Animal Classification & Physiology

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Noel McDaniel
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1 Animal Classification & Physiology

2 Learning Intention 17 th October 2012 We are learning to: Distinguish between the different phylums and identify members of each phylum with an agricultural significance

3 Success Criteria 17 th Oct 2012 Students will: Be able to differentiate between the different phylums Be able to describe the life cycles of liver fluke and babesia Be able to name examples from every phylum

4 Set Induction 17 th Oct 2012 Identify different species in agriculture and their characteristics *Go to animal test with solutions

5 Classification of Animals Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species This is a binomial system because they all have 2 names E.g. Homo sapiens, poa annua, trifolium repens, Equus caballus

6 Species Relating to Agriculture Phylum: Protozoa(Kingdom Protista) Single celled animals Free-living in sea + freshwater Microscopic E.g. Babesia causes redwater in cattle - transmitted by bites of a blood-sucking tick - inside the cow it multiplies at a great rate causing red blood cells to burst - Causes anaemia, weakness, lack of thrive in cattle - it closely related to malaria in humans

7 Life Cycle of Babesia Enters Tick When tick sucks blood Form Gametes By meiosis Vast increase In numbers By asexual reproduction Diploid Zygote Transferred to cow When tick sucks Blood again

8 How to tackle Redwater Vaccination (vaccinating pregnant cow) Topping + clean pastures No mixing of stock (good fencing) Rear your own replacements, do not buy in

9 Phylum: Platyhelminthes Flat worm Bilaterally symmetrical (have a front end and rear end) They are triploblastic (3 body layers) (edoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) Example = Liverfluke

10 Liverfluke (Fasciola hepatica) Hermaphrodite will fertilise itself if no mates are available Oral and ventral sucker for feeding + attachment to the host They have a tough outer layer called the cuticle It is an obligate parasite (must live off another living host)

12 Liver Fluke 1. The fertilised eggs are egested via the small and large intestines. 2. If conditions are suitable, i.e. greater than 10 C and a ph of less than 7.5, the eggs hatch. The miracidium emerges from the eggthis stage is free living. 3. The miracidium has 24 hours to find a watersnail. 4. Once the miracidium enters the watersnail its body structure changes. It is now referred to as the sporocyst. 5. Asexual reproduction occurs inside the body of the sporocyst resulting in the next stage known as the redia. 6. Asexual reproduction occurs inside the body of the redia resulting in the next stage known as the cercarium. 7. The cercaria leave the body of the watersnail. 8. The cercaria uses its tail to swim up a blade of grass, there it encysts and waits to be eaten.

13 How can the Farmer prevent infection Dosing twice yearly (Anti-helminthic) Drainage of land Fence off wet land Clean pasture (rotational grazing) Liming helps flocculation and therefore drainage Ducks + geese predator of snail Molluscides remove snail from pasture

14 Tapeworm (Class Cestoda) These belong to the same phylum They live in the intestines of farm animals Not a big problem because of regular dosing They have a cuticle to protect them

15 Phylum: Nematoda Round worms Free-living in soil nematodes - plant nematodes = eelworms - animal nematodes = round worms Features - its round in the cross section - they are not segmented - pointed at both ends - separate sexes

16 Roundworm 1. Female roundworms lay eggs that pass in the faecas of cattle. 2. Free-living larvae develop and hatch from the egg. 3. The larvae undergo two more stages of development. At this point, they infect cattle. 4. The larvae attach themselves to grasses that are ingested by the cow. They mature in the intestines of the cow and reproduce. Females can produce eggs two to four weeks after ingestion

17 Roundworm Life cycle

18 Homework 17 th October d, 9d d e d 2011 Q5

19 Agricultural Examples Hoose/lungworms Ostertagia Nematodirus Potato eelworm

20 Recall 23 rd October 2012 Draw the life cycle of the liverfluke

21 Learning Intention 23 rd October 2012 We are learning to: Distinguish between the different phylums and identify members of each phylum with an agricultural significance

22 Success Criteria 23 rd Oct 2012 Students will: Be able to differentiate between the different phylums Be able to describe the life cycles of for incomplete and complete metamorphosis Be able to name examples from every phylum

23 Set Induction 23 rd Oct 2012 Write down a short description of a earthworm What are the benefits of earthworms?

24 Phylum: Annelida Features Round in cross section Segmented 4 pairs of bristles on each segment They have a body cavity called a coelome Clitellum (saddle)

25 Digestive System Earthworms are bulk feeders They ingest large quantities of soil Its stored in the crop Its crushed in the gizzard Some of the goodness is absorbed in the intestine The rest is passed as wormcasts Earthworms are harmaphrodite They only cross fertilise

26 The clitellum or saddle is the thickened band found on segments Its function is fertilisation occurs there + it forms a cocoon for the developing eggs.

27 Phylum: Mollusca Snails, slugs, octopus, squid The main characteristic is they have a slimy foot They have a saw-like tongue called a radula Difference between slugs and snails is that slugs have no shell Agricultural Importance Secondary host in the liver-fluke life cycle Pest on crops damage crops

28 Phylum: Arthropoda Jointed limbs Exoskeleton Class: Insecta 3 body parts - head, thorax, abdomen 3 pairs of legs 2 pairs of wings Compound eyes Class: Arachnida 4 pairs of legs 2 body parts

29 This phylum contains 90% of all species on earth These animals regularly * moult * (ecdysis = lose their exoskeleton + grow a new larger one) This occurs in an incomplete metamorphosis life cycle

31 Complete Metamorphosis Lifecycle Some of the anthropods undergo a complete metamorphosis lifecycle Examples of Complete Metamorphosis - Caterpillar Butterfly - Leatherjacket Cranefly (During larval stage all 3 eat roots & lower stems) - Wireworm - Clickbeetle

33 Life Cycle of Aphids

34 Centipedes Millipedes Woodlice Mites Ticks Flies Bluebottles Daddy long legs Beetles Mosquitoes

35 Parasites A parasite lives on another living organism Ectoparasites live on the outside e.g. fleas, lice, ringworm, scabies, aphids Endoparasites live inside, they usually have a sucker for connection, tough outer covering, they produce large numbers of eggs + are usually capable of asexual reproduction Protozoa Simple Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata Advanced

36 Phylum: Chordata This phylum contains all backboned animals (vertebrates) E.g. humans, cows, sheep, rats There are 2 groups of importance in agriculture 1) Class: Aves (Birds) 2) Class: Mammalia Warm Blooded - Birds + Mammals are the only warm blooded animals meaning their temperature is regulated independently of their surroundings Cold Blooded - These animals take the temperature of their surroundings e.g. snakes need to bask in sun to warm blood

37 Birds (Class: Aves) Feathers Light bones No teeth Different beaks according to diet No bladder urine mixes with faeces

38 Class: Mammalia Mammals have hair Most mammals produce live young The unborn is nourished in the womb via the placenta Milk is produced from the mother for the offspring

The Animal Kingdom. Animal Kingdom. Characteristics of All Animals. Major Characteristics Used To Classify Animals

The Animal Kingdom. Animal Kingdom. Characteristics of All Animals. Major Characteristics Used To Classify Animals The Animal Kingdom Animal Kingdom Phylums: 1. Sponges 2. Cnidaria Jelly Fish, Hydra 3. Flatworms Flukes, Tapeworms 4. Roundworms- Hookworms 5. Segmented Worms- Earthworms 6. Rotifera- Rotifers 7. Mullusca