye no no no no no * Two pecimen at thi age. Note: Drying Shrinkage Tet age were followed according to ASTM C 157.