Brief History of Headland Breakwaters Usage in Chesapeake Bay, USA. 25 Years of Rock, Sand and Plants for Shore Protection

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1 Brief History of Headland Breakwaters Usage in Chesapeake Bay, USA. 25 Years of Rock, Sand and Plants for Shore Protection Beach Tech 2011 C. Scott Hardaway, Jr., Geologist, Virginia Institute of Marine Science James R. Gunn, President, Coastal Design and Construction, Inc.

2 Chesapeake Bay Breakwater Data Base. Selected Sites.

3 Early on 1979: Hardaway attends Coastal Engineering course at USC sponsored by Miles Hayes and taught by Richard Silvester. Some other students included Tim Kana, Jeff Williams, Kenny Finklestein and Phil Vitae. So began the research by VIMS on spiral bays/pocket beaches 1980:Hawk Anderson and Jim Gunn were experimenting with perched beaches and spurs The time had come to apply the research Summerille Spur 1983: Early experimentation with Silvester s spiral bay relationships with pocket beaches. The tangential section aligns with the impinging wave climate and the updrift or shadow section follows a logrithmic spiral.

5 Summerille/Staples, Coastal bay evaluation and predicted bay shoreline using SEB

6 Summerille/Staples March 8, 1988 April

7 Summerille/Staples March 8, 1988 April

8 Offsets and differential erosion often creates geomorphic opportunities

9 Mid-1980s Drummond Field-1985: First breakwater project on private property. Existing headland morphology was used to position headland breakwater system Aqua-po- 1987: Public Beach application with existing groin field used to indicate net direction of wave approach.

10 Drummond -Installed November 1985 Aerial Date: 2005

11 Drummond Field: March 17, 1990 Existing headllands

12 Drummond Field under construction: Summer 1985

14 Drummond Field: First tombolo

15 Drummond Field: April 7, 2010

16 Aqua-Po Public Beach: Installed March 1987

18 Aqua-Po: October 2009

19 Late 1980s, Maryland Non-Structural Program sites Claiborne- 1988: Headland breakwaters on marsh coast. Required rock sills at creek entrance. Elm s Beach- 1988: Headland breakwaters on open Chesapeake Bay. Survived Hurricane Isabel (2003)very well. Ware and Dietrick et al-1989: Choptank River breakwaters with small fetch warranted reduction in breakwater parameters such as length, gap and distance offshore Carden- 1989: Headland breakwaters used to protect spit on Potomac River in Va.

20 Claiborne Landing: 2010

21 Claiborne Landing

22 Elm s Beach: September 2000 Installed 1988.

23 Elm s Beach: Post Isabel, October 2003

24 Elms Beach: October 20, 2009

25 Dietrick: Installed October 1989 Some Dude Ware: Installed Sept. 1989

26 Carden: January 2006 Installed December 1989

27 Carden: September 2004

28 The 1990s Yorktown: First three breakwaters installed in 1994 and added onto over the next 10 years to total 12. Revitalized the historic waterfront along with addition of floating concrete docks. Asbury 1995:Beach sands acqiured from adjacent banks. Kingsmill : High banks with impressive viewshed warranted large headland and bay couplets VanDyke-1997: Took 10 property owners 5 years to come together. Utilized sand from the banks for beach fill.

29 Yorktown Beach: Northeaster Novemeber 2009

31 Yorktown: 2010

32 Asbury: Pre-construction

33 Asbury: March 2007

34 Shore Protection Asbury, Patuxent River Asbury site before the project (November 1994), after the project (October 1998), and in August 2000.

35 Asbury: 2008

37 Kingsmill: 2010

38 Kingsmill, pre-construction: 1996

39 Kingsmill: 2002

40 James River Sites West Bank/Boykin: 2002 Van Dyke: 1997 Mogarts: 2010 Luter: 1998

42 VanDyke: Post-Isabel

43 VanDyke: 2007

44 Luter

45 Luter: January 2010

Annual Significant Winds Annual Significant Fetch Farshore Fetch Windows Storm Fetch Storm Winds 90 90 Tangential Beach Control Line (R ) O Wave Crest

$81 O Annual Resultant Wave Vectors H& at Site L B SMB Output (H&T) RCP WAVE Input Storm RCPWAVE Bathymetric Grid Wave Orthogonal Diffraction Point$

46 Annual Significant Winds Annual Significant Fetch Farshore Fetch Windows Storm Fetch Storm Winds Tangential Beach Control Line (R ) O Wave Crest Line Orthogonal R 90 R/R =0.81 O Annual Resultant Wave Vectors H& at Site L B SMB Output (H&T) RCP WAVE Input Storm RCPWAVE Bathymetric Grid Wave Orthogonal Diffraction Point Possible Headland Alignment Spiral Beach Section Possible Extent of Headland BW Spiral Section Tangent B m G B M b Tangent Section Spiral BW L =BW Length B G B=Bay Gap M =Indentation b B =Beach Width m Average Mb:Gb = 1:1.65 Project Upland Static Equilibrium Bay: Hsu et al 1989

47 Elevation (feet) Elev ation (feet) Bm Present beach width base bank to MHW Spartina patens Tombolo Spartina alterniflora Breakwater A 10 Beach Nourishment Berm 0 Bottom Bm Present beach width base bank to MHW Spartina patens Mb Maximum bay indentation centerline breakwater to MHW B 10 0 Beach Nourishment Berm Bottom Breakwater components Hardaway and Byrne, 1999

48 Chesapeake Bay Headland Breakwater Sites Shallow Water Wave Length (L=(gh)½ x T) L = Wave length (meters) h = Water depth (meters) T = Wave period (seconds) From Hardaway and Gunn, 2000 Site 1. Drummond Field Average Fetch (km) Date Installed Land Use Coast Type Wave Annual 6 to SW Sep 1985 Residential Embayed T=2.0 h=1.2 L= Aquia Landing 7 to E Mar 1987 Public Beach Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L= Elm s Beach 30 to NNE Oct 1988 Public Beach Straight T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L= Christ 3 to NE Jul 1988 Farm Straight T=1.4 sec. h=0.9 L= St. Catherine s Island 7 to NW Mar 1989 Spit Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.2 L= Ware 3 to E Sep 1989 Residential Embayment T=1.5 sec. h=0.9 L= Dietrick 3 to SE Oct Farm Embayment T=1.6 sec. h=0.9 L= Carden 17 to NNE Dec 1989 Spit Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.2 L= Yorktown 18 to NE Sep 1994 Public Beach Straight T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L= Asbury 6 to NW Dec 1995 Residential Embayed T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L= Kingsmill 11 to SW Mar 1996 Residential Embayment T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L= Putnam 30 to SW May 1997 Residential Headland T=2.5 sec. h=0.9 L= Van Dyke 12 to N Sep 1997 Residential Headland T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L= Luter 13 to NNE May 1998 Farm Straight T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 Climate Storm T=3.0 sec. h=1.8 L=12.8 T=3.0 sec. h=2.1 L=13.7 T=5.0 sec. h=2.1 L =22.9 T=2.0 sec. h=1.5 L=7.6 T=2.7 sec. h=1.8 L=11.3 T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L=9.8 T=2.5 sec. h=1.5 L=9.8 T=4.5 sec. h=1.8 L=18.9 T=4.0 sec. h=2.7 L=20.7 T=3.5 sec. h=2.1 L=15.9 T=3.5 sec. h=2.4 L=17.1 T=4.5 sec. h=1.8 L=18.9 T=3.5 sec. h=2.4 L=17.1 T=3.5 sec. h=2.4 L=15.9

49 Bidirectional Wind/Wave Setting Site Coast Type Average Fetch (km) Longest Fetch (km) L B (m) G B (m) M b (m) B M (m) L B :G B M b :G B 6. Ware Embayment 3 to E 4 to E :1 1: Christ Straight 3 to NE 4 to SE :1.3 1: Dietrick Embayment 3 to SE 4 to E :1.5 1: Kingsmill Embayment 11 to SW 20 to S :1.2 1: Van Dyke Headland 12 to N 22 to NNW :1.4 1: Carden Headland 17 to NNE 43 to E :1.0 1: Putnam Headland 30 to SW 68 to SE :1.3 1: Elm s Beach Straight 30 to NNE 35 to SE :1.1 1:1.6 AVERAGE: 1:1.2 1:1.4 LB = Breakwater Length GB = Breakwater Gap Mb = Minimum Bay Indentation From Hardaway and Gunn, 2000

50 Unidirectional Wind/Wave Setting Site Coast Type Average Fetch (km) Longest Fetch (km) L B (m) G B (m) M b (m) B M (m) L B :G B M b :G B 1. Drummond Field Embayed 6 to SW 12 to S :2.0 1: Asbury Embayed 6 to NW 13 to NW :1.8 1: St. Catherine s Island Headland 7 to NW 15 to W :1* 1:1.4* 2. Aquia Landing Headland 7 to E 9 to NE :1.5 1: Luter Straight 13 to NNE 23 to NNW :1.7 1: Yorktown Straight 18 to NE 43 to E :1.8 1:1.8 AVERAGE: 1:1.8 1:1.9 LB = Breakwater Length GB = Breakwater Gap Mb = Minimum Bay Indentation From Hardaway and Gunn, 2000

51 The New Millenia Pax River NAS- Fuel Pier: 2001: Design elements include protecting jet fuel facility, acquire beach sand from banks and protect archaeology without bank grading. West Bank/Fort Boykin- 2002: Create unique breakwater system with large bays and minimal bank grading. Pax River NAS- Gate 4: 2004: Design for future site of Base Officers Club to soften the hard edge and provide a protective recreational beach.

52 Pax River, NAS, April 8, 1993

53 Pax River, NAS: January 11, 2003

54 Pax River, NAS: March 30,2007

55 Fuel Pier

56 West Bank/Fort Boykin

57 Fort Boykin with West Bank seen in distance

58 Pax River Gate 4: 1998

59 Pax River Gate 4: 2007

60 Gate 4

61 Lately Davis 2005: located near mouth of Bay on Eastern Shore with high eroding dunes Clarke 2008: Required upland excavation to fit the system in landward of first offshore bar so as to minimize downdrift impact. Provides enhanced tiger beetle habitat. VIMS -2010: Finally, a breakwater project off the institute to create an environmental edge to the hardened east coast and a beach dune system to the eroding west coast.

62 Davis 2008

63 Davis: 2010

64 Davis: 2011

65 Clarke: 2008, under construction

66 Clarke: 2009

67 Clarke :2010

68 Clarke: 2010

69 Headland Breakwater Systems in Chesapeake Bay, selected sites chronologically Hardaway and Gunn, 2010 ID Site Name Wave Field Install Date Average Number of Number of Lb Gb Mb Bm Fetch BWs Bays Lb : Gb Mb :Gb (km) (m) (m) (m) (m) Drummond Field 1 U September to SW :2 1:2.4 2 Aqua-Po U March to E :1.5 1:2.5 3 Claiborne U April to SE :1.2 1:1.8 4 Christ Bi July to NE :1.3 1:1.5 5 Elm s Beach Bi October to NNE :1.1 1:1.6 6 St.Cats Island U March to NW :1 1:1.4 7 Ware Bi September to E :1 1:1.4 8 Dietrick Bi October to SE :1.5 1:1.6 9 Carden Bi December to NNE :1 1: Rock Hall Bi June to SW :1.4 1: Yorktown U August 1994/ NE 2 to 2 1 to :1.8 1: Asbury U December to NW :1.8 1: Kingsmill Bi March to SW :1.2 1:12 14 Van Dyke Bi September to N :1.4 1: Luter U May to NW :1.7 1: PR FP Bi October to NW :1.2 1: West Bank U December to SE :2 1: PR G4 Bi November to NE :1.3 1: Davis Bi to SW :1.2 1: Clarke U to SW :1.3 1:1.3

71 VIMS East: Post-construction: 2010

72 VIMS West: 2010

73 VIMS East: January 2011

74 Questions? For Mr. Hardaway Yorktown, Virginia: York River and Coleman Bridge in background

Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Coastal Engineering

Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) 203 212 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Coastal Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/coastaleng Design and performance of headland bays in Chesapeake