Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Acid Whey Powder on Growth Performance and Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks

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1 Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 4 (): 67-7, 05 ISSN Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 05 Effect of Different Dietry Levels of Acid Whey Powder on Growth Performnce nd Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks Mohmmd Khni, Mjid Toghyni nd Mrjn Foroughi Deprtment of Animl Science, Isfhn (Khorsgn) Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Isfhn, Irn Isfhn Pegh Milk Compny, Isfhn, Irn Astrct: The present study ws crried out to evlute the effect of different levels of cid whey powder (AWP) nd low lctose cid whey powder (LLAWP) on growth performnce nd immunity of roiler chicks. A totl of 46 one-dy old roiler chicks (Ross 308) were rndomly llocted to of 8 isocloric nd isonitrogenous dietry tretments (4 pen replictes; 3 irds per pen) nd grown over 4-d experimentl period. The Dietry tretments included control,,.5, 5, 7.5% AWP nd.5, 5 nd 7.5% LLAWP. Body weight gin (BWG), feed intke (FI) nd feed conversion rtio (FCR) were recorded iweekly throughout 4 d. Antiody titers ginst Newcstle nd influenz viruses nd sheep red lood cells (SRBC) were determined to evlute immune responses. In overll growth period, BWG in roilers received.5 or 5% LLAWP significntly incresed nd FCR in those fed.5% LLAWP decresed (p<0.05). Broilers received 5% LLAWP hd the gretest FI in overll growth period (p<0.05). Lymphoid orgns weight nd ntiody titers ginst Newcstle nd influenz viruses nd SRBC were not ffected significntly y dietry tretments (p>0.05). It ws concluded tht,.5% dietry LLAWP improved performnce nd AWP could e used up to 5% in diet without dverse effects on performnce nd immunity of roiler chicks. Key words: Broiler, cid whey, lctose, performnce, immunity INTRODUCTION Whey is fluid milk product otined during the mnufcture of cheese, csein or similr products y seprtion from the curd fter cogultion of milk nd products otined from milk. In cid whey, Cogultion is otined principlly y cidifiction nd in whey through the ction of principlly rennet type enzymes. The ph nd protein of cid whey is lower thn whey (ph: 4 vs 5. nd protein 7 vs %). In spite of its lnced nutrients, liquid whey is disposed s wste product. Liquid whey hs high iologicl oxygen demnd so its disposl in rivers kills living orgnisms. Environmentl pollution is lso concern in mny countries (Thivend, 977). In theory, protein content of whey includes lph nd $-lctogloulin, "-lctlumin, immunogloulins, ovine serum lumin, lctoferrin nd lctoperoxidse. Thus, whey cn e used s vlule source of protein for nimls (Brunner, 98; Szczurek et l., 03). Dried whey tht is produced from its liquid form cn e used in poultry diets (Susmel et l., 995). Supplementing whey to diet, contriute to digestiility nd sorption of nutrients in diet. For yers, whey powder hs een used in nutrition of monogstric nimls (Blloun nd Khjrern, 974; Dmron et l., 97). Blloun nd Khjrern (974) reported tht supplementing whey powder in turkey pouts incresed BWG nd nitrogen retention. It hs een shown tht inclusion of to 4 percent whey powder in diet of roilers hd eneficil effects on performnce (Kermnshhi nd Rostmi, 006). Dietry supplementtion of whey powder to monogstrics significntly incresed protein nd ft digestiility, improved feed to gin rtio (Blloun nd Khjrern, 974) nd incresed the sorption of minerls such s C, P, Cu, Fe nd Mg (Erl nd Slim, 98). A mjor fctor potentilly ffecting the use of whey powder in poultry feeds is the high presence of lctose (60%). In contrst to mmmls, irds hve no lctse ($-glctosidse) which is required to digest lctose nd so they re unle to efficiently digest lctose nd out hlf of ingested lctose psses into the lower intestinl trct (Atkinson et l., 957). Aneroic microiot which re living in the gstrointestinl trct (GIT) of the irds convert lctose to short-chin orgnic cids, especilly lctte nd propionte (Rehmn et l., 009). Moreover, due to the incresing production of voltile ftty cids (VFAs), ph of the GIT decreses (Ziggers, 000). Therefore, it seems tht cid whey my ct s nturl proiotic in irds, improving survivl rtes nd performnce of roiler chicks. It lso might tht oth level nd lctose content of the whey supplement significntly ffect roilers performnce. However, the effect of different dietry levels of low lctose cid whey nd cid whey powder in roilers diet is less investigted. Therefore, the ojectives of this Corresponding Author: Mjid Toghyni, Deprtment of Animl Science, Isfhn (Khorsgn) Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Isfhn, Irn 67

2 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4 (): 67-7, 05 study were to investigte the effects of different dietry levels of low lctose cid whey nd cid whey powder on growth performnce nd immunity in roiler chicks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Birds, diets nd mngement: A totl of 46 dy-old roiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighed individully nd ssigned to of 8 isonitrogenous nd isocloric dietry tretments (4 pen replictes; 3 irds/cge) in completely rndomized design. Dietry tretments included control,,.5, 5 nd 7.5% cid whey powder nd.5, 5 nd 7.5% low lctose cid whey powder. The ingredients nd composition of experimentl diets re presented in Tle -3. The cid whey powder ws provided from Isfhn Pegh Milk Compny nd nlyzed for the components (Cp: 8.6, P:.5, C: 0.43, N:.3, lctose 78% nd in low lctose 40%). Chicks were rised on floor pens for 6 weeks nd hd free ccess to feed nd wter throughout the entire experimentl period (0-4 dys). The lighting progrm consisted of period of 3 h light nd h of drkness. Growth performnce: BW of roilers were determined t, 4, 8 nd 4 dys of ge. FI nd ody weight gin were recorded in different periods nd FCR ws clculted. Mortlity ws recorded s it occurred. At 4 dys of ge, two irds per replicte were rndomly selected, slughtered nd lymphoid orgns such s urs of Frecius nd spleen were collected, weighed nd clculted s percentge of live ody weight. Immune system mesurements: At 4 dys of ge, two irds per replicte were rndomly selected, slughtered nd lymphoid orgns such s urs of Frecius nd spleen were collected, weighed nd clculted s percentge of live ody weight. At 0 dys of ge, Newcstle nd influenz ntigens were injected to chicks with dul vccine of Newcstleinfluenz. Two chicks per pen were selected rndomly for injection with.0 ml of % sheep red lood cells (SRBC) suspension on dy 5. Five dys post immuniztion, the sme wing-nded irds were led to determine ntiody titer ginst SRBC nd lso ginst influenz nd Newcstle. Susequently ntiody titer ginst SRBC ws mesured y HA method nd ntiody titer ginst influenz nd Newcstle were seprtely mesured y HI method. Sttisticl nlysis: All dt were sujected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS softwre (SAS, 996) s completely rndom design. The tretment mens were seprted y LSD tests t p<0.05 sttisticl level. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth performnce: Tle 4 shows the growth performnce of roiler chickens fter. In strter period (-4 d) BWG depressed significntly in chicks fed control nd % whey powder compred with those fed whey powder diets (p<0.05). In this period FI significntly incresed in roilers fed 5 nd 7.5% cid whey powder nd FCR ws incresed in control nd % whey powder (p<0.05). FI of roilers in grower nd finisher periods were significntly ffected y dietry tretments nd 5% low lctose hd the gretest FI (p<0.05). In overll growth performnce, BWG significntly incresed in groups received.5 nd 5% nd FI incresed in roilers given 5% low lctose whey powder (p<0.05). FCR significntly improved in roilers fed.5% low lctose whey powder (p<0.05). In this experiment improvement in growth performnce oserved in diet supplemented with low lctose whey powder, especilly t level of.5%. Lctose is mjor component of whey powder nd is discchride tht nturlly occurs in mmmlin milk. Lctose or milk sugr cn e roken down into its two smller components of glctose nd glucose y lctse enzyme. Lctose content of whey powder is limiting fctor for using whey powder in poultry diet ecuse of poultry re lcking enzyme lctse (Hrms et l., 977). In the present study, lctose contents were 78 nd 40% in whey powder nd low lctose whey powder, respectively. Therefore, poultry cn not well digest high levels of whey powder in their diets nd this my cuse dirrhe (Kermnshhi nd Rostmi, 006). The improvement in performnce of roilers fed low lctose whey powder nd low levels of whey powder tretments my lso ttriuted to this effect. Additionlly, Wldroup et l. (99) reported tht high levels of lctose in roiler diets hve een shown to increse the incidence of dirrhe. The improvement in growth performnce y whey powder ttriuted to its lnced mino cid profile, unknown growth fctor (UGF) (Al-Uidi nd Bird, 964), high qulity protein (Szczurek et l., 03; Susmel et l., 995), eing rich source of wter solule vitmins (Molder, 98) nd contriution to sorption of minerls like C, P, Cu, Fe nd Mg (Erl nd Slim, 98). Our finding regrding the improvement or none dverse effect on growth performnce y low levels of whey powder ws supported y other reserchers (Kermnshhi nd Rostmi, 006; Al-Uidi nd Bird, 964; Corrier et l., 990; Rdfr nd Frhoomnd, 008; Mjewsk et l., 009). Immune system mesurements: The effect of different levels of cid whey powder on lymphoid orgns of roiler chicks is presented in Tle 5. Dietry tretment hd no significnt effect on urs of Frecius nd spleen weights. Antiody titer ginst Newcstle nd Influenz viruses nd SRBC in roiler chicks ws not significntly ffected y whey powder (Tle 6). We expected tht immune 68

3 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4 (): 67-7, 05 Tle : Composition of the experimentl diets in strter Whey powder Ingredients (%) Control %.5% 5% 7.5% Whey powder Corn Soyen mel Soyen oil Whet rn Monoclcium phosphte Clcium cronte Slt Vitmin premix Minerl premix DL-Methionine L-Lysine HCl Clculted composition Metolizle energy (Kcl/kg) Crude protein (%) Methionine+Cysteine (%) Lysine (%) Clcium (%) Aville phosphorus (%) Vitmin premix provided per kg of diet: vitmin A:.7 mg; vitmin D3: 0.05 mg; vitmin E: 8 mg; vitmin k3: mg; Thimine:.8 mg; Rioflvin: 6.6 mg; Pntothenic cid: 0 mg; Pyridoxine: 3 mg; Cynocolmin: 0.05 mg; Nicin: 30 mg; Biotin: 0. mg; Folic cid: mg; Choline chloride: 50 mg nd Antioxidnt: 00 mg Minerl premix provided per kg of diet: Fe: 50 mg; Mn: 00 mg; Zn: 00 mg; Cu: 0 mg; I: mg; Se: 0. mg Tle : Composition of the experimentl diets in grower Whey powder Ingredients (%) Control %.5% 5% 7.5% Whey powder Corn Soyen mel Soyen oil Whet rn Monoclcium phosphte Clcium cronte Slt Vitmin premix Minerl premix DL-Methionine L-Lysine HCl Clculted composition Metolizle energy (Kcl/kg) Crude protein (%) Methionine+Cysteine (%) Lysine (%) Clcium (%) Aville phosphorus (%) Vitmin premix provided per kg of diet: vitmin A:.7 mg; vitmin D3: 0.05 mg; vitmin E: 8 mg; vitmin k3: mg; Thimine:.8 mg; Rioflvin: 6.6 mg; Pntothenic cid: 0 mg; Pyridoxine: 3 mg; Cynocolmin: 0.05 mg; Nicin: 30 mg; Biotin: 0. mg; Folic cid: mg; Choline chloride: 50 mg nd Antioxidnt: 00 mg Minerl premix provided per kg of diet: Fe: 50 mg; Mn: 00 mg; Zn: 00 mg; Cu: 0 mg; I: mg; Se: 0. mg responses of roiler chicks improved y ddition of whey found tht dietry lctose decresed Lctocillus, powder in diets ut mye ecuse of frm condition, Clostridium nd Proteus species nd incresed tht no disese ws oserved during experiment, ifidocteri in the cec (Morishit et l., 98; Vn der immunity were not ffected. However, whey powder Wielen et l., 00). Tellez et l. (993) found tht might e le to ffect immunity of roilers y chnging feeding 0% lctose in the diet resulted in significnt in ph of GIT nd microil popultion. Lctose hs lso increse in VFAs, which resulted in significnt een shown to hve eneficil effects on the GIT decrese in ph nd Slmonell Enteritidis invsion of microflor. An investigtion in dy-of-htch chicks Leghorn orgns. Similr results hve een reported 69

4 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4 (): 67-7, 05 Tle 3: Composition of the experimentl diets in finisher Whey powder Ingredients (%) Control %.5% 5% 7.5% Whey powder Corn Soyen mel Soyen oil Whet rn Monoclcium phosphte Clcium cronte Slt Vitmin premix Minerl premix DL-Methionine L-Lysine HCl Clculted composition Metolizle energy (Kcl/kg) Crude protein (%) Methionine+Cysteine (%) Lysine (%) Clcium (%) Aville phosphorus (%) Vitmin premix provided per kg of diet: vitmin A:.7 mg; vitmin D3: 0.05 mg; vitmin E: 8 mg; vitmin k3: mg; Thimine:.8 mg; Rioflvin: 6.6 mg; Pntothenic cid: 0 mg; Pyridoxine: 3 mg; Cynocolmin: 0.05 mg; Nicin: 30 mg; Biotin: 0. mg; Folic cid: mg; Choline chloride: 50 mg nd Antioxidnt: 00 mg Minerl premix provided per kg of diet: Fe: 50 mg; Mn: 00 mg; Zn: 00 mg; Cu: 0 mg; I: mg; Se: 0. mg Tle 4: Effect of different levels of cid whey powder on growth performnce of roiler chicks Whey powder Low lctose whey powder Prmeter Control %.5% 5% 7.5%.5% 5% 7.5% Body weight gin (g/d) -4 d 8.± ±0.80.7±0.4.6±0.6.4±0.3.7±0.66.4±0.0.3± d 50.4± ± ±.08 5.±.3 49.± ± ± ± d 88.±.6 84.± ±.7 87.± ± ± ± ±.8-4 d 49.± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.3 Feed consumption (g/d) c c c -4 d 9.5± ±0.7 3.± ± ± ± ± ±0. c c c 4-8 d 83.± ± ±.74 9.± ± ± ± ± d 74.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±4.58 c c c c c -4 d 94.7± ± ± ±. 95.9± ± ± ±.58 Feed conversion rtio -4 d.6± ± ± ±0.0.5±0.0.47±0.0.45±0.0.5±0.03 c c c c c c 4-8 d.73± ±0.09.7±0.04.8± ± ± ±0.07.6± d.98±0.09.6± ± ± ±0.3.98±0.6.±0.0.79±0.0-4 d.9± ± ± ± ±0.07.8±0.06.9± ±0.0 Mens within the sme row without common superscripts differ significntly (p<0.05) Tle 5: Effect of different levels of cid whey powder on lymphoid orgns of roiler chicks Whey powder Low lctose whey powder Lymphoid orgns (Percentge of LBW) Control %.5% 5% 7.5%.5% 5% 7.5% Burs of fercius 0.5±0.0 0.±0.0 0.± ± ± ±0.0 0.± ±0.0 Spleen 0.4±0.0 0.±0.0 0.±0.0 0.±0.0 0.±0.0 0.± ±0.0 0.±0.0 Mens within the sme row without common superscripts differ significntly (p<0.05) Tle 6: Effect of different levels of cid whey powder on ntiody titer ginst Newcstle nd Influenz viruses nd sheep red lood cell (SRBC) of roiler chicks t 30 d Whey powder Low lctose whey powder Antiody titer (Log) Control %.5% 5% 7.5%.5% 5% 7.5% Newcstle 5.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.36 Influenz 6.38± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.3 SRBC 7.50± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.6 Mens within the sme row without common superscripts differ significntly (p<0.05). LBW: Live ody weight when lctose ws provided in the drinking wter (.5%) in cteriosttic effect of cetic cid nd propionic cid or in the feed (5 or 0%), showing significnt increses due to decrese in cecl ph (Corrier et l., 990). 70

5 Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4 (): 67-7, 05 Conclusion: It could e concluded from this study tht lctose content of whey powder ffected the growth performnce, so tht dietry inclusion of low lctose cid whey especilly t levels of.5% in diet improved growth performnce of roiler chicks. Inclusion of cid whey powder up to 5% in diet of roiler chicks hd no dverse effect on performnce nd immunity of roiler chicks. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The uthors cknowledge the Isfhn Pegh Milk Compny for their finncil support. REFERENCES Al-Uidi, Y.Y. nd H.R. Bird, 964. Assy for the unidentified growth fctor in dried whey. Poult. Sci., 43: Atkinson, R.L., F.H. Krtzer nd G.F. Stewr, 957. Lctose in niml nd humn feeding: A review. J. Diry Sci., 40: 4-3. Blloun, S.L. nd J.K. Khjrern, 974. The effects of whey nd yest on digestiility of nutrients in fether mel. Poult. Sci., 53: Brunner, J.R., 98. Cow milk protein: Twenty five yers of progress. J. Diry Sci., 64: Corrier, D.E., A. Jr. Hinton, R.L. Ziprin nd J.R. Deloch, 990. Effect of dietry lctose on Slmonell coloniztion of mrket ge roiler chicks. Avin Dis., 34: Dmron, B.L., D.P. Eerst nd R.H. Hrms, 97. The influence of prtilly delctosed whey, fish mel nd supplementl iotin in roiler diets. Poult. Sci., 50: Erl, W.G. nd A.A. Slim, 98. The effect of lctose supplementtion nd source on feed intke nd production chrcteristics of lying hen. Poult. Sci., 6: Hrms, R.H., B.L. Dmron nd C.F. Simpson, 977. Effect of wet litter nd supplementl iotin nd whey on the production of feet pd dermtitis in roilers. Poult. Sci., 56: Kermnshhi, H. nd H. Rostmi, 006. Influence of supplementl dried whey on roiler performnce nd cecl flor. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: Mjewsk, T., K. Pudyszk, K. Kozlowski, K. Bohdziewicz nd P. Mtusevicius, 009. Whey nd lctic cid in roiler chickens nutrition. Vet. Med. Zootech., 47: Molder, H.W., 98. The use of whey s niml feed nd fertilizer. Int. Diry Federtion. Brussels, Belgium. Morishit, Y., R. Fuller nd M. Cotes, 98. Influence of dietry lctose on the gut flor of chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 3: Rdfr, M. nd P. Frhoomnd, 008. The role of proiotic nd source of lctose s feed dditives on performnce nd gut improvement in roilers. Asin J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 3: Rehmn, H., W. Vhjen, A. Kohl-Prisini, A. Ijz nd J. Zentek, 009. Influence of fermentle crohydrtes on the intestinl cteri nd enteropthogens in roilers. World Poult. Sci. J., 65: SAS Institute, 996. SAS/STAT Softwre: Chnges nd Enhncements through Relese 6.. Version 8. SAS Inst. Inc., Cry, NC. Susmel, P., M. Spnghero, B. Stefnon, C.R. Mills nd C. Crgnelutti, 995. Rumen fermenttion chrcteristics nd digestiility of cttle diets contining different whey: mize rtios. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 53: 8. Szczurek, W., B. Szymczyk, A. Arczewsk-Wlosek, D. Jozefik nd M.N. Alloui, 03. The effects of dietry whey protein concentrte level on performnce, selected intestinl trct nd lood prmeters nd thiorituric cid rective sustnces in the liver nd rest met of roiler chickens. J. Anim. Feed Sci., : Tellez, G., C.E. Den, D.E. Corrier, J.R. DeLoch, L. Jeger nd B.M. Hrris, 993. Effect of dietry lctose on cecl morphology, ph, orgnic cids nd slmonell emeritidis orgn invsion in leghorn chicks. Poult. Sci., 7: Thivend, P., 977. Use of whey in feeding ruminnts: with prticulr references to pollution prolems. World Anim. Rev., 3: 0. Vn der Wielen, P.W.J.J., F. Vn Knpen nd S. Biesterveld, 00. Effect of dministrtion of Lctocillus crisptus, Clostridium lcttifermentns nd dietry lctose on the development of the norml microflor nd voltile ftty cids in the cec of roiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: Wldroup, A., W. Ymguchi, J.T. Skinner nd P.W. Wldroup, 99. Effects of dietry lctose on incidence nd levels of slmonelle on crcsses of roiler chickens grown to mrket ge. Poult. Sci., 7: Ziggers, D., 000. Tos, new proiotics derived from whey. Feed Tech., 5: