Seasonal circulations in the Malay Peninsula Eastern continental shelf from a wave tide circulation coupled model

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1 DOI /s Sesonl irultions in the Mly Peninsul Estern ontinentl shelf from wve tide irultion oupled model Fredolin T. Tngng & Chngsui Xi & Fngli Qio & Liew Juneng & Feng Shn Reeived: 28 August 2010 / Aepted: 28 April 2011 # Springer-Verlg 2011 Astrt A wve tide irultion oupled model sed on Prineton Oen Model is estlished to study the sesonl irultion in the Mly Peninsul Estern Continentl Shelf region. The model suessfully reonstruts the oserved sesonl vrition of the irultion in the region, s well s the min urrents. The simulted tidl hrmoni onstnts, se surfe temperture, nd se surfe height nomly gree with the oservtions well. The model results show tht the upper-lyer irultion in the region is minly ontrolled y the monsoon winds, while there re two trnsitions in spring nd fll. An nti-yloni eddy is present off the Peninsulr Mlysi s est ost in summer, entered t 5 N nd E, oth in the TOPEX/Poseidon dt nd in the model. Numeril experiments show tht the wind stress url nd thymetry steering re responsile for its formtion. Keywords Mly Peninsul Estern ontinentl shelf. Sesonl irultion. Wve tide irultion oupled model Responsile Editor: Hu Wng This rtile is prt of the Topil Colletion on 2nd Interntionl Workshop on Modelling the Oen 2010 F. T. Tngng : L. Juneng Climte nd Oen Anlysis Lortory, Reserh Centre for Tropil Climte Chnge System (IKLIM), Fulty of Siene nd Tehnology, Universiti Kengsn Mlysi, Bngi, Selngor, Mlysi C. Xi (*) : F. Qio : F. Shn First Institute of Oenogrphy, Stte Oeni Administrtion (SOA), Qingdo, Chin e-mil: xis@fio.org.n 1 Introdution The Mly Peninsul Estern Continentl Shelf (MPECS) is situted in the southern prt of the South Chin Se (SCS). The SCS is the lrgest mrginl se in the Southest Asi (Fig. 1). The mximum depth of the SCS is more thn 5,000 m in the middle of the sin, ut it is muh shllower towrds the southern prt, espeilly in the Sund Shelf region nd in the Gulf of Thilnd where depth is less thn 100 m. The SCS is onneted to the western Pifi Oen through the Tiwn Strit nd Luzon Strit; muh of the wter mss nd het exhnges with the Pifi Oen re through the Luzon Strit. The SCS is lso onneted to the Sulu Se through the Mindoro Strit nd Bl Chnnel, nd t its southern end, to the Jv Se through the Gsper nd Krimt Strits nd to the Indin Oen through the Strit of Ml. The irultion in the SCS is silly monsoon driven. Strong monsoon winds during winter (DJF) result in high wind stress of over 0.1 Nm 2 espeilly over the entrl SCS. However, over the southern prt, espeilly over the Sund Shelf re nd the Gulf of Thilnd, the wind stress is less thn 0.1 Nm 2 in winter (Fig. 2). The summer winds (JJA) re reltively weker, less thn 0.1 Nm 2. The winds during utumn (SON) nd spring (MAM) re even weker. The irultion pttern in the SCS hs een the sujet of mny investigtions sine the erlier pulitions of the shemti surfe urrent hrts sed on the oserved drift urrent dt y Dle (1956) nd the study y Wyrtki (1961). Sine the 1990s, remote sensing stellite dt hve een used widely to study the surfe irultion in the SCS (e.g., Li et l. 2000; Wng et l. 2001). Fng et l. (2002) studied the sesonl irultion ptterns of the upper lyer in the southern SCS using the CTD nd ADCP dt. The in situ dt show tht in summer the upper lyer irultion of the southern SCS is dominted y n nti-yloni gyre, while

2 Fig. 1 Model domin nd thymetry, the smll figure shows the thymetry in the experiment with flt ottom in the region shllower thn 100 m (unit: m) Fig. 3 M 2 o-tidl hrt simulted using the model with homogeneous wter. Blue nd Red lines show the distriutions of phse lg (in degrees nd referred to the Beijing stndrd time (UT + 8 hours)) nd mplitude (in meters). Blk dots re the lotions of the tidl oservtion sttions d Fig. 2 Wind stress foring fields for JJA, SON, DJF, nd MAM from COADS wind dtset (units: N/m 2 )

3 Fig. 4 Sme s Fig. 3, exept for K 1 in winter stronger yloni gyre exists in the west prt of the southern SCS nd weker nti-yloni irultion in the est prt of the SCS. Their study re is to the est of 106 E nd north of 3 N, nd does not over the mjor prt of the MPECS. Fng et l. (2010) studied the volume, het, nd freshwter trnsports from the SCS to the Indonesin Ses in the orel winter of sed on Aousti- Doppler-urrent-profiler oservtions. The oservtions showed men volume trnsport of 3.6 Sv through the Krimt Strit (inluding the Gspr Strit) from the SCS to the Indonesin Ses from Jnury 13 to Ferury 12, There hve lso een numer of numeril studies on the SCS irultion (e.g., Shw nd Cho 1994; Chu et l. 1999; Yng et l. 2002). Chu et l. (1999) studied the sesonl irultion of the SCS using the Prineton Oen Model (POM) with 20-km-horizontl resolution nd 23 sigm lyers. The simulted SCS surfe irultion is generlly nti-yloni (yloni) during the summer (winter) monsoon with strong west oundry urrent. Yng et l. (2002) studied the SCS irultion, lso using the POM. Their results show tht most of the sesonl Fig. 5 Comprison etween the oserved nd modeled onstnts of the M 2 tide. Left: mplitude; Right: phse. Sttion lotions re shown with lk dots in Fig. 3. The oserved tidl hrmoni onstnts re from British Admirlty Tide nd Tidl Strem Tles. Sme s Fig. 5, exept for K 1 Simulted Amplitude (m) Simulted phse (deg) Oserved Amplitude (m) Oserved Phse (deg) Simulted Amplitude (m) Simulted phse (deg) Oserved Amplitude (m) Oserved Phse (deg)

4 vriility in the SCS is ontrolled predominntly y wind foring. With regrds to tide modeling, Fng et l. (1998) simulted the prinipl tidl onstituents M 2,S 2,K 1, nd O 1 in the SCS, Gulf of Tonkin, nd Gulf of Thilnd, nd investigted the energy udgets in these res. Zu et l. (2008) studied the tides nd their dynmi proesses in the SCS y ssimilting TOPEX/Poseidon ltimetry dt into rotropi tide model for the eight mjor onstituents (M 2, S 2,K 1,O 1,N 2,K 2,P 1, nd Q 1 ) using tidl dt inversion sheme. Fng et l. (1998) provided omprehensive survey of the studies on the SCS upper-oen irultion. Bsed on the previous studies, they onluded tht the irultion in the northern SCS is jointly driven y monsoon winds nd the Kuroshio intrusion through the Luzon Strit. The most prominent fetures of the irultion in the northern SCS re the northwest Luzon yloni gyre, the northwest Luzon yloni eddy, the Northwest Luzon Costl Current, nd the Gungdong Costl Current. On the other hnd, the irultion in the southern SCS is minly ontrolled y the monsoon winds. The min irultion fetures re the SCS Southern Cyloni Gyre during winter nd the SCS nti-yloni gyre during summer. However, the irultion in the entrl SCS is governed y monsoon winds nd the intertion etween irultions in the southern SCS nd northern SCS. Hu et l. (2000) lso provided omprehensive review of the progress on the SCS upper-oen irultion. Most of these previous studies fous on the whole SCS, the southern SCS, or northern SCS. The irultion pttern of the MPECS is muh less studied. The MPECS nd the Strit of Ml re importnt routes for interntionl shipping. This study will fous on the irultion struture nd dynmi mehnism in the MPECS region. The rest of the pper is orgnized s follows. The wve tide irultion oupled model nd experiment design re desried in Setion 2. The simulted tidl hrmoni onstnts of M 2 nd K 1 re disussed in Setion 3, the vlidtion of the Model Os. Fig. 6 Modeled (left) nd oserved (right, Reynolds nd Smith) surfe temperture in summer (JJA). Modeled (left) nd oserved (right, Reynolds nd Smith) surfe temperture in winter (DJF)

5 simulted se surfe temperture nd se surfe height is lso given in Setion 3. The simulted irultion results nd dynmi mehnism re nlyzed in Setion 4, with fous on the nti-yloni gyre off the Peninsulr Mlysi s ost entered t 5 N nd E in summer. Finlly, onlusions re given in Setion 5. 2 Numeril oen model 2.1 Model desription The numeril model used in this study is the wve tide irultion oupled model, developed y the Lortory of Mrine Sienes nd Numeril Modeling (MASNUM), Stte Oeni Administrtion of Chin. The irultion omponent of the oupled model is sed on the POM, whih uses the level 2.5 Mellor nd Ymd (M-Y) turulene losure sheme (Mellor nd Ymd 1982) to lulte vertil turulene mixing. In this setup, the vertil visosity nd diffusivity re set to omintion funtion of turulene mixing length, turulene kineti energy, nd the Rihrdson numer. However, numer of studies indited tht suh sheme hs its shortoming y overestimting se surfe temperture (SST) nd produing too shllow upper mixed lyer due to the underestimte of surfe mixing nd mixed lyer depth. Using the MASNUM wve numer spetrl model, the wveindued mixing term Bv is dded to the vertil visosity nd diffusivity in the M-Y sheme. The study y Qio et l. Fig. 7 Modeled (left) nd oserved (right, TOPEX/Poseidon) surfe elevtion nomly for JJA (units: m). Modeled (left) nd oserved (right, TOPEX/Poseidon) surfe elevtion nomly for DJF (units: m)

6 (2004) indited tht mixing indued y surfe wves plyed n importnt role in the formtion of upper-oen mixed lyer in spring nd summer. More reently, the wve tide irultion model hs een used suessfully to simulte the three-dimensionl struture of summertime irultion in the Yellow Se (Xi et l. 2006) nd lso the upwelling of Yngtze River Estury in summer (Lu et l. 2006). 2.2 Model onfigurtion The model domin enompsses the southern prt of the SCS from 3 S 15 N, 99 E 116 E (Fig. 1). The model topogrphy is sed on the GEBCO_08 topogrphy dt (Downloded from The topogrphy in the model grid is otined y verging depth of the nerest 10 grid points in the GEBCO_08. The model resolution is 1/18 1/18 (6 km), with 51 sigm levels in the vertil. It is fored, unless stted otherwise, y the limtologil winds long with surfe het fluxes; tides nd open oundry onditions re inorported. However, oth river outflow nd evportive flux re exluded. Both the monthly limtology wind stress nd net het fluxes re tken from the Comprehensive Oen-Atmosphere Dt Set (COADS; d Silv et l. 1994). The het flux is pplied following Hney (1971): Q ¼ Q þ dq ðt o dt T o Þ where susript represents dt from the COADS, Q is the net het flux, dq/dt is the grdient of the net het flux with respet to SST, T o is the monthly men limtologil SST from the COADS, nd T is model SST. The temperture nd slinity fields re initilized, unless stted otherwise, from the Levitus nnul men temperture nd slinity (Levitus 1982). The open lterl oundry onditions (veloity, se level, temperture, nd slinity) re interpolted from the output of n Indo- Pifi model of 1/6 1/6 resolution. The Indo-Pifi model is lso the MASNUM wve tide irultion oupled model. Its domin is 20 S 50 N, 30 E 150 E. It hs the sme setup nd use the sme foring with the 1/18 model used in this study. Although tides re onsidered high frequeny nd ommonly ignored in limtologil models (e.g., Chu et l. 1999), tidl d Fig. 8 Flow during JJA t surfe, 10 m, 30 m, nd d 50 m

7 retifition nd tidl-indued mixing re onsidered in this model y dding the tidl yle urrent t the oundry. Tides re onsidered y dding the tidl urrent s rdition ondition for the open oundry, tht is, rffiffiffiffi g U ¼ U g ðþ ðς g þ ς T ς M Þ H where U g nd ς g re otined from the results of the Indo- Pifi model simultion, (±) depends on the diretion of the outwrd norml t the open oundry, H nd g re wter depth nd grvittionl elertion, nd ς M is the model omputed elevtion. ς T is the tidl elevtion, ς T ¼ Aosðwt fþ where ω is the ngulr frequeny, A is the tidl mplitude, nd f is the phse lg. The tidl mplitude nd lg re otined from the glol TPXO.6 tide model of the Oregon Stte University (Egert et l. 1994). Four omponents of tide inluding M 2,S 2,K 1,nd O 1 re onsidered. To ommodte for the spin-up time, the model is integrted for 20 yers, nd the simulted fields of the finl yer re nlyzed nd presented in this pper. 3 Model vlidtion 3.1 Verifition of simulted tide The model is first run with only tidl foring nd homogenous wter y setting temperture nd slinity t 15 C nd 35 psu in the whole domin, respetively. Figures 3 nd 4 show the o-tidl nd o-mplitude lines for M 2 nd K 1 tide omponents, respetively. The simulted o-tidl nd o-mplitudes lines gree very well with the previous studies (e.g., Fng et l. 1999; Zu et l. 2008). The hrmoni onstnts of M 2 nd K 1 tides re plotted in Fig. 5,, with vlues of oserved tides of severl sttions whose lotions re indited s lk dots in Fig. 3. For M 2, the men solute error of the mplitude is 0.06 m, while the phse is 9.9. For K 1, the men solute error of the mplitude is 0.03 m, while the phse is 7.8. The oserved tidl hrmoni onstnts re from British Admirlty Tide nd Tidl Strem Tles. 3.2 Verifition of SST The model simulted sesonl-men SSTs (left pnel) re ompred with the oserved high-resolution SST limtology (right pnel) in Fig. 6,. The oserved dt re from d Fig. 9 Sme s Fig. 8, exept for SON

8 Reynolds nd Smith (1994) with horizontl resolution of During summer, the most importnt feture of SST is the old tongue long the Vietnm ost ssoited with the estwrd dvetion y the SE Vietnm Offshore urrent. Both the oservtion nd the model show this feture. During winter (Fig. 6), the modeled SST pttern lso grees the oservtion well. There is temperture front off the Vietnm s southest ost, whih extends to the MPECS. The front is ssoited with the strong southwrd urrent long the west oundry, whih rings the old wter from the north to the south. 3.3 Verifition of se surfe height The omprisons etween simulted se surfe height (SSH) nomly nd oserved SSH nomly from the TOPEX/Poseidon ltimeter dt re given in Fig. 7,. It n e seen tht simulted SSH nomly pttern rodly grees with the oservtion. During summer (Fig. 7), the SSH nomlies re low over the Sund Shelf, Gulf of Thilnd, nd Vietnm ost, while they re high in the northest prt of the region. The SSH nomly pttern shows tht the upper lyer irultion of the southern SCS is dominted y n nti-yloni gyre in summer. During winter, the SSH nomlies re high in the Sund Shelf, Gulf of Thilnd, Vietnm ost while low in the northest prt of the region, there exists low enter t (111E,6 N). The SSH nomly pttern shows tht the upper-lyer irultion of the southern SCS is dominted y yloni gyre in winter. All the ove omprisons show tht the model resonly reprodues the irultion in the region. 4 The simulted irultion results The simulted sesonlly verged upper-oen urrent fields (surfe, 10, 30, nd 50 m) re given in Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11. In generl, the urrents re firly well simulted when ompred to oservtionl studies (Dle 1956; Wyrtki 1961; Fng et l. 1998, 2002) nd other numeril results (Chu et l. 1999; Yng et l. 2002). Some smll-sle irultion ptterns n e identified from our model results due to the fine horizontl resolution (~6 km). The irultion in the southern SCS is minly ontrolled y the monsoon winds, while here re two trnsitions in spring d Fig. 10 Sme s Fig. 8, exept for DJF

9 d Fig. 11 Sme s Fig. 8, exept for MAM nd fll. The min irultion fetures re the SCS ntiyloni gyre (Fig. 8, ) during summer nd the SCS Southern Cyloni Gyre (Fig. 10) during winter. In the following setions, we disuss the sesonl irultion ptterns with fous on summer nd winter. 4.1 Upper-oen urrent in summer The simulted upper-oen urrent in summer is given in Fig. 8. In the surfe lyer (Fig. 8), the northwrd flows from the Krimt Strit rnh out into strong western Fig. 12 Monthly men se level nomlies from TOPEX/Poseidon ltimetry dt. July-2007, July-2008

10 oundry tht flows long the est ost of Peninsulr Mlysi nd weker omponent tht feeds into the Borneo Costl Current. In the viinity of the Ntun Islnd, rther wek nti-yloni eddy is lso simulted, whih is onsistent with Dle (1956). The northwrd flowing western oundry urrent long the est Peninsulr Mlysi ost turns northestwrd t out 7 N nd ontinues flowing long the Vietnm ost. It turns northestwrd nd leves the Vietnm ost etween 10 N nd 13 N, known s the southest Vietnm offshore urrent (SEVOC; Fng et l. 1998). The urrent field t the depth of 10 m (Fig. 8) grees with the ADCP oservtions (Fng et l. 2002; Fig. 6). At this depth, the strong western oundry urrent nd the SEVOC re similr to those in the surfe lyer. The SEVOC turns southestwrd t (112 E, 10 N) nd forms the north nd est rnhes of the SCS Southern Antiyloni Gyre (SAG; Fng et l. 1998). The urrent field t the depth of 30 m (Fig. 8) shows the sin-sle SCS SAG more lerly thn tht t the depth of 10 m. Within the sin-sle nti-yloni gyre, n ntiyloni eddy is fetured off the Peninsulr Mlysi s ost entered t 5 N nd E with dimeter of out km (see the re within the red retngle in Fig. 8). In our knowledge, suh n eddy hs not een highlighted in previous modeling studies or reported y ny previous survey. This eddy n e onfirmed y the monthly men TOPEX/Poseidon SSH nomlies in July 2007 nd July 2008 (Fig. 12). The oserved SSH nomlies show there exists high enter (n nti-yloni eddy) off the Peninsulr Mlysi s ost entered t 5 N nd E in July 2007 nd July 2008 (see the res within the retngles in Fig. 12). The dimeter of the eddy is out km. Both the enter position nd the sle of the model reprodued eddy oinide with the oserved eddies. The forming mehnism of the eddy will e explored in 4.4 using numeril experiments. 4.2 Upper-oen urrent in winter The simulted upper-oen urrent ptterns in winter (Fig. 10) re onsistent with the previous oservtions (Dle 1956) nd Fig. 13 Monthly men wind stress url in June, July, August, nd Septemer from COADS dtset (units: 1.0e-8 N/m 3 )

11 model results (Chu et l. 1999). The whole southern sin of the SCS experienes yloni irultion. The entrl westwrd ross-sin flows feed into the strong nd nrrow Vietnm ost urrent tht flows southwrd. Most of the urrents flow southwrd long est ost of the Peninsulr Mlysi to the Krimt Strit. A strong yloni eddy is lso simulted north of the Ntun Islnd with its enter loted t 6 N nd 110 E. At the estern side, muh weker southwestern Borneo Costl Current is lso simulted. 4.3 Upper-oen urrent during the monsoon trnsitions The irultion ptterns during SON (Fig. 9) resemle those during JJA, ut re muh weker due to weker winds in the period. However, the su-surfe yloni eddy off the northern Peninsulr Mlysi s ost is still present in the simultion. The irultion during MAM (Fig. 11) is somewht different with the flow in the southern SCS eing predominntly westwrd ross-sin flow. Stronger nd roder Borneo Costl Currents re simulted, whih lter feed into the southwrd flowing western oundry urrent long the Peninsulr Mlysi ost. The northern rnh of the ross-sin flow lso feeds into northwrd flowing oundry urrent long the Vietnm ost. 4.4 The formtion mehnism of the eddy off the Peninsulr Mlysi s ost in summer Both wind stress url nd thymetry steering my e responsile for the formtion of the nti-yloni eddy off the Peninsulr Mlysi s ost entered t (105.5 E, 5 N) in summer (see Setion 4.1). The wind stress urls in June, July, August, nd Septemer in the region re shown in Fig. 13. They re negtive off the Peninsulr Mlysi s ost nd in the re to the south of 10 N in the region, so the wind is fvorle for n nti-yloni eddy. The thymetry in the est Mly Peninsul shelf (Fig. 1, see the re within the red retngle) shows there exists sin entered ner (105.5 E, 5 N); this kind of thymetry steering is lso fvorle for n nti-yloni eddy. To revel the possile mehnism, we designed two more numeril experiments. For Exp 1, the wind stress is set to the domin-verged wind stress, tht is, the wind url=0. For Exp 2, the model topogrphy shllower thn 100 m is set to 100 m exept for the region ner the open oundry (see the smll figure in Fig. 1). Flow fields t the depth of 30 m during the summer in different numeril experiments re shown in Fig. 14. Onensee Fig. 14 Flow t the depth of 30 m during JJA in different numeril experiments. Control run, Cse with wind url=0, Cse with flt ottom

12 when the wind url is set to 0 (Exp 1), the eddy is muh weker nd its enter hnges (Fig. 14); so the wind stress url is prtly responsile for the formtion of the eddy. The sin-sle nti-yloni gyre in the southern SCS is lso weker thn tht in the ontrol run. For the experiment with flt ottom (Exp. 2), the eddy is lso weker espeilly in the northern prt of the eddy (Fig. 14), without the thymetry steering the strong flow moving loser to the ost. Exp 2 shows the thymetry steering is prtly responsile for the formtion oftheeddy.theresultsofthe experiments show tht oth wind stress url nd thymetry steering re responsile for the formtion of the nti-yloni eddy. 5 Conlusions nd disussions The sesonl irultion in MPECS region is studied using wve tide irultion oupled model sed on POM. The simulted tidl hrmoni onstnts nd temperture struture gree with the oservtions well. The simulted sesonl irultion ptterns lso gree with oservtions. The min urrents in the region re well reprodued. The model results show tht the upper lyer flow field in this region is ontrolled y the northest monsoon in winter nd south-west monsoon in summer. An nti-yloni eddy is fetured off-peninsulr Mlysi s ost entered t 5 N nd E, the eddy is onfirmed y the oserved TOPEX/Poseidon se surfe height normlly. Using two numeril experiments, we find tht oth wind stress url nd thymetry steering re responsile for the formtion of the nti-yloni eddy. The model suessfully reonstruts the sesonl vrition of the irultion in the Mly Peninsul Est Shelf. Further study is needed to explore the inter-nnul vrition of the irultion in the region. Aknowledgment The reserh is supported y the Chinese Nturl Siene Foundtion under ontrt nd , Chinese Ntionl Fundmentl Reserh projet under ontrt 2010CB951902, Chinese Puli Welfre projet under grnt no , nd Chinese 908-Projet under grnt no , y the Mlysin Government Siene Fund Grnt ( SF0412), UKM Reserh University Grnt (UKM-AP-PI /2) nd y the Fundmentl Reserh Grnt Sheme (FRGS) Grnts (UKM-ST-02-FRGS nd UKM-ST-07-FRGS ). Dr. Shn Feng s postdotorl reserh t the Ntionl University of Mlysi ws funded y the grnt provided y the university. The uthors would like to thnk Guohong Fng nd Zexun Wei for their help in the tidl modeling. The uthors lso knowledge NOAA s Pifi Mrine Environmentl Lortory for their Ferret softwre. Referenes Chu PC et l (1999) Dynmil mehnisms for the South Chin Se sesonl irultion nd thermohline vrilities. J Phys Oenogr 29: d Silv A, Young C, Levitus S (1994) Atls of Surfe Mrine Dt 1994, vol. 1, Algorithms nd Proedures, NOAA Atls NESDIS 6, U.S. Dep. of Comm., Wshington, D. C. 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