Horizontal distance, x

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1 Height, z z i pping Free Atmosphere Inversion Boundary Layer Troposphere ~11 km ~2 km Earth Horizontal distance, x Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 65. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax

2 Fig. 9.2 unavailable due to permission restriction.

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5 Fig. 9.5 unavailable due to permission restriction.

6 16 m 1 Temperature 4 m 2 m 0.5 m Time (s)

7 Fig. 9.7 unavailable due to permission restriction.

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9 1000 Flux (W m 2 ) F* F s 400 F L Local Time (h) Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 37. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax F s F L

10 600 Flux (W m 2 ) F* F Es F Hs F Gs Local Time (h) Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 57. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax

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12 25 20 T ( C) m 3m 1.5 m 0.75 m 0 O N D J F M A M J J A S Adapted from Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 37, 746 (1956).

13 2.5 Bulk Transfer Coefficients (10 3 ) C D C H 1.0 C E Wind Speed, V (m s 1 )

14 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 60E 120E W 60W W m 2

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16 Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 70. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax z i FA EZ z z z Height, z ML SL T q q V BL Vg V (a) DAY Height, z z i z FA CI RL z z SBL T q q Vg V (b) NIGHT

17 (a) 100 Neutral Height, z (m) 50 Unstable Stable 0 0 V BL Wind Speed, V 100 (b) Neutral Height, z (m) Stable Unstable z o V BL Wind Speed, V From Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 77. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax ; and from R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988, Fig. 9.5, p. 377, Copyright 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media.

18 Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 77. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax Height, z = 500 m 500 Wind Speed, V Vg V BL AM 9AM 3PM 9PM 3AM Time

19 W m 2

20 stable stable Height, z environment dry adiabat parcel movement unstable neutral unstable stable T q Correct Incorrect analysis local analysis Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax

21 Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax Free Atmosphere Height, z E.Z. Mixed Layer Capping Inversion Residual Layer Stable BL Day 1 Night 1 Day 2

22 Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax (a) Dq (b) z i z i Height, z 0 Potential Temperature, q F Hzi 0 F Hs Heat Flux, F H

23 Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 70, 74. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax (a) F Hs Daytime Nighttime Heat Flux, F H 0 t 1 t 2 Time, t (b) z i at t 2 Height, z z i at t 1 0 Sounding Early Morning q q at t 1 at t 2 Potential Temperature, q

24 Height, z Phase 1 Nocturnal Inversion Burn-off Phase 2 Rapid Rise Phase 3 Quasisteady Adapted from R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988, Fig , p. 452, and Fig , p. 564, Copyright 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media. ~1 km LCL clouds z i sunrise mid-morning mid-afternoon

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28 tropopause z i z x High Low Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/ Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax

29 Venting by thunderstorms Tropopausez Venting by fronts y x

30 Height, z tropopause clouds clouds z i BL n cold air frontal zone warm air Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers, A Technical Companion Book to C. Donald Ahrens' Meteorology Today, 2nd Ed., by Stull, p. 69. Copyright Reprinted with permission of Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning: Fax z i BL

31 Adapted from R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer, Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988, Fig. 14.5, p. 592, Copyright 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers, with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media. anabatic winds valley winds (a) katabatic winds mountain winds (b)

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36 40 N (a) 30 N 20 N 10 N 40 N (b) 30 N 20 N 10 N 40 N (c) 30 N 20 N 10 N 120 W 110 W 100 W 90 W 80 W 70 W

37 Height, z (a) (b) Night (c) Day d Wind Speed Potential Temperature

38 North (a) Wind 26 C 24 C 22 C T = 20 C (b) Height, z Wind Urban Urban Plume Boundary Layer Rural Boundary Layer rural suburban urban suburban rural Horizontal Distance, x

39 Relative backscatter intensity (db) at 1543 nm Height above ground (km) vv v 09: Courtesy of Shane Mayor, National Center for Atmospheric Research. Data for the figure is from Mayor, S. D. and S. M. Spuler, 2004: Raman-shifted Eye-safe Aerosol Lidar, Appl. Optics, 43,

40 East Pacific cross-equatorial cloud optical depth (MODIS), SST (TMI) and wind stress (QUIKSCAT) (2000/09/11) SST [C] wind speed [5 m s 1 ]