Pakistan Entomologist

Transcription

1 Pkistn Entomologist Journl homepge: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY STIMULI AFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF RHAGOLETIS CINGULATA (LOEW) AND R. FAUSTA (OSTEN SACKEN) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) 1 * 2 Jessic L. Kostrides nd Oscr E. Liurd 1 Deprtment of Entomology, Center for Integrted Plnt Systems B-9, Michign Stte University, Est Lnsing, MI Entomology nd Nemtology Deprtment, Nturl Are Drive, University of Florid, Ginesville, FL ARTICLE INFORMATION Received: June 2, 213 Received in revised form: June 2, 213 Accepted: June 25, 213 *Corresponding Author: Oscr E. Liurd Emil: oeliurd@ufl.edu ABSTRACT During 2 nd 21, we investigted modifictions of the Reell trp to improve monitoring efficiency nd to gin insights into visul nd olfctory differences etween Rhgoletis cingult (Loew) nd R. fust (Osten Scken). Additionl studies were conducted to evlute species-specific response to host fruit nd folige. Significntly more R. cingult were cught on mmonium-cette ited yellow Reell trps, compred with other trp models tested. On n verge, mmonium-cette ited yellow Reell trps cptured 1.8, 8.6 nd 18.8 times s mny R. cingult s the united yellow Reell (stndrd), ited trnsprent Reell nd united trnsprent Reell trps, respectively. The results for R. fust vried from those of R. cingult. There ws no significnt difference in the numer of R. fust cptured on mmonium-cette ited nd united yellow Reell (stndrd) trps. However, oth yellow Reell trps (ited nd united) cptured significntly more flies thn trnsprent (ited nd united) Reell trps. Overll, yellow Reell trps (ited nd united) cptured significntly more R. cingult nd R. fust femles thn mles compred with trnsprent trps. In experiments to investigte R. fust response to host fruit nd folige, we found tht trps plced in sour cherry trees, Prunus cersus L., with dequte fruit nd folige ttrcted significntly more R. fust flies compred with trps plced in trees tht hd fruit, ut no leves, or trees without fruit ut with leves. Our results indicte tht the mmonium cette ited yellow Reell trp is superior to previous models including the stndrd united yellow Reell trp for monitoring R. cingult. However, the mmonium cette ited yellow Reell trp hs no dvntge over the stndrd united yellow Reell for monitoring R. fust popultions. The results lso indicte tht host trees with n undnt supply of fruit nd folige provide optimum resources for R. fust diurnl ctivities. Keywords: Rhgoletis cingult, R. fust, flies, Reell trps, host fruit INTRODUCTION The pssge of the 1996 Food Qulity Protection Act (FQPA) nd environmentl wreness hve provided n impetus for producers s well s other griculturl personnel to reduce the mount of pesticide on frms throughout the United Sttes. One of the wys to ccomplish this reduction in pesticide usge is to improve monitoring protocols to detect the presence of key pests. Improved monitoring progrms my llow pesticides to e used judiciously when pests re present nd lterntives re not ville. The estern cherry fruit fly, Rhgoletis cingult (Loew), nd lck cherry fruit fly, R. fust (Osten Scken), re key lte- Cite this rticle s: seson pests of cultivted cherries, Prunus spp. in the estern nd mid-western United Sttes. Their lrve develop inside the fruit cusing mjor tissue dmge nd entire shipments of cherries cn e rejected if one or more mggots re found in the lod (Liurd et l., 21). In order to ensure mggot-free fruit, growers generlly pply rod-spectrum prophylctic insecticide sprys every 7-1 dys fter the flies emerge until hrvest (Ju nd Cox, 1974). These insecticides re generlly effective ut they could potentilly ffect non-trget orgnisms, prticulrly invertertes, in the immedite nd surrounding hitts. Since the 198s, cherry fruit fly IPM progrms in Michign hve relied on visul nd olfctory trps for monitoring the Kostrides J.L. nd O.E. Liurd, 213. Visul nd Olfctory stimuli ffecting the response of Rhgoletis Cingult (Loew) nd R. Fust (Osten Scken)(Dipter: Tephritide). Pk. Entomol., 35(1): 55-6.

2 Kostrides nd Liurd / Pkistn Entomologist 213, 35(1): 55-6 presence of dult cherry fruit flies in commercil orchrds. Michign nd t n ndoned sour cherry, P. cersus, Until recently, the stndrd trp used y most growers hs orchrd in southwestern Michign. At the NWHRS, the een the Pherocon AM yellow ord (Gret Lkes IPM, experiment ws conducted from 1 July to 25 August, 2. In Vesturg, MI, USA) deployed in verticl orienttion southwest Michign, the experiment ws conducted from 29 (Reissig, 1976). However, Liurd et l. (21) showed tht My to 2 July 21. Ech experimentl site consisted of 3- n united three-dimensionl Reell trp (Swiss Federl hectre lock of un-spryed cherries. The NWHRS site hs Reserch Sttion, Wdswill, Switzerlnd) ws two times dominnt residentil popultion of R. cingult flies, wheres etter thn Pherocon AM yellow ords in detecting R. fust the southwestern site hs high popultion of R. fust popultions in commercil fields. United Reell trps used (Liurd et l., 21). in their study were more selective for oth estern nd lck Prior to deploying Reell trps (Swiss Federl Reserch cherry fruit flies. In ddition, united Reell trps cptured Sttion, Wdswill, Switzerlnd) in the field, ll trps were cherry fruit flies 1-2 week erlier in the seson compred with initilly wshed with Histo-Cler (Ntionl Dignostics, other trps evluted. Atlnt, GA) to remove tngle-trp, rinsed twice with In previous studies, Reissig (1976) found tht mmonium distilled wter nd llowed to ir dry. All trps were then ited yellow pnel trps were more effective thn united spryed with thin lyer of insect tngle-trp (erosol yellow pnels for monitoring R. cingult ut not R. fust. formul) [Tnglefoot Compny, Grnd Rpids, MI]. Bited Erlier, Prokopy (1975) showed tht ited, yellow sticky- trps hd green polycon dispenser (Gret Lkes IPM) o coted trps hung in 45 ngle, were s good nd more contining 5 g of mmonium cette ttched to the top selective thn verticlly-hnging yellow rectngle trps for surfce of the trp. Ammonium cette crystls were used s monitoring R. cingult flies. In nother study with the the lure ecuse n pproprite host voltile ttrctnt hs not relted Europen cherry fruit fly, Rhgoletis cersi (L.), Russ een identified. In ddition, Prokopy (1975) demonstrted et l. (1973) found tht three-dimensionl trp ws superior incresed ttrction of R. cingult flies using mmonium to the two-dimensionl Pherocon AM or rectngulr ords. cette crystls. Additionl investigtions found tht dylight fluorescent The experimentl design ws completely rndomized lock yellow ws lso highly ttrctive to R. cersi. with four replictes. Trps were hung within the center of the Rhgoletis cingult nd R. fust pper to respond tree cnopy nd spced 2 m prt within rows nd differently to host stimuli (Liurd et l., 21). Howitt (1993) pproximtely 3 m etween locks. The folige immeditely found tht R. cingult prefer to forge nd oviposit in sweet (~15 cm) surrounding the trps ws clered to prevent ny cherries P. vium (L) wheres R. fust fvors sour cherries P. interference etween the hung trps nd the tree cnopy cersus L. Thornton nd Liurd (1999) noted tht in ddition (Drummond et l., 1984). All trps were rotted on weekly to host preferences, other hitt-ssocited fctors including sis. Four tretments (ited yellow Reell; united yellow the undnce of wild hosts nd rinfll ffected popultions Reell; united trnsprent (l mde from plexigls) of cherry fruit fly species in commercil orchrds in Reell; nd ited trnsprent Reell) consisting of the three- northwestern Michign. Among the tephritids, severl fctors dimensionl Reell trp (Fig. 1) type were evluted. ffect oviposition nd infesttion levels in commercil orchrds. Messin nd Jones (199) found tht the ripening phenology nd degree of hrdness ffected the oviposition rte of R. pomonell flies in commercil orchrds. Erlier, Roiterg et l. (1982) nd Averill et l. (1996) found tht the presence or sence of host mrking pheromones influenced R. pomonell decision to oviposit into pples. In lueerries, the developmentl stte of the fruit ffected R. mendx Currn ility oviposit into the fruit (Liurd et l., 1998). The overll ojective of present reserch ws to study the visul nd olfctory responses of R. cingult nd R. fust using ited nd united Reell trps. The gol the reserch ws to improve monitoring efficiency nd determine the effects of host chrcteristics on the undnce of cherry fruit flies in commercil orchrds. The specific ojectives were 1) to determine whether iting Reell trps would increse the cptures of cherry fruit flies nd 2) to investigte the roles of fruit nd folige in ttrcting cherry fruit flies to commercil Fig. 1 orchrds. United Reell trp deployed within the cnopy of sweet cherry trees Prunus vium (L). MATERIALS AND METHODS Roles of fruit nd folige in ttrcting cherry fruit flies Bited Reell trps versus united trps Experiments to investigte the reltionship etween host Experiments to evlute ited versus united Reell trps plnt chrcteristics nd the undnce of lck cherry fruit were conducted t the Michign Stte UniversityNorthwest flies were conducted in 1-hectre lock of unspryed cherry, Horticulturl Reserch Sttion (NWHRS), in Trverse City, P. cersus, in southwestern, Michign. The experimentl 56

3 design ws completely rndomized lock design with four (ited nd united yellow Reell) cptured significntly (F replictions. Experimentl locks were spced ~ 2 m prt = 12.5; df = 3,9; P <.1) more flies thn trnsprent trps with four test trees per replicte (16 trees per tretment). Three (Fig. 4). On verge, ited nd united yellow trps cught tretments evluted were: 1) cherry trees with fruit nd 13.8 times s mny flies s trnsprent Reell trps. There folige, 2) cherry trees with fruit nd without folige nd 3) were no significnt differences etween ited nd united cherry trees without fruit nd with folige. Cherry trees trnsprent trps (Fig. 4). without leves nd with fruit used in our study were defolited Rhgoletis fust egn emerging on My 24 when three flies mnully prior to the strt of the experiment. Our defolition were cught on ited Reell trps (Fig. 5). Trp cptures process continued on weekly sis to ensure tht there ws quickly incresed nd peked within three weeks on June 14 solutely no lef growth. Trees with leves nd without fruit (Fig. 5). An verge of 145 nd 16 flies ws cptured on were de-fruited mnully (in similr fshion to our lef ited nd united Reell trps, respectively (Fig. 5). After defolition process). An united Reell trp ws hung in the June 14, R. fust cptures declined nd no flies were center of the ech test tree to monitor R. fust nd R. cptured fter July 4 (Fig. 5). Both ited nd united yellow cingult popultion. For dt collection, R. cingult nd R. Reell trps cptured significntly (F = 19.2; df = 1,3; P < fust cught on trps were counted y sex two times per.1) more femles compred with mles (Tle 2). There week nd trpped flies were removed. ws no significnt difference in the rtio of femle to mle cptures of R. fust with ited nd united trnsprent Sttisticl nlysis Reell trps (Tle 2). Dt from ll experiments were squre root trnsformed (x +.5) nd then sujected to n nlysis of vrince (ANOVA). Lest significnt difference (LSD) test ws used to determine differences in tretment mens (P <.5) (SAS Institute, 1989). The untrnsformed men vlues re presented in the tles nd figures. RESULTS Performnce of ited Reell trps versus united trps in 2 Kostrides nd Liurd / Pkistn Entomologist 213, 35(1): 55-6 In experiments to investigte the visul nd olfctory 3 responses of R. cingult, significntly (F = 77.2; df = 3/9; P 2 <.1) more cherry fruit flies were cught on the ited Reell trps compred with ll other trps tested (Fig. 2). 1 Bited Reell trps cptured 1.8, 8.6 nd 18.8 times s mny R. cingult s the united Reell, ited trnsprent nd united trnsprent Reell trps, respectively (Fig. 2). The united Reell trp (stndrd) cught significntly more R. cingult thn the ited or united trnsprent trps. On Fig. 2 verge, united Reell trps cptured t lest 4.9 times s Cptures of R. cingult 1 July 25 Aug. on modified Reell mny flies s ny of the ited or united trnsprent trps trps in Trverse city, Michign, 2. (Fig. 2). Bited Reell Reell Bited Trnsprent Trnsprent During field-seson of 2, first R. cingult ws cptured 2 on June 3 nd pek ctivity ws recorded on July 14 (Fig. 3). After July 14, R. cingult ctivity declined rpidly nd no flies were cught fter August 25 (Fig. 3). Yellow Reell trps 15 (ited nd united) cptured significntly (F = 42.9; df = 1/3; P <.1) more R. cingult femles thn mles (Tle 1). 1 Bited nd united yellow Reell trps cught 2.6 nd 3.7 times s mny femles s mles, respectively (Tle 1). There 5 were no significnt differences for femles or mles etween ited nd united trnsprent Reell trps (Tle 1). Performnce of ited Reell trps versus united trps Dtes of oservtion in 21 Fig. 3 Weekly cpture of Rhgoletis cingulte on modified Reell The responses of R. fust to ited nd united Reell trps trp in Trverse city MI, 2. differed from those oserved for R. cingult. There ws no significnt difference etween ited nd united (stndrd) yellow Reell trp cptures (Fig. 4). However, these two trps 57 Weekly men numer flies/trps Men numer of flies/trp Bited United Bited Trnsprent Trnsprent 6/3/2 7/7/2 7/14/2 7/21/2 7/28/2 8/4/2 8/11/2 8/18/2 8/25/2

4 Kostrides nd Liurd / Pkistn Entomologist 213, 35(1): 55-6 Weekly men numer. flies/trps Bited United Bited Trnsprent Trnsprent Fig. 4 Cptures of Rhgoletis fust 24 My 4 July on modified Reell trps Pw Pw, MI, 21. Men numer of flies/trp Bited Reell Reell Bited Trnsprent Trnsprent 5/24/21 5/31/21 6/7/21 6/14/21 6/21/21 6/28/21 7/5/21 Weeks of oservtion Fig. 5 Weekly cpture of Rhgoletis fust on modified Reell trp in Pw Pw, MI, 21. Tle 1 Cptures of mle nd femle Rhgoletis cingult on modified Reell trps in Trverse City, MI during 2. Men numer of Rhgoletis cingult cptured (SEM per trps) Bited Reell Reell Bited Trnsprent Trnsprent Mle 17.6 ± ± ± ±.8 Femle 45.6 ± ± ± ± 1.9 Mens cross rows followed y the sme letter re not significntly different (P =.5, LSD test, [SAS Institute Inc. 21]) for mle versus femle (F = 42.9; df =1, 3; P <.1). Tle 2 Cptures of mle nd femle Rhgoletis fust on modified Reell trps, Trverse City, MI (21).. Men numer of Rhgoletis fust cptured (SEM per trps) Bited Reell Reell Bited Trnsprent Trnsprent Mle 22.6 ± ± ± ±.6 Femle ± ± ± ±.7 Mens within rows followed y the sme letter re not significntly different (P =.5, LSD test, [SAS Institute Inc. 21]) for mles versus femles (F = 19.2; df =1, 3; P <.1). Roles of fruit nd folige in ttrcting cherry fruit flies Our results show tht united yellow Reell trps positioned in sour cherry trees P. cersus with dequte fruit nd folige cptured significntly (F = 12.; df = 2/6; P <.1) more R. fust compred with trees tht hd fruit ut no leves or trees with no fruit ut with leves (Fig. 6). United yellow Reell monitoring trps plced within cherry trees with dequte fruit nd folige cught 1.5 nd 31.5 times s mny flies s trps plced in trees with fruit ut no leves nd no fruit ut with leves, respectively (Fig. 6). Trp cptures were lso significntly (F = 16.2; df = 2/6; P <.1) greter for R. fust in cherry trees tht hd fruit ut no leves compred with trees with no fruit ut with leves (Fig. 6). United yellow Reell trps plced in sour cherry trees deprived of leves (with n undnt fruit supply) cptured 16.5 times s mny R. fust s trps plced in trees deprived of fruit ut with leves. Men numer of flies/trp c Fruit nd Leves Fruit, no Leves No Fruit, with Leves Fig. 6 Cpture of cherry fruit flies effected y fruit nd folige. 58

5 Kostrides nd Liurd / Pkistn Entomologist 213, 35(1): 55-6 DISCUSSION Previous studies hve indicted tht R. fust visit leves Response of cherry fruit flies to Reell trps more frequently thn fruit (Prokopy et l., 1976). However, our work suggests tht fruit is more importnt thn leves, perhps for mture R. fust flies. Fruit mturity, fly mturity, Our findings indicte tht mmonium cette ited yellow temperture nd rinfll cn lso ffect the numer of flies Reell trps were considerly more effective in detecting the forging in cherry orchrds (Thornton nd Liurd, 1999). presence of R. cingult compred with other modified Our results hve importnt implictions with respect to Reell trps evluted in the study. A mjor concern regrding monitoring cherry fruit fly popultions. When reserchers, mmonium-ited trps is tht they ttrct non-trget growers nd griculturl extension personnel re developing orgnisms (Liurd et l., 2; Drummond et l., 1984). monitoring protocols for R. cingult in cultivted cherries, Although there ws low ttrction of R. cingult to ited they should consider using n mmonium cette ited trp trnsprent Reell trps, dding visul (yellow color) (until n pproprite host voltile is identified) to improve stimulus significntly incresed trp cptures ove the erly detection of R. cingult. In Michign, mmoniumstndrd united yellow Reell. This suggests tht oth cette ited yellow Reell trps should e deployed in midvisul (yellow) nd olfctory (it) stimuli re responsile for June prior to R. cingult emergence. However, since there is the incresed ttrction of R. cingult to ited yellow no response of R. fust to ited yellow Reell trps, growers Reell trps. Previous work y Liurd et l. (21) should use the stndrd united yellow Reell trps for investigted the potentil for using united yellow Reell monitoring R. fust popultions. In Michign, united trps for monitoring R. cingult nd R. fust popultions. yellow Reell trps should e deployed in cherry orchrds In this study, R. fust responses were different from those of during mid-my efore R. fust emerges. The numer of R. cingult. Both ited nd united yellow Reell trps trps to e deployed per hectre will e dependnt on tree size were considerly more ttrctive to R. fust thn nd the mount of fruit nd folige on host plnt. trnsprent (ited nd united) trps. No differences were found etween ited nd united yellow Reell trps, indicting tht yellow color ws the principl ttrctnt for R. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS fust. Erlier work y Reissig (1976) indicted tht the We thnk the Northwest Horticulturl Reserch Sttion t reltive effectiveness of different lures for monitoring R. Michign Stte University for the use of their cherry plntings cingult nd R. fust vried with trp types. Yellow pnel nd fcilities to crry out experiments. We lso thnk trps ited with mmonium cette solution were found to e Rhinnon O'Brien nd Erin Finn for their vlule ssistnce more effective thn united yellow pnels for monitoring R. with smpling nd fieldwork. We lso thnk Dr. Ronld cingult ut not R. fust (Reissig, 1976). Prokopy, University of Msschusetts nd Steven Alm, Evidence for ehviorl differences etween R. cingult nd University of Rhode Islnd for reviewing nd improving the R. fust hs een reported erlier y Liurd et l. (21). In content of the mnuscript. Mr. Timothy Holler, USDA their studies, R. fust trp cptures y united yellow reserch entomologist, Ginesville, F.L. nd Dr. Luksz Reell trps were higher for severl types of ited nd Stelinski, University of Florid lso provided vlule united commercil trps including Pherocon AM ords, comments, which hve improved the overll content of the red spheres nd modified Ldd trps. When the sme study mnuscript. The reserch ws supported y grnts from ws repeted with R. cingult, cptures on united yellow Michign Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd GREEEN Reell trps were not significntly different to ited yellow Grnt # nd USDA specil grnt # ords or red spheres demonstrting cler ehviorl differences etween the species. Approximtely 2.8 times s mny femles compred with mles were cught throughout REFERENCES the seson. We presume tht more sexully mture femles Averill, A.L., R.J. Prokopy, M.M. Sylvi, P.P. Connor nd T.T. Wong, were cught on yellow Reell trps ecuse mture femles Effects of recent experience on forging in tephritid fruit re moving into commercil cherry orchrds where undnt flies. J. Insect Behv., 9: resources re ville for oviposition nd lrvl Drummond, F., E. Grodenm nd R.J. Prokopy, Comprtive development. Sexully mture femles re proly moving efficcy nd optiml positioning of trps for monitoring pple into commercil orchrds from djcent woodlnds where mggot flies (Dipter: Tephritide). Environ. Entomol., 13: 232- wild hosts my e limited (Reynolds nd Prokopy, 1997) Howitt, A.H Common tree fruit pests. North Centrl Response of cherry fruit flies to fruit nd folige Extension Puliction No. 63. Michign Stte University, Est Lnsing, pp In studies investigting the presence nd sence of fruit nd Ju, G.L. nd J.A. Cox, Sesonl emergence of two cherry fruit fly species in Erie County, Pennsylvni: 25-yer summry. leves, we found tht more flies were cptured in sour cherry J. Econ. Entomol., 67: trees tht hd n undnt supply of fruit nd folige. Host Liurd, O.E., S.R. Alm nd R.A. Csgrnde, Suceptiility of fruit provides dequte resources for egg deposition nd highrush lueerry cultivrs to lrvl infesttion y Rhgoletis lrvl development for Rhgoletis species nd leves provide mendx (Dipter: Tephritide). Environ. Entomol., 4: sites for feeding nd shelter (Prokopy et l., 1976). When oth Liurd, O.E., S. Polvrpu, S.R. Alm nd R.A. Csgrnde, 2. Effect of trp size, ge nd positions on cptures of lueerry fruit nd leves re in undnt supply, they provide optimum mggot flies (Dipter: Tephritide). J. Econ. Entomol., 93: resources for R. fust diurnl ctivities. This ws evident in our studies since host trees without fruit nd with n undnt Liurd, O.E., L.L. Stelinski, L.J. Gut nd G. Thornton, 21. supply of leves hd significntly fewer flies on Reell trps. Performnce of vrious trp types for monitoring popultions of 59

6 Kostrides nd Liurd / Pkistn Entomologist 213, 35(1): 55-6 cherry fruit fly (Dipter: Tephritide) Species. J. Econ. Entomol., 3: Messin, F.J. nd V.P. Jones, 199. Reltionship etween fruit phenology nd infesttion y the pple mggot (Dipter: Tephritide) in Uth. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 83: Prokopy, R.J., Selective new trp for Rhgoletis cingult nd R. pomonell flies. Environ. Entomol., 4: Prokopy, R.J., W.H. Reissig nd V. Moericke, Feeding, mting nd oviposition ctivities of Rhgoletis fust flies in nture. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 69: Reynolds, A.H. nd R.J. Prokopy, Evlution of odor lures for use with red sticky spheres to trp pple mggot flies. J. Econ. Entomol., 9(6): Roiterg, B.D., J.C. vn Lenteren, J.J.M. vn Alphen, F. Glis nd R.J. Prokopy, Forging ehvior of Rhgoletis pomonell, prsite of hwthorn. J. Anim. Ecol. 51: Reissig, W.H., Comprison of trps nd lures for Rhgoletis fust nd R. cingult. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: Russ, K., E.F. Boller, V. Vllo, A. Hisch nd S. Sezer, Development nd ppliction of visul trps for monitoring nd control of popultions of Rhgoletis cersi L. Entomophg, 18: SAS Institute, SAS/STAT user's guide, version 6, vol. 2. SAS Institute, Cry, NC. Thornton, G. nd O. E. Liurd The seson for cherry fruit flies in northwest Michign. The Fruit Growers News, 38: