The wingspan of the albatross can be up to 12 feet. Chapter 15: Marine Animals
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1 The wingspan of the albatross can be up to 12 feet. Chapter 15: Marine Animals 1
2 Learning Goals: Chapter 15 Next Monday, I will ask you to report what you think the major points should be, about marine animals. This will count as an in-class activity, for course credit. Think about this today! Today s in-class activity: Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 2
3 Animals needed oxygen in order to evolve. What were the first organisms to produce oxygen? 3
4 Trilobite arrived 500 million years ago. 5
5 What do you notice? 6
6 Note: the correct plural form of octopus is octopuses 7
7 Definition of Phylum A group of organisms that shares similar structure, level of complexity, and evolutionary history Humuhumunukunukuapua'a Phylum: Chordata 8
8 Phylum Porifera Porifera (hole-bearing) sponges (suspension feeders). 9
9 Phylum Cnidaria Cnidaria (nettles) contains cnidoblasts used to entangle or injure prey. Cnidoblasts contain capsules that can forcibly eject coiled threads. Some threads entangle prey, but each cnidoblast of the sea anemone Rhodactis, shown here, consists of a penetrating barb with hollow tubing connecting to a poison sac. Batteries of such cells form the armament of jellies, sea anemones, and other cnidarians. 10
10 A sea wasp (Chironix), one of the most dangerous jellies. An inhabitant of tropical waters from Africa to northeastern Australia, it can kill a human within three minutes. The tentacles of a large specimen can be 15 meters (50 feet) long. Chironix has probably been responsible for more human deaths than sharks have. 11
11 12
12 Jellies: Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 13
13 Anemone - Cnidarian 14
14 Phylum Cnidaria includes corals. Corals have symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae, which are a type of dinoflagellate. Corals provide safe environment, source of CO 2 & nutrients. 15
15 Zooxanthellae provide corals with oxygen, carbohydrates and alkaline ph to enhance CaCO 3 deposits. 16
16 All of this stuff: Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 17
17 Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms), bilateral symmetry 18
18 Phylum: Nematoda (roundworm) 19
19 Phylum Annelida (segmented worm) Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 20
20 Phylum Annelida: includes featherduster worms 21
21 Phylum Mollusca Mollusca (soft-bodied): 1) Gastropoda (snails) 2) Bivalvia (clams, oysters and mussels) 3) Cephalopoda (nautiluses, octopuses & squids) Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 22
22 23
23 Nudibranch (shell-less gastropod) A brightly colored reef nudibranch (Ancula pacifica) searches for food. The brilliant gill-like structures on its back assist in gas exchange. Although the nudibranch is 24 usually in plain sight, its terrible taste seems to discourage animals from eating it.
24 Giant Clam: Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 26
25 Octopus: Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 27
26 Octopuses are highly intelligent. Inky on NPR, 4/16/16: Another octopus escape: Octopus attack: 28
27 Nautilus Cephalopod The nautilus is a member of the only living cephalopod group with an extermal shell. Outer chamber = animal Other chambers: filled with gas, for buoyancy 29
28 Giant squid - cephalopod 30
29 This first image ever captured of a living giant squid. Japanese scientists took this photograph off the Bonin Islands in Each tentacle is 20 feet long!! Habitat: meters below the surface (up to 3300 feet deep) 31
30 Bonus Question What is the fastest animal on the planet? It moves 500 body lengths per second! Real time: Background: For more information: 32
31 Phylum Arthropoda Arthropods (joint-footed): Highest number of individuals and species 33
32 A Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) backing out of the exoskeleton (right) that it is abandoning. 34
33 Clear of the old exoskeleton, the softbodied crab takes in water and expands. It immediately begins to secrete a new exoskeleton. Note the obvious increase in the animal s size. 35
34 Phylum Echinodermata Echinodermata - (hedge-hog skin) 4 most familiar classes: 1) Asteroidea (sea stars) 2) Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) 3) Echinoidea (sea urchins) 4) Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? 36
35 Brittle Star - Ophiuroidea Brittle stars feed on edible particles in the surface layer of sediments on the continental slope off New England. Brittle stars are among the most widely distributed of all benthic animals. 37
36 Sea Urchin 38
37 A close-up of the five-part jaws centered on the underside of a sea urchin. 39
38 Sea Cucumber 40
39 Phylum Chordata Chordates (back chord) possess notochord (tubular dorsal nervous system) and gill slits during embryonic development. Came much later in evolutionary history. Includes fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. 41
40 Humans are related to tunicates. Tunicates are the most primitive chordate. Feeding video: 42
41 One proposed family tree for the vertebrates and their relatives, the invertebrate chordates. 43
42 Updated Tree of Life, April 2016 The researchers studied DNA from 2,072 known species, along with the DNA from 1,011 species newly discovered by Dr. Banfield and her colleagues. Dr. Jill Banfield, Lead author (Nature Microbiology) 04/12/science/scientistsunveil-new-tree-oflife.html?_r=0 44
43 Bonus Question What is this? Warning: Explicit Language!!!!! (I will play it with the sound off) 45
44 Fish have adapted to drink seawater and expel salt from gills. Fish have more species than all other vertebrates combined. They are the oldest vertebrates. 46
45 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Genus Species 3 common classes of fish: 1) Agnatha (Hagfish and Lampreys) 2) Chondricthyes (Sharks and Rays) 3) Osteichthyes (Bony fish) Hagfish secrete a lot of slime
46 Lamprey - Agnatha 48
47 Rays Chondrichthyes A manta ray is sometimes called a devilfish because of the cartilaginous protuberances of the head, which are used to guide plankton into the mouth. 49
48 Sharks Chondrichthyes. Each year 6 human beings are killed. Consider this: matters/animals/stories/11- animals-more-likely-to-killyou-than-sharks 50
49 Tiger shark 51
50 Bull shark 52
51 Hammerhead shark 53
52 Mako shark 54
53 Nurse shark 55
54 Oceanic white tip shark (and friends) 56
55 100 million sharks are killed every year. 57
56 Largest Chondrichthyes Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos? Whale Shark plankton feeder 58
57 Osteichthyes Bony fish 59
58 60
59 Class Reptilia: Includes sea turtles. Only 8 species of turtles worldwide. 5 species are found in Florida. Flattened front limbs, strong homing instincts. All are on endangered list. Where can you see sea turtles? ldlife/sea-turtle/where-to-view/ 61
60 Bonus Question: What are the five species of sea turtles found in Florida, by common names? 62
61 Bonus Question: What are the five species of sea turtles found in Florida, by common names? Loggerhead Kemps Ridley (rarest in the world) Green sea turtle Leatherback Hawksbill 63
62 Class: Aves likely descendants from smaller dinosaurs Use Sun and Earth s magnetic field to navigate. 64
63 Penguins (only in Southern Hemisphere) use wings to swim. 65
64 Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order - Primate All mammals are warm-blooded (endothermic). Birds are also endothermic. Most young are born alive. Every mammal is a vertebrate. All mammals have lungs to breathe air. Mammals feed milk to their babies. 66
65 Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order - Primate Other orders: 1) Cetacea (porpoises, dolphins, whales) 2) Carnivora (seals, sea lions, walruses, otters) 3) Sirenia (manatees and dugongs) 67
66 Cetaceans (whales) Suborder: Mysticeti (baleen whales) Largest animal in the world See: The Scale of the Universe 68
67 69
68 70
69 Cetaceans (whales) Suborder: Ondontoceti (toothed whales) 71
70 Dolphins - Cetaceans 72
71 Echolocation use of high frequency sound to locate and stun prey. Used by dolphins, porpoises and toothed-whales. 73
72 Order Carnivora Sea lion carnivora (flesh eating) 74
73 Elephant seals - Carnivora 75
74 Sea otters - Carnivora 76
75 Manatee Order Sirenia (mermaid) 77
76 Dugong Order Sirenia 78
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