Spotted Wing Drosophila: Research and Crop Infestation in 2012

Transcription

1 Spotted Wing Drosophila: Research and Crop Infestation in th Okanogan Hort Day Okanogan County Agriplex, Omak, WA 7 February :00-1:30 pm Elizabeth H. Beers Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center 1100 N. Western Ave. Wenatchee, Washington

2 US SWD Distribution

3 BC US SWD Distribution

4 BC US SWD Distribution

5 BC US SWD Distribution

6 BC US SWD Distribution

7 SWD website

8 SWD trap locations 2012 Caneberry 5% Cherry 57% Blueberry 14% Apricot 2% Apple <1% Peach 6% Nectarine 4% Chokecherry 1% Grape 11% SWD trap distribution by crop (n=334) E. Beers 2013

9 2012 SWD populations rebound SWD/trap/week SWD/trap CY2010 CY2011 CY J F M A M J J A S O N D

10 What happened in 2011? Precipitation WSU-TFREC Precipitation (inches) Long-term average Degrees F F May Jun Jul Total Temperature max 2010 min Max (long-term) Min (long-term) 0 F Avg. Monthly Temp (F) Nov 08-Nov 15-Nov 22-Nov 29-Nov 50 May Jun Jul

11 Avg. SWD (seasonal) <1 Aug, n = 10 >1 Aug, n = Apr 01-May 01-Jun 01-Jul 01-Aug 01-Sep 01-Oct Avg SWD (seasonal) <1 Aug, n = 4 >1 Aug, n = Apr 01-May 01-Jun 01-Jul 01-Aug 01-Sep 01-Oct Avg. SWD (seasonal) <1 Aug, n = 12 >1 Aug, n =5 01-Apr 01-May 01-Jun 01-Jul 01-Aug 01-Sep 01-Oct Date of First Catch of SWD

12 SWD trap catch by crop Peach Nectarine Grape Chokecherry Cherry Caneberry Blueberry Apricot Apple SWD/trap (avg through 21 October) *Numbers to the right of bars are numbers of samples

13 SWD Trap Catch by Region: Avg. SWD/trap/week I-90 North I-90 South 2,274 samples 4,667 samples

14 SWD trap catch by region 10 4,545 8 SWD/trap 6 4 2, North of I-90 South of I-90 *Numbers on top of bars are numbers of samples *through week 43, 21 Oct 2012

15 SWD Standard Trap Test Haviland trap mesh top, cover Modified Haviland trap (10 holes in sides, no cover) Van Steenwyk trap, 1 qt ice cream, mesh top, cover Deli cup (1 qt, 10 holes in sides) Red cup (1 qt, 10 holes in sides) Contech (2 holes in sides)

16 Contech WF cd Standard Trap Test (SCRI*SWD) Contech Heinz d Redcup c Delicup b Haviland Mod c Haviland a VanSteenwyk b Avg. SWD/trap

17 Trap test: SCRI cup color 30 a a a a SWD/trap 20 a 10 0 Yellow Red Black Clear White

18 Monterey Ag Bait (undiluted) Monterey Ag Bait (diluted 1:4) Apple Cider Vinegar (undiluted) SWD trap test ACV vs Monterey Ag Bait Haviland traps SWD/trap (seasonal thru early October) a Monterey Ag Bait 25% solution b ACV Trap Captures Prop. SWD Total SWD 0.20 a b Selectivity 0.00 Monterey Ag Bait ACV

19 Trap Design Factors Diffusion Area/point Total area constant; number of points varied Bait Volume Surface are constant; volume varied Bait Surface Area Volume held constant, surface area varied Headspace Variable distance between bait surface and holes; surface area and volume constant

20 Trap Design Factors Variables measured Male, female, total SWD Sex ratio (proportion female) Initial, final bait volume (prop. bait remaining) Selectivity: prop. of all Drosophila that were SWD Trap contaminants: other Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera

21 Trap Design Factors Diffusion points 1qt deli cups 150 ml ACV Total area of diffusion/entry: 250 mm 2 8 holes (6.3 mm diam) (1/4 inch) 2 holes (12.7 mm diam) (1/2 inch) 1 hole (17.5 mm diam) (11/16 inch) 100 a SWD/trap (seasonal avg.) a b SWD capture increased with increasing NUMBER OF POINTS Prop. females lower if only 1 hole Prop. Drosophila, Diptera, the same Fewer Coleoptera in 1 hole Lepidoptera eliminated by 8 (smaller) holes 0 DA 8 holes DA 2 holes DA 1 hole

22 Trap Design Factors Bait volume Plastic screw-top jars, straight sided, 16 oz Ten 3/16 th holes, 2 cm above bait surface Four levels of bait volume: 50 ml 100 ml 200 ml 300 ml SWD/trap (seasonal avg.) c bc ab a 50 ml 100 ml 200 ml 300 ml SWD capture increased with increasing VOLUME of bait Prop. Females not changed Prop SWD higher in 50 ml Prop. bait remaining was higher in larger bait volumes (100, 200, 300) Prop. Diptera the same More Coleoptera in 200 ml (?) (Lepidoptera eliminated by (smaller) holes)

23 Trap Design Factors Bait Surface Area Plastic screw-top jars, straight sided 8, 16, 32 oz sizes (150 ml ACV in all) Three levels of bait surface area (SA): Cup vol: SA (cm 2 ) SA (in 2 ) 8 oz cup: oz cup: oz cup: SWD/trap (seasonal avg.) a a a NS trend for increased capture with increasing SURFACE AREA of bait Prop. Females higher in 71 cm2 (?) Prop. bait remaining unchanged Diptera higher with larger SA [Lepidoptera eliminated by smaller holes ] 0 38 cm 2 71 cm cm 2 E. Beers, Bait Surface Area

24 GF-120 Field Trial Adults+Pupae Emerged/50 fruit Sample date 18 Jul 26 Jul 2 Aug GF-120 Entrust Check

25 SWD Chemical Control Bait Spray Test Trt Description 1 Entrust 2SC + Monterey Ag Bait Rate/acre Application method 1 fl oz + ATV 6-nozzle a 8 pt (=1 4.2 gpa gal) 2 Entrust 2SC 8 fl oz Airblast 100 gpa 3 Check E. Beers sprays 1-week intervals 17, 10, 3 days before harvest

26 SWD Chemical Control Bait spray vs Entrust Mortality % Mortality Bait+Entrust Entrust Check Pesticide Appl. Harvest 20 0 *Data from bioassay, NOT field 11-Jun 18-Jun 25-Jun 02-Jul 09-Jul 40 Ovipositions Ovipositions/fruit E. Beers Jun 18-Jun 25-Jun 02-Jul 09-Jul

27 SWD: Residual Control Airblast % Mortality Sevin 4F 3 qt Sevin 4F 1 qt Malathion 1.75 pt PermaGuard 25 lb Check Days After Treatment

28 SWD: Residual Control (Handgun, Bing, treated 7 August 2012) Organophosphates Pyrethroids Spinosyns Residual Control Diazinon Warrior Guthion Delegate Entrust Fyfanon

29 Timing of fruit susceptibility Sweet cherry Bing, Sweetheart Ovipositions/fruit/live female Bing Sweetheart Ovipositions Emerged adults/fruit/live female Emergence 0 H-21 H-14 H-07 Harv H+07 Timing in Relation to Harvest (days) 0.0 H-21 H-14 H-07 Harv H+07 Timing in Relation to Harvest (days) Bing 21 DBH Sweetheart 21 DBH

30 SWD in SWD caused significant economic damage in southern districts in was closer to normal than previous 2 years Not enough information to predict longerterm patterns of attack and damage Time to start thinking about resistance management

31 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug: An unwelcome new introduction in Eastern Washington State 78 th Okanogan Hort Day Okanogan County AgriPlex, Omak, WA 7 February :30 2 pm Elizabeth H. Beers Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center 1100 N. Western Ave. Wenatchee, Washington

32 Common Washington Stink Bugs Red-shouldered stink bug Green soldier bug Consperse stink bug Chlorochroa spp

33 Along with the native species there is a new player, the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål). Referred to as the beast in the east the BMSB is an introduced pest. Looks superficially like the consperse stink bug but characters that easily distinguish it. Consperse stink bug Images E. Beers, courtesy 2013 of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS

34 Stink Bug ID Common look-alikes (to scale) Brown Marmorated Brochymena sp. Chlorochroa sp. Consperse Solid margin and central spot

35 Adults Identification Banded antennal segment Antennal segment solid-color No teeth along edge of thorax Teeth along edge of thorax Brown Marmorated SB Brochymena sp. (Rough-shield)

36 and now for the acronym Banded Antennae Mega-Bug Smooth Shoulders Banded Body

37 Identification-BMSB Nymphs (5 instars) Red fades with each molt Bands apparent on legs

38 Where is BMSB found? It attacks all tree fruit. Unlike native stink bugs it can complete its life cycle on fruit crops. Images E. Beers, courtesy 2013 of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS

39 Wide Host Range Tree fruits Small fruits Grapes Nuts Legumes Vegetables Soybean Corn Ornamentals 300+ host plants Soybeans Hazelnut injury Image courtesy of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS

40 Deposit eggs on undersides of leaves. Five nymphal stages. Two generations per year in much of the mid-atlantic Developmental period lasts ~50d from egg to adult. Egg Mass 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th Images E. Beers, courtesy 2013 of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS Adult Male Adult Female

41 Current Distribution of BMSB in the United States Stink bugs What are the questions? Severe Agricultural and Nuisance Problems Reported Nuisance Problems Only Detected Image E. Beers, courtesy 2013 of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS BMSB IPM Working Group, November 30 th 2011

42 Distribution of BMSB in WA and OR 2012 Image prepared by Dr. Nik Wiman, OSU

43 2011 Distribution of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Washington Northern distribution Olympia, WA E. Beers, discovery Vancouver, WA Eastern distribution Prindle, WA

44 What tools are available to detect bugs? A black pyramid trap has been determined best for monitoring the BMSB. The aggregation pheromone for BMSB has been tentatively identified and will be tested in WA and OR in Methyl (2E,4E,6Z)- decatrieonate is only attractive to adults during the late-season. Not attractive to adults in early- and mid-season. Image E. Beers, courtesy 2013 of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS

45 Captures were significantly greater in traps baited with #10, suspected true pheromone of BMSB 9-30 September 2011 Mean No. Per Trap Traps baited with #10 captured ~15x more than control and ~3-4x more than other treatments. b b b a b 0 #2 #6 #9 #10 Unbaited Treatment Slide E. Beers, courtesy 2013 of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS

46 Monitoring BMSB MDT Methyl (2E, 4E, 6Z) decatrieonate (Plautia stali pheromone cross attractive to BMSB) #10 Aggregation pheromone, identified Sept BMSB captures #10 MDT 0 Early Season Mid-Season Late Season **Data by Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS Kearneysville, WV Visual Stimulus: black pyramid trap

47 BMSB shown to be attracted to light of different wave lengths Image courtesy of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS

48 When are bugs present? BMSB overwinter as adults (as do native stink bugs) Based on experience thus far in OR and in northeastern states with similar climate as the Pacific Northwest, the BMSB is expected to have only one generation in our region. BMSB can complete a life cycle on tree fruit crops, therefore, adults and nymphs may cause injury in May and June if not controlled. Consperse/Trap Consperse Chlorochroa Fruit injury period 0 5/11 5/25 6/8 6/22 7/6 7/20 8/3 8/17 8/31 9/14 9/ Chlorocroa/Trap

49 Visual cues identifying optimal wavelengths and intensities of light attractive to BMSB Slide E. Beers, courtesy 2013 of Dr. Tracy Leskey USDA-ARS

50 Brown marmorated stink bug is not your usual insect pest Plethora of available host plants Unrestricted movement ability Undefined biology/monitoring issues Inconspicuous initial injury on fruit Each instar (except eggs) can cause damage No effective biological control Slide courtesy of G. Krawczyk, Penn State

51 in search for BMSB solutions. Seasonal insecticide applications; apple Grower 1. Im. As. Del. Alt CM-OFM MD 3 insecticide appl. 4 compounds 2010 Im. Im. As. In. Ln. Tb. Tb. Tb. As. As. Tb. + + Ln. Ln. CM-OFM MD PC PC Aphids LR BMSB BMSB BMSB April May June July August September BMSB - Complete spray BMSB ARM spray Other pests ARM spray BMSB detection 10 insecticide appl. 5 compounds Insecticides: Im. phosmet; As. acetamiprid; In. methoxyfenozide; Ln. methomyl; Tb. cyfluthrin; Del spinetoram; Alt. - rynaxypyr

52 Case study, BMSB fruit injury Grower 1, Lancaster County, PA, Percent injured fruit 2010 season 10 trees x 100 fruit per tree evaluated per sample during each date. Percent injured fruit 2011 season 90% less injury in 2011

53 Organophophates/Organochlorines Data by Greg Krawczyk, Penn State FREC, 2011 Thionex 4 lb Thionex 2 lb Penncap-M 6 pt Lorsban Adv. 3 pt Imidan 4 lb Diazinon 2 lb Diazinon 3 lb Orthene 1 lb Orthene 4 oz % Mortality (72 h)

54 Pyrethroids Data by Greg Krawczyk, Penn State FREC, 2011 Warrior 2.5 oz Warrior 2 oz Pounce 16 oz Mustang Max 4 oz Lamba-cy 4.4 fl oz Bifen/zeta-cy 10 oz Danitol 16 oz Danitol 12 oz Bifenthrin 10 oz Bifenthrin 12.8 oz Baythroid 2.8 oz Baythroid 2 oz Asana 14 oz % Mortality (72 h)

55 Carbamates Data by Greg Krawczyk, Penn State FREC, 2011 Vydate 6 pt Vydate 4 pt Sevin XLR 3 pt Lannate 16 oz Lannate 12 oz Lannate 9 oz Lannate 6 oz Lannate 3 pt Lannate 2 pt Carzol 1 lb % Mortality (72 h)

56 Neonicotinoids Data by Greg Krawczyk, Penn State FREC, 2011 Venom 3 oz Scorpion 5 oz Leverage 2.8 oz Endigo 5 oz Endigo 3 oz Calypso 8 fl oz Belay 6 oz Assail 70WP 3.4 oz Assail 30SG 8 oz Assail 30SG 6 oz Admire Pro 7 oz Actara 5 oz Actara 4 oz % Mortality (72 h)

57 Miscellaneous Data by Greg Krawczyk, Penn State FREC, 2011 Stylet Oil 2% Rimon 30 fl oz Neemix 16 oz M-Pede spray 2% M-Pede 2% Esteem 5 oz Delegate 7 oz Cyazypyr 100 ppm Beleaf 2.8 oz Avaunt 6 oz Altacor 3 oz Agri-Mek 15 oz % Mortality (72 h)

58 Premixes Data by Greg Krawczyk, Penn State FREC, 2011 Voliam Flexi ~ + Actara Voliam Xpress Leverage 2.8 oz Hero 10 oz Endigo 5 oz Endigo 3 oz ~ + Actara ~ + Actara % Mortality (72 h) V. Flexi (Actara+Altacor); V. Xpress, (Warrior+Altacor); Leverage (Provado+Baythroid); Endigo (Warrior+Actara); Hero (bifenthrin+mustangmax)

59 onclusions: A number of effective products for BMSB management Against adults 1 : OPs & Ch. HC Acephate Thionex Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Fenpropathrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Carbamates Methomyl Oxamyl 1 Rate dependent Neo-nicotinoids Thiamethoxam Imidacloprid Acetamiprid Dinotefuron Endigo (Thiamethoxam) Voliam Flexi (Thiamethoxam) Against 2 nd instar nymphs 1 : Methomyl Dinotefuran Thiamethoxam Imidacloprid Bifenthrin Cyfluthrin Leverage Fenpropathrin Thionex Endigo

60 Biological Control There are efforts underway to identify and import natural enemies of BMSB from Asia. One source of biological control are egg parasites. These might prove useful in reducing populations in non-crop areas.

61 BMSB in the arid west May take time to spread, time to get established Ecology may be very different in arid shrub-steppe environment Some habitats may support higher levels Biocontrol (imported natural enemies) may be established Chemical control measures refined

62 Orchard Pest Management Non-native pests (ca. 1993) Codling moth Oriental fruit moth Eyespotted bud moth European leafroller Peach twig borer Pear psylla Campylomma Pear sawfly Dock sawfly European earwig European red mite Pear rust mite Prunus rust mite Pearleaf blister mite Rosy apple aphid Green peach aphid San Jose scale Oystershell scale European fruit lecanium Shothole borers Cherry bark tortrix Apple ermine moth Pear leafcurling midge Apple leafcurling midge

63 Now What? Dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) Apple clearwing moth (Synanthedon myopaeformis) Cherry blossom moth (Argyresthia pruniella) Tufted apple budmoth (Platynota idaeusalis) Large fruittree tortrix (Archips podana) Dark fruittree tortrix (Pandemis heparana) Apple leafcurling midge (Dasyneura mali)..??? James Solomon, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org E. Beers, WSU-TFREC Natasha Wright, Fl. Ag. Cons. Services, Bugwood.org