Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 80 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

Transcription

1 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 80 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

2 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 81 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

3 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 82 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

4 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 83 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

5 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 84 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

6 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 85 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

7 R11/2074 The Meeting House (Tatton Aug 2012) Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 86 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

8 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 87 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

9 Stancombe Road Cottage / Baverstock Cottage (Tatton Aug 2012) Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 88 Mill Rd to Redoubt Rd NoR Assessment

10 Addendum 1 to the Archaeological Assessment Report

11 REDOUBT ROAD-MILL ROAD CORRIDOR PROJECT: NOR HERITAGE ASSESSMENT ADDENDUM Report prepared for AECOM By Kim Tatton (MA Hons) Jen Low (MA Hons) Rod Clough (PhD) March 2015 Clough & Associates Ltd. 321 Forest Hill Rd, Waiatarua AUCKLAND 0612 Telephone: (09) Mobile

12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 1 Purpose of Report... 1 Background... 2 Historical Background... 2 Historic Heritage Sites... 3 Historic Heritage Sites (NoR 1)... 8 Location of Recorded Heritage Sites... 8 St Johns Redoubt Heritage Value/ Significance of St Johns Redoubt Potential Effects on St Johns Redoubt Historic Heritage Sites (NoR 3) Alfriston Road/Mill Road Intersection The Meeting House (R11/2074) Heritage Value and Significance of the Meeting House Potential Effects on The Meeting House Alfriston Store/Post Office and House (R11/2069) Potential Effects on Alfriston Store/Post Office Alfriston School (R11/2066) Part Lot 17 North of Alfriston Road Information from Survey Plans/Aerials Historic Heritage Sites (NoR 2) Murphys Road/Flat Bush School Road Intersection Former Flat Bush School (R11/2976) Flat Bush Teacher s House/ Murphy s Homestead (R11/2976) Information from Survey Plans/Aerials Potential Effects at Murphys Road/Flat Bush School Road Intersection Redoubt Road/Murphys Road Intersection Potential Effects at Redoubt Road/Murphys Road Intersection Discussion and Conclusions Summary of Results Maori Cultural Values Limitations Potential Effects Resource Management 1991 Requirements Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements Conclusions Recommendations Bibliography Appendix 1: Site Record Forms Clough & Associates Ltd. Page i Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

13 INTRODUCTION Purpose of Report Mill Road and Redoubt Road are located to the east of Manukau City Centre and State Highway 1 (SH1). These roads are an arterial connection between the Papakura District and Manukau City, which is coming under increasing traffic pressure. A preferred corridor route for the realignment of Mill Road and Redoubt Road has been identified to ease traffic congestion. This route has been split into three Notice of Requirement (NoR) areas NoR 1, NoR 2, and NoR 3. This report is a historic heritage assessment addendum, which is supplementary to the Mill Road-Redoubt Road Corridor, Manukau City: NOR Archaeological Assessment (Tatton and Clough Sep 2014) and should be read in conjunction with that report. The NoR archaeological assessment (Sep 2014) was a desktop exercise only, to identify any previously recorded archaeological and other historic heritage sites within or in the near vicinity of the preferred corridor route, and to assess in detail the potential likelihood of buried or other unrecorded heritage remains also being present. It did not included detailed site inspection of the preferred corridor route, but recommended this be carried out once NoRs are received. Three areas of archaeological sensitivity were identified where there are a number of recorded early European buildings and sites either within or in close proximity to the preferred route. Similarly this addendum report does not include detailed site inspection of the preferred corridor route. Watercare owned land to the east of Mill Road was inspected to the extent of a brief walkover as part of the assessment of previously proposed corridor options for the Redoubt Road and Mill Road realignment. No new archaeological or other heritage sites were identified in this area, but detailed site survey is also recommended for this area in the future. This addendum report was commissioned by AECOM New Zealand Ltd to provide additional information sought by Auckland Council to more accurately verify the potential effects of the preferred corridor route on historic heritage values and whether there are likely to be any significant heritage constraints for the NoR application. It provides additional historical background and assessment of potential effects on recorded heritage sites within or close to the corridor. This report will form part of the required assessment of effects for NoR applications under the Resource Management Act 1991 and identifies any requirements under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA). Recommendations are made in accordance with these statutory requirements. This report is not an assessment or discussion of Maori cultural values. This has been provided separately by Mana Whenua as Maori values assessments (Ngai Tai Ki Tamaki Dec 2012,; Te Akitai Waiohua 2012; Ngati Tamaoho Trust nd) and in a Cultural Values Assessment (Hovell et al. Aug 2014). Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 1 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

14 BACKGROUND Historical Background The general historic background of the study area was discussed in the archaeological assessment report (Tatton and Clough Sep 2014). The project area was generally occupied by tribes of Tainui descent, including Ngai Tai, Te Akitai, Ngati Paoa and other groups that were influential in the area. The Maori values assessments referred to above confirmed the Maori settlement of the study area discussed in the archaeological assessment (Tatton and Clough Sep 2014) that was focused along the coastlines, navigable waterways and their alluvial river valleys, on the good agricultural soils and the major inland route ways (Hovell et al. Aug 2014:6). An important feature of Maori occupation was on and around the volcanic cones and surrounding lava fields or stonefields: to the west of Manukau City, around the volcanic cones of Matukutururu and Matukutureia (Wiri and McLaughlins Mts) and to the north in East Tamaki along the Tamaki River and the volcanic cone pa of Te Puke o Tara and Matanginui. This focus of occupation on the volcanic cones meant that there was relatively sparse Maori occupation in other less fertile areas, such as areas of Manurewa, Wiri, Otara and Mangere (Davidson Jan 1975:10). The more inland areas to the south of East Tamaki and eastwards towards the Hunua Ranges, including the Redoubt Road Mill Road study area, have few recorded archaeological sites. It is likely that these inland areas were too far from water access to encourage extensive or permanent settlement and, while some areas of better soils were gardened, the majority was utilised as resource areas. The project corridor generally follows a hill ridgeline, which acted as an ancestral track and was valued as the source of the headwaters of the Puhinui Creek, Otara Creek and Papakura Stream, which are culturally important waterways to Mana Whenua. The inland waterways and bush areas associated with the corridor were used for customary resources and traditional customs. The ridgeline also formed a natural boundary between water catchments, which drain into the Tamaki River and those that drain south-east into the Manukau Harbour (Hovell et al. Aug 2014:6-7). From the early 1820s Tamaki Makaurau was virtually abandoned by iwi with the threat of Ngapuhi war parties from Northland who were beginning to raid the region, creating a period of great instability in Tamaki (Te Akitai Waiohua 2012:11). In 1835, when a number of Tamaki iwi exiled to the Waikato returned, frictions arose between groups competing for Ngai Tai lands that had been unoccupied. Peace negotiations between affected parties and Henry Williams saw Williams suggest that the contested lands of Tamaki should be sold to the Church Missionary Society (CMS). As a result a deed of sale was signed by 32 chiefs for a block referred to as Tamaki or the 1836 Fairburn Claim (Old Land Claim 269a). This was an area stretching from the Otahuhu Portage to the Wairoa River and south to Papakura (Ngai Tai ki Tamaki Dec 2012:12). Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 2 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

15 BACKGROUND, CONTINUED Historical Background, Continued In 1841 Fairburn s Claim was reduced to the area around Manurewa and Maraetai by the Old Land Claims Commission. The surplus land left was taken by the Crown for European settlement and farming. The general background of the early European history of the study area was discussed in the archaeological assessment (Tatton and Clough Sep 2014) and is discussed in greater detail within this report in relation to specific areas of the preferred corridor route. Historic Heritage Sites Previous archaeological survey carried out in vicinity of Redoubt Road Mill Road area of Manukau was discussed in the original archaeological assessment, and the areas previously surveyed are shown in Figure 1. Historic heritage site distribution within the Manukau area was also discussed in the previous archaeological assessment (Sep 2014). To summarise, the recorded sites within the study area cover a broad range of site types relating to pre- and post-contact Maori settlement and early European settlement. Maori archaeological sites make up the greater part of all recorded sites, the main site types being shell midden, pits, terraces and pa. In comparison there is a significant lack of recorded early European archaeological sites and structures. European settlement of the area dates back to the 1840s-1850s. Most significant historic structures and buildings within Manukau City have been recorded, along with some remnant remains of early European settlement and farming. Much of the area has been modified by 20th century agricultural practices and development, which is likely to have eliminated most evidence of these earlier historic farming and settlement sites. However, it is expected that some unrecorded remnants of such sites may still be present. A number of historic heritage sites are recorded in the vicinity of the proposed corridor (Figure 2, Table 1). Those sites within close proximity to the proposed corridor are clustered in three areas near the intersection of State Highway 1 and Redoubt Road, near the intersection of Murphy s Road and Flat Bush Road and at the settlement of Alfriston on the intersection of Alfriston and Mill Roads (Figure 3). All of these sites are associated with early European occupation and use of the area. There are no Maori sites recorded in close proximity to the proposed corridor. Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 3 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

16 BACKGROUND, CONTINUED Figure 1. Map showing location of previous archaeological surveys (marked green) (source: Auckland Council CHI GIS viewer) Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 4 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

17 BACKGROUND, CONTINUED Murphy s Road Redoubt Road Mill Road Figure 2. Recorded archaeological and historic heritage sites in the vicinity of the preferred Redoubt Road Mill Road corridor realignment (ArchSite 2015) Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 5 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

18 Figure 3. Redoubt Road Mill Road Preferred Corridor NoR areas and sections with recorded archaeological and historic heritage sites in the vicinity Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 6 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

19 Table 1. Recorded historic heritage sites in the vicinity of the proposed corridor NZAA Site No. CHI No. PAUP No. Easting (NZTM) Northing (NZTM) Site Type / Name Building (Historic) Chapman Taylor House US Military Camp (Manurewa Camp No. 2) Location / Status 188 Ranfurly Road, Alfriston Hill Road R11/ Redoubt (St Johns) Redoubt Road (Part 1 DP 22123, Part Clendon s Grant 16630) R11/ Terrace / Pit 19 Redoubt Road R11/ Rubbish dump 19 Redoubt Road DP 16630, R11/ Ditch / Bank Hedge 19 Redoubt Road R11/ Building \ Building Site (Historic) Alfriston Presbyterian Church Block House Stables R11/ Building Site (reported) Smollett Reid Homestead R11/ Building (Historic) Hall World War I Memorial Alfriston Hall R11/ Building (Historic) Alfriston School R11/ Building Site (Historic) Middleton Homestead and Creamery Destroyed? R11/ Building (Historic) Church Cemetery Christ Church Anglican R11/ Building Site (Historic) Alfriston Store and Post Office R11/ Building Site (Historic) (Reported) Dr. George Bodle Homestead R11/ Building (Historic) Larry Bodle Homestead R11/ Building (Historic) The Meeting House Alfriston Metting Hall R11/ / Building (Historic) Stancombe Road Cottage Baverstock Cottage R11/ Building (Historic) Northridge R11/ Building (Educational) Former Old Flat Bush School R11/ Building Murphys Homestead 314? Mill Road Building removed and rebuilt over Exact location unknown; 318? Mill Road 300 Mill Road Lot 1 DP Alfriston Road; Corner of Mill Road and Alfriston Road Alfriston Road 1444 Alfriston Road Alfriston Road opposite the Alfriston Hall Exact location not known \ north of Alfriston School Alfriston Road 1348 Alfriston Road 160 Murphys Road, Flat Bush 125 Murphys Road, Flat Bush 160 Murphys Road, Flat Bush 89 Flat Bush School Road Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 7 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

20 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1) Location of Recorded Heritage Sites The western extent of the NoR 1 area Section 1a begins on Redoubt Road immediately east of the State Highway 1 (SH 1) southbound motorway offramp (Figure 2, Figure 5). The preferred NoR 1 corridor designation boundary includes the north-eastern part of the property at 19 Redoubt Road, the entire property at 21 Redoubt Road, and the northern parts of 25, 31V (Wilisa Rise) and 31 Redoubt Road. Large retaining walls are proposed along the northern boundaries and accessways of these properties where they front Redoubt Road (Figure 6). Four historic heritage sites are recorded on the corner of SH 1 and Redoubt Road and within the vicinity of NoR 1 recorded archaeological sites R11/534 St Johns Redoubt; R11/1958 Terrace/Pit; R11/1959 Rubbish Dump; R11/1960 Ditch/bank Hedge (Figure 4, Figure 6). St Johns Redoubt is a significant heritage site associated with the New Zealand Land Wars of the early 1860s. Between 1861 and 1863 a number of stockades and redoubts had been set up across South Auckland by the Government forces. Each redoubt was established for specific reasons, from supply, to communications, to frontline defence. St Johns Redoubt is a recorded archaeological site and is a scheduled item on the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (PAUP) schedule of Significant Historic Heritage Places (No. 1271), with a defined Extent of Place, which is a roughly circular shape in the central area of the reserve, approximately 90m across (Figure 7). The redoubt is contained within the St Johns Redoubt Historic Reserve (0.419 hectares) at Redoubt Road (Part 1 DP 22123, Part Clendon s Grant 16630). This reserve, administered by the Department of Conservation and Auckland Council, is in grass, with fencing and planting around its boundaries (Figure 5, Figure 9). The historic reserve is L-shaped with access off Redoubt Road at 25 Redoubt Road and then extending behind private property at 21 Redoubt Road. A private road, Wilisa Rise, runs along the eastern boundary of the reserve. A motel is located on 21 Redoubt Road to the north and west of the reserve (Figure 8), and the Latter Day Saints (LDS) Church property is located immediately to the west at 7, 9 and 19 Redoubt Road. The western bastion of the redoubt extends outside the reserve boundary onto the Latter Day Saints Church property (Figure 5, Figure 6). The remaining recorded archaeological sites (R11/1958, R11/1959 and R11/1960) are located on the LDS Church property to the west of the St Johns Redoubt Historic Reserve, but have almost certainly been destroyed by development (see Figure 14). Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 8 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

21 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED Figure 4. Location of St Johns Redoubt (R11/534) and other recorded archaeological sites (source: NZAA ArchSite) Redoubt Figure 5. Satellite view of area of Redoubt (Google Earth 2013) Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 9 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

22 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NoR 1), Continued Figure 6. The proposed NOR 1 corridor and the location of St Johns Redoubt and other recorded sites Figure 7. PAUP Map showing the location of St Johns Redoubt (ID 1271) and the assigned Extent of Place Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 10 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

23 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED Figure 8. Looking from Redoubt Road to the entrance of St Johns Redoubt Historic Reserve. Motel to the west (right) and Wilisa Lane to the east (left) (Tatton Feb 2015) Figure 9. Looking west across St Johns Redoubt (Tatton Feb 2015) Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 11 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

24 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED St Johns Redoubt Historical Background A history of the St Johns Redoubt has been provided in earlier reports (e.g., Prickett 2002; Dodd 2006). This history is summarised in Table 2 (adapted from Dodd 2006). The Redoubt is associated with the Waikato campaign of the NZ Wars (Figure 10). Construction of the redoubt began on 21 July 1863, shortly after Governor George Grey s declaration of war to the Waikato chiefs on 11 July 1863, and the first military engagements at Koheroa and Martin s farm. It is uncertain when the earthworks were finished, but James Stichbury s diary reports that the trenches were still being dug on 21 August (Cowan 1922(1): 462). The purpose of the redoubt was largely to protect the supply line along the Great South Road into the Waikato, and to guard against any threat of attack on Auckland (Tonson 1966: 184). It was located on a rise to the east of the road at a location approximately halfway between the military camp at Otahuhu and Drury redoubt. The redoubt was named after the commanding officer of the 1 st Waikato militia, Captain J.H.H. St John (later Lieutenant Colonel), and was also known as Burton s Redoubt on account of the nearby Burton s Hotel on the western side of the road (also referred to as the Raglan Hotel). Due to its position well behind the frontline, St Johns Redoubt never saw any active engagement, but maintained a regular posting of sentries, and was used as accommodation for militiamen while on route to Drury and beyond. With the exception of false alarms, the closest fighting occurred approximately 1.5km to the south at the vicinity of the Puhinui Stream (Smytheman and Tonson 1962: 27). Table 2. Chronology of events associated with St Johns Redoubt adapted and updated from Dodd 2006:17-18 Date Description Source Oct Clendon accepted a Crown grant of 10,000 acres including land on which St Johns Redoubt would later be built Tonson 1966: Te Wherowhero of Ngati Mahuta proclaimed first Maori King at Cowan 1922:233; Ritchie 2001:3 Ngaruawahia, becoming King Potatau I. Government regarded this as direct challenge to authority of the Crown 1861 Dec Grey ordered Lieutenant-General Duncan Cameron to extend the Ritchie 2001:4-5; Young 1992:32; Great South Road from Drury to the Waikato River. Fenton 1879: Jan Work commenced on military road into the Waikato Lennard 1986:10 June Military camp set up at Pokeno by Captain Leslie and Featon 1879:11; Young 1992:32 detachment of 40th regiment, and began work on construction of Queens redoubt at Pokeno 1863 Great South Road construction completed Sinclair 1957:246 citing War Office correspondence 33/16 p.29 Button's Halfway house (Raglan Hotel) built at Papatoetoe Tonson 1966: June Circular issued by George Grey enlisting Auckland Militia Featon 1879:13 Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 12 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

25 Date Description Source 4 July Militia Volunteers camped at Otahuhu under Featon 1879: 17; Cowan 1922:461 Capt St John 9 July Maori in South Auckland ordered to swear oath of allegiance to the Queen and give up their arms or be banished across the Mangatawhiri Reproduction of notice by George Grey reproduced in Featon 1879:15 11 July Grey issued virtual declaration of war to the chiefs of Waikato Reproduction of declaration to chiefs of Waikato by George Grey reproduced in Featon 1879:18 12 July British troops crossed the Mangatawhiri Cowan 1922(1): July Military engagements occurred at Koheroa (Mercer) and Martin's Cowan 1922(1): ; Featon 1879:29-30 Farm (Bombay) 18 July Additional clearing of bush along Great South Road to destroy Cowan 1922(1): 260 cover for raiding parties 21 July First Battalion of Auckland Militia marched to Papatoetoe to build Cowan 1922(1): 461 citing James Stichbury diary a redoubt at location selected by General Galloway. Site reached 4; at 2pm, pitched tents, could not begin on trenches because of NZer 01/07/1863 p.3 col. 2-3 rain. 22 July Men instructed to build cook houses, out- houses and a well at campsite. Started on trenches under supervision of Captain Heaphy 22 July Waikato Maori ambush settlers clearing bush at Hay's farm and were pursued by a militia detachment under Captain Clare and Captain Ring from Kihikihi (Ring's) Redoubt at Papakura 28 July St John, Lt Farmer and General Galloway marched to Burton's with 37 men to be involved in construction of redoubt. St John to take over command of redoubt 17 Aug Charles Burton proprietor of nearby Raglan Hotel appointed himself postmaster for Post Office established in hotel. 19 Aug Colonel Haultain to take command of militia at Burton's (St Johns) Redoubt 21 Aug Trenches for St Johns Redoubt still being dug. False alarm of redoubt under attack when sentries start firing at what later turned out to be the grindstone Cowan 1922(1): :461 citing James Stichbury diary Cowan 1922(1): ; Reproduction of Captain Rings account in Featon 1879:33-34 NZer 30/07/1863 p.3 col.2; DSC 30/07/1863 p.3 col.3 Tonson 1966:186 DSC 19/08/1863 p.3 col. 2 Cowan 1922(1): 461 citing James Sitchbury diary Oct Accidental shooting of Corporal Allan at Redoubt DSC 20 October 1863 pg5; April End of three day siege at Orakau - final major engagement in Featon 1879:80-87; Young 1992:14 Waikato war 28 April Attack on Gate Pa (Pukehinahina) resulted in heavy colonial Featon 1879:90-94 casualties, Maori abandoned position that night 27 May Wiremu Tamehana (Ngati-Haua) made peace at Tamahere Featon 1879:86-87; Cowan 1922: June Colonial forces to be withdrawn from St Johns Redoubt Waikato Militia Inwards letters AD June Capture of Maori position at Te Ranga, Tauranga led to Reproduction of Colonel Greer's despatch in Featon unconditional surrender of Ngaiterangi and end of Waikato War 1879: Lieutenant-Colonel St John passed through Manukau and redoubt was just 'a crumbling mound on a rise' Tonson 1966: April Subdivision of part of Clendon's grant containing redoubt Deeds Index 5A/25 Ref: R61: Sept Redoubt Road surveyed Deeds Index 5A/25; SO Feb Subdivision of property isolated western bastion from remainder of redoubt Deeds Index 21A/663; DP Feb Further subdivision of property containing larger part of redoubt Deeds Index 32A174; DP Aug Motorway reserve surveyed in vicinity of redoubt SO Reserve gazetted for redoubt (Lot 2 DP 96631) western bastion in adjacent lot (DP 16630) NZ Gazette 1960:1947; SO Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 13 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

26 Date Description Source 1978 Site included in NZAA site recording scheme NZAA record R11/ Land declared surplus by Ministry of Works and Development DOC June Motel subdivision along northern corner of redoubt CT Vol.516/196; DP Part of redoubt land transferred to Department of Conservation DOC Site added to Auckland Conservancy Register of Actively DOC HHA Managed Historic Places 2000 Reserve reclassified as historic reserve DOC HHA Figure 10. Arthur Morrow picture of St Johns Redoubt, Papatoetoe 1863 (Auckland Museum Call No. PD42(2)) Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 14 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

27 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED St Johns Redoubt, continued Archaeological Background The Redoubt and neighbouring grounds have been subject to previous archaeological research which includes: 1. Initial site recording in 1978 by Bulmer and mapping by Wynne Spring- Rice in 1980 (NZAA Site Record Form see Appendix 1). 2. Coster (1997a-c) assessed the neighbouring Latter-Day Saints (LDS) property (7, 9 and 19 Redoubt Road), noted the condition of the Redoubt and identified possible features (a depression and two indistinct terraces) relating to the Redoubt on the LDS property (R11/1958). 3. Clough s (1998) investigation of R11/1958, which did not find any definitive features associated with the Redoubt. Some redeposited 19th century artefacts such as bottle glass were obtained by both Clough and Coster. An 8cm field drain running downhill from the direction of the redoubt was also identified. Its function and origin were not determined, though it was most likely related to a later farming feature. 4. Rudd (2003) integrated geophysical survey with 3D reconstruction of the Redoubt (Figure 11). 5. Campbell (2006) carried out test pits in the LDS block following geophysical survey (Figure 12) but did not identify any archaeological features. 6. Dodd (2006) provided a detailed heritage assessment including summarising the history of the Redoubt (Table 1) and a summary of the management history up until that point. 7. Farley (2009) described monitoring of earthworks in the neighbouring LDS property with mostly 20th century material found. 8. Bickler and Brown (Nov 2013) undertook a Heritage Impact Assessment for Auckland Council to establish the effects of proposed enhancement works on archaeological values within the historic reserve. The enhancement works proposed, but not undertaken to date, were the development of a car park with associated planting at the northern end of the reserve adjacent to Redoubt Road. Overall, archaeological investigations did not uncover any intact archaeological features in the area to the west of the Redoubt. It has been confirmed that R11/1958, R11/1959 and R11/1960 are features associated with 20th century occupation and farming activity on the LDS property and do not relate to the occupation of the redoubt (Farley 2009). While it does seem likely that features relating to the military occupation are situated outside of the redoubt, it appears that, given the topography, any tents sites or rubbish deposits were located on a flatter portion of the hillside, to the north and south of the redoubt. Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 15 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

28 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED Figure 11. 3D reconstruction of the Redoubt (from Rudd 2003) Figure 12. Overlay of geomagnetic survey of the Redoubt and areas of interest identified (red) and areas tested (green) (from Farley 2009: Figure 2) Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 16 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

29 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED St Johns Redoubt, continued Information from Early Plans/Aerials A number of plans associated with St Johns Redoubt exist, the most important of which can be found in Dodd (2006) and are listed in Table 2. The main earthworks associated with the Redoubt are visible on the ground within the reserve and more easily seen in aerial and satellite photography (see e.g., Figure 5, Figure 13). Aerial photographs dating from the 1990s show the existing Redoubt Road corridor in relation to the redoubt site within the St Johns Redoubt Historic Reserve (Figure 13). The adjoining property at 7, 9 and 19 Redoubt Road is in pasture and undeveloped, except for a pre-existing early 20th century farm house, while the motel at 21 Redoubt Road is present. A large grassed road verge exists between the motel site at 21 Redoubt Road and Redoubt Road. Figure 14 (2009) then shows the extent of earthworks across the entire site at 7, 9 and 19 Redoubt Road for the development of the LDS Church. This includes the north-eastern extent of this property right up to the road verge that falls within the NoR 1 preferred corridor route. Of note is the small area of land visible on the eastern boundary of the property that was not earthworked in order to preserve the northern bastion of the redoubt that extends beyond the reserve into this property. The northernmost extent of the St Johns Redoubt Historic Reserve, which also falls within the NoR 1 preferred corridor designation, appears to have been cleared in the past and may have been used for vehicle access or parking (Figure 13, Figure 15). This was identified during the heritage impact assessment for the Auckland Council proposed enhancement works on the reserve (Bickler and Brown Nov 2013). Today, this area is predominantly in grass with an old asphalt drive, and a concrete foundation from a previous structure (Figure 16, Figure 17). Bickler and Brown (Nov 2013) concluded that it was unlikely that intact archaeological features associated with the Redoubt would be found in this area. Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 17 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

30 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED Redoubt Figure 13. St Johns Redoubt, Photo taken from Prickett 2002: xviii. Circle indicates area of the reserve within the proposed corridor and where Auckland Council enhancement works were proposed Figure 14. Google Map (2009) showing the extent of earthworks at 7, 9 and 19 Redoubt Road for the Church of the Latter Day Saints development Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 18 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

31 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED Figure 15. Aerial view of Redoubt in 1996 showing area of the reserve within the proposed corridor Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 19 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum

32 HISTORIC HERITAGE SITES (NOR 1), CONTINUED Figure 16. Entrance to the reserve with an old asphalt drive (photo: Tatton Feb 2015) Figure 17. Looking towards Redoubt Road across the northern extent of the reserve (photo: Tatton Feb 2015) Continued on next page Clough & Associates Ltd. Page 20 Redoubt Rd Mill Rd Corridor Project Addendum