Pakistan Entomologist EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL PHEROMONE LURES FOR MONITORING ARMYWORM (SPODOPTERA SPP.) IN ORGANIC SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L.

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1 Pkistn Entomologist Journl homepge: EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL PHEROMONE LURES FOR MONITORING ARMYWORM (SPODOPTERA SPP.) IN ORGANIC SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) 1 * 2 1 Mnish Bhn, Oscr E. Liurd nd Crlene A. Chse 1 Horticulturl Sciences Deprtment, University of Florid, Ginesville, FL Deprtment of Entomology nd Nemtology, University of Florid, Ginesville, FL ARTICLE INFORMATION Received: Novemer 15, 2013 Received in revised form: Decemer 12, 2013 Accepted: Decemer 20, 2013 *Corresponding Author: Oscr E. Liurd Emil: oeliurd@ufl.edu ABSTRACT A study of the ttrctiveness of commercilly ville pheromone lures for monitoring fll rmyworm (FAW), Spodopter frugiperd (J. E. Smith) ws conducted in spring 2007 nd 2008 in orgniclly grown sweet corn. Corn erworm, Helicoverp ze (Boddie), eet rmyworm (BAW) Spodopter exigu (Hüner), southern rmyworm (SAW) Spodopter eridni, nd nturl enemies were lso monitored in this study. In 2007, FAW popultions were low nd there ws no significnt difference in FAW cptures mong lure types. In 2008, FAW popultions were higher compred with 2007, nd trps ited with Trécé lures cptured significntly more FAW compred with the Hercon nd Scentry lures. Lure type did not hve significnt effect on co weight infested with FAW nd mrketle yield. Beet rmyworm popultions were significntly higher thn southern rmyworm popultions in oth 2007 nd The ldyird eetle, Hippodmi convergens Guerin Meneville ws the only nturl enemy cptured consistently throughout the study period. There ws no significnt difference in H. convergens cptures mong lure types. The findings from this study suggest tht trps ited with Trécé lures ttrcted more FAW in the study site. As expected, the higher trp cptures hd no significnt effect on the numer of cos infested with FAW nd mrketle yield. Commercil lure formultions vry in ttrctiveness to FAW. Growers need to select the most ttrctive lure for erly detection of FAW so tht mngement strtegies cn e pplied efore they rech dmging levels. Keywords: Spodopter frugiperd, Spodopter exigu, Spodopter eridni, orgnic, sweet corn, pheromone lures INTRODUCTION different popultion dynmics overwinter in griculturl res in Florid. These popultions migrte to Centrl nd Fll rmyworm (FAW) Spodopter frugiperd (J. E. Smith) Estern United Sttes cusing significnt crop losses during (Lepidopter: Noctuide) is ntive to the tropicl regions of the summer (Ngoshi nd Megher, 2008). Routine the western hemisphere nd primry pest of sweet corn in insecticide sprys re usully employed for controlling FAW Florid (Foster, 1989). The lrv feeds on more thn 60 (Mlo et l., 2001), which include Dipel DF (Bcillus different species of plnts, which include mize, sorghum, -1 thuringiensis suspecies kurstki) t kg h, or -1 forge grsses, turf grsses, rice, sugrcne, cotton, nd Entrust (Spinosd) t 6 23 g h in orgniclly plnted sweet penuts (Ngoshi et l., 2006; Luginill, 1928; Sprks, 1979). corn (Olson nd Simonne, 2009). Generlly, growers employ Adults re nocturnl (Sprks, 1979), nd femles oviposit on field scouts to determine rmyworm popultion levels in silk, developing kernels, nd ers of sweet corn (Ni et l., sweet corn. This cn e time consuming nd lor intensive 2007; Beserr et l., 2002). opertion depending on the size of the frm. An effective trp In the US, FAW survives winter in the southern tips of Florid nd lure system cn reduce lor costs nd the need for nd Texs s it lcks dipuse mechnisms (Sprks, 1979; frequent pplictions of orgniclly pproved pesticides to Fleischer et l., 2005). Ngoshi nd Megher (2004) used mnge rmyworm popultions. pheromone ited trps nd moleculr mrkers to show tht Another significnt pest of sweet corn is the corn erworm, two host strins of FAW (rice-strin nd corn strin) with Helicoverp ze (Boddie), which cn e distinguished from Cite this rticle s: Bhn, M., O.E. Liurd nd C.A. Chse, Evlution of commercil pheromone lures for monitoring rmyworm (Spodopter spp.) in orgnic sweet corn (Ze mys L.). Pk. Entomol., 35(2):

2 Bhn et l. / Pkistn Entomologist 2013, 35(2): FAW y the presence of lck horn-like micro spines long m width). Hnd weeding ws performed two times in 2007 (2 the ody of the lrve (Cpiner, 2007). Beet rmyworm April nd 18 April) nd one time in 2008 (14 April). In spring (BAW) Spodopter exigu (Hüner) nd southern rmyworm 2008, sodium nitrte (Proooster, N-P2O5-K2O, North (SAW) Spodopter eridni (Stoll) re polyphgous in Country Orgnics, Brdford, VT) ws pplied in nds in feeding hits (Liurd et l., 2000) nd re occsionl pests of response to nitrogen deficiency symptoms. corn. Cos were rndomly smpled for FAW or H. ze y visully Pheromone lures hve long een used in monitoring progrms inspecting every third plnt in ech plot for ~ 30 sec nd those to improve trp ctch nd timing of insecticide pplictions. infested with lrve were counted, weighed nd recorded. Mitchell (1979) nd Pir et l. (1989) used Pherocon 1C Sweet corn ws hrvested from 31 My to 12 June in 2007 sticky trps ited with the pheromone (Z)-9-dodecenol-1-ol with two hrvests, while in 2008 it ws hrvested from 29 cette (Z9-12: AC) lone or in comintion with smll My to 4 June with two hrvests. Mrketle yield ws quntities of (Z)-9-tetrdecen-1-ol cette (Z9-14: AC) to recorded nd grded s per the USDA stndrds (USDAsuccessfully monitor mle FAW moths. More recently, AMS, 2009). Ngoshi nd Megher (2004) used commercil FAW lures in Experimentl design ws rndomized complete lock with Unitrps to show tht popultions of mle FAW dults peked four replictions nd four tretments: three fll rmyworm in spring (Mrch-My) nd fll (Octoer-Decemer), while (FAW) lures 1) Trécé lure (Trécé Inc., Slins, USA), 2) decresed in summer (July-Octoer) in South Florid. Hercon lure (Gret Lkes, IPM, Vesturg, MI) 3) Scentry Although some lures my ttrct the trget pest, they my lso lure (Scentry Biologicls Inc., Billings, Montn) nd hve negtive effects on key nturl enemies. Hippodmi control (trp with no lure). The Trécé lure consisted of convergens Guerin-Meneville is common nturl enemy in ruer septum loded with pheromone lend (Z-9 the Southern United Sttes tht is used frequently in tetrdecenyl cette, Z-11 hexdecenyl cette, Z-7 inundtive iologicl control progrms for control of dodecenyl cette, nd hexne), while the Hercon lure ws rthropod pests (Rnkin nd Rnkin, 1980; Orycki nd lminte strip with the sme components excluding hexne. Kring, 1998). Other occsionl nturl enemies tht hve The Scentry lure ws ruer septum loded with the sme een frequently cught in trps in grminceous gro- components s Trécé lure without Z-11 hexdecenyl cette ecosystems include the igeyed ug, Geocoris punctipes nd hexne. Becuse of proprietry informtion, we cnnot (Sy) nd the minute pirte ug, Orius insidiosus (Sy). These give the lure lod rtes of the individul compnies; however, nturl enemies re generlist predtors tht feed on the eggs it vried from 2 to 5 mg/lure. In ddition to FAW lures, eet of lepidopterous pests, which my help to regulte rmyworm rmyworm nd southern rmyworm Scentry lures (Scentry popultions in these systems (Tillmn et l., 2009). Biologicls Inc., Billings, Montn) were plced in the field In the current study, three FAW lures mnufctured y to monitor their popultions. different compnies were compred for their ttrctiveness to Pheromone lures were plced in the center of white sticky mle FAW moths in North-Centrl Florid. In ddition, S. winged trps (Gret Lkes IPM, Vesturg, MI). Trps were exigu nd S. eridni lures were used for monitoring the hung ~100 cm ove the ground on 12 April 2007, suspended undnce of their popultions in orgnic sweet corn. It ws from tripod formed y three wooden stkes. Insects (pests hypothesized tht there re no differences in the ttrction of nd nturl enemies) were collected from the trps t twocommercil FAW rmyworm lures nd tht these lures hve week intervls until 25 My This experiment ws little or no impct on nturl enemies. The specific ojectives repeted in spring Plot size, plnting spce, fertilizer were to compre vrious commercilly ville FAW regime, nd production prctices were similr to Sweet pheromone lures for their ttrctiveness to mle FAW moths corn ws plnted on 11 Mrch 2008 while trps contining nd nturl enemy species. lures were plced on 2 April Similr to 2007, insects (pests nd nturl enemies) were collected t two-week MATERIALS AND METHODS intervls until 30 My Cptured insects were crefully removed from the trps using The study ws conducted on certified orgnic lnd t the forceps nd plced into zip-lock gs. These gs were University of Florid, Plnt Science Reserch nd Eduction trnsported to the Smll Fruit nd Vegetle IPM lortory t Unit, Citr, Florid ( N, W). On 5 Mrch the University of Florid for insect identifiction. Fll 2007, the field ws flil-mowed with NewHollnd 918H rmyworm, BAW, SAW, nd selected nturl enemies flil mower (Purdy Trctor nd Equipment, Inc. Hillsdle, (ldyird eetle Coleopter: Coccinellide) were ssessed MI). Lter, it ws disked to depth of 20 cm. On 7 Mrch seprtely. 2007, rodcst ppliction of orgnic fertilizer ( of N 2, P2O 5, K2O, NtureSfe, Cold Springs, KY) ws pplied t Sttisticl Anlysis 2232 kg/h sed on University of Florid nitrogen recommendtions for sweet corn (Olson nd Simonne, 2006). Dt from FAW nd ldyird eetle counts were log After plnting, the sme fertilizer ws nd pplied on 10 trnsformed [log 10(x+1)] to increse the homogeneity of April Sweet corn (Montuk F1 untreted, Johnny's vrince nd normlity; however, originl mens (±SEM) re Selected Seeds, Winslow, Mine) ws plnted on 12 Mrch presented in the tles. Repeted mesures were performed 2007 with Monosem plnter (Monosem Inc., Edwrdsville, to exmine the interction etween lures nd smpling dtes KS) with etween-row spcing of 76 cm nd 18 cm etween using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.1 softwre (SAS, 2003). The plnts within the row for totl popultion of pproximtely type, compound symmetric ws used s covrince structure ,444 plnts h. The plot size ws 144 m (12 m length x 12 due to the lrgest vlue of Akike's Informtion Criterion 72

3 mong covrince structures (Littell et l., 1996). No popultions in 2007; however, there ws significnt interction occurred etween smpling time nd FAW lure interction in 2008 (P = 0.02). The highest numer of SAW type in 2007; however, significnt interction occurred in ws recorded on the second smpling dte (11 My 2007) Fll rmy worm counts were pooled over smpling verging 1.5 times more SAW moths thn other smpling time nd nlyzed using ANOVA, nd reported in tles. dtes (Fig. 2). The numer of SAW recorded on 11 My 2007 Since significnt interction occurred etween smpling time ws lso significntly higher thn those cptured on 25 My nd FAW lures in 2008, FAW lures were lso compred within In 2008, the highest numer of SAW (2.8 ± 0.59) ws smpling dtes using ANOVA nd reported in figure 1. cptured on the first smpling dte (16 April). Only the SAW Similrly, sweet corn mrketle yield nd infested cos dt smple recorded on 30 My ws significntly lower thn the were pooled over hrvesting dtes nd nlyzed using 16 April smple (Fig. 3). ANOVA. Tretment mens were compred using Lest 4 Significnt Difference (LSD) tests [P < 0.05] GLM. Interction etween FAW lures nd yers (2007 nd 2008) 3 were lso ssessed, nd their mens were compred y using lest squre mens (LSMEANS) nd PDIFF sttement in Hercon Scentry Trécé GLM. Zero frequency ws clculted s the percentge of 2 trps tht fil to cpture FAW moths over two-week c smpling period. Finlly, BAW nd SAW popultions were 1 exmined through repeted mesures to study the interction etween ech popultion cptured t different smpling dtes. Different smpling dtes were compred through LSMEANS 0 [P < 0.05] nd PDIFF sttement in PROC MIXED. 16-Apr 2-My 14-My 30-My RESULTS In 2007, the numers of mle FAW cptured were low (1.5 or less) in ll the tretments (Tle 1). There ws no significnt interction etween smpling time nd FAW pheromone lure types (P=0.8). Only trps ited with the Trécé lure cught significntly more mle moths thn united trps. Cptures of mle FAW in trps ited with Trécé lure were firly consistent on ll smpling dtes nd irregulr for trps ited with other lures. The percentges of zero frequency cptures for trps ited with the Trécé, Hercon, nd Scentry lures nd the united trps were 58.3%, 75%, 83%, nd 100% respectively (Tle 1). In 2008, the totl numer of FAW cptured in trps ited with pheromone lures nd united trps ws significntly higher thn 2007 (P < 0.029). When the dt were pooled over smpling weeks, the Trécé lure cptured significntly more mle moths thn ny other lures evluted, verging 2.6 times s mny FAW dults s the other lures (Tle 1). Also, mong the pheromone lures evluted, only trps ited with the Trécé lure cptured more mle FAW in 2008 compred with 2007 (Tle 1). There ws significnt interction etween FAW lures nd smpling dtes (P < ). Trécé lure cptured more mle FAW thn other lures t 34 dys fter plnting sweet corn (16 April, Fig. 1). There ws no significnt difference in mle cptures etween Hercon nd Scentry lures; however, oth lures cptured significntly Bhn et l. / Pkistn Entomologist 2013, 35(2): There ws significnt interction etween smpling dtes more FAW dults thn control (Tle 1). Similr to 2007, the nd BAW popultion in oth 2007 (P = 0.002) nd 2008 (P = percentges of zero frequency in 2008 were 100% for the 0.03). In 2007, BAW were recorded throughout the six-week united trps (control), 62.5% for the Trécé lure, nd 68.8% smpling period. The highest numer of BAW (13.0 ± 3.9) for oth the Hercon nd Scentry lures. This suggests tht the ws collected on 11 My (the second dte of smpling) trps ited with Trécé lure cught more mle FAW thn other verging 4.7 times more BAW thn other dtes (Fig. 2). All lures evluted in 2008 (Tle 1). smpling dtes in 2007 hd significntly different numers of Popultion of corn erworm, H. ze. ws very low during oth BAW. In 2008, the highest numer (5.0 ± 0.94) ws recorded yers nd only on few instnces we recorded lrve of these on 16 April (the first smpling dte) verging 1.7 times more moths. For southern rmyworm, they were cught in trps BAW thn other smpling dtes (Fig. 3). Only the 30 My throughout the six-week smpling period There ws no smpling dte hd significntly lower BAW thn the other significnt interction etween smpling time nd SAW smpling dte. 73 Cptured Fll rmyworm lure -1 Dtes of Smpling Fig. 1 Fll rmyworm cptured t different smpling dtes in spring plnted sweet corn, A significnt interction (P < ) ws oserved etween lures nd smpled dtes, hence lures were compred within smpling dtes. Lure mens within ech smpling dte were nlyzed using ANOVA nd compred with lest significnt difference (P 0.05). Lure mens followed y the sme letters were not different. -1 Numers plot Sw Bw 27 April 11 My 25 My Dte of smpling Fig. 2 Monitoring Southern (SAW) nd Beet (BAW) rmyworms popultions cptured t different dtes of smpling in sweet corn in Columns with sme color nd letters were not significntly different (P 0.05). Dt in columns were verged within smpling dtes nd untrnsformed mens (± SEM) were reported. c

4 Fll rmyworm lure Bhn et l. / Pkistn Entomologist 2013, 35(2): Tle 1 Spodopter frugiperd dults cptured in winged style trp in orgnic sweet corn. Numer of moths ± SEM Zero frequency (%) Pr > t No lure (Control) 0.0 ± ± 0.0 c Trécé lure 1.5 ± ± Hercon lure 1.0 ± ± Scentry lure 0.5 ± ± Dt were mens of four replictions. Mens were pooled over 3 smpling dtes in 2007 nd 4 smpling dtes in Mens in columns followed y the sme letters were not different ccording to lest significnt difference (LSD) t P 0.05 sed on the log-trnsformed [log 10(x+1)] vlue. Reported mens nd SEM vlues re untrnsformed. P-vlues re for comprisons etween 2007 nd Tle 2 Hippodmi convergens popultions cptured in winged-style trps using fll rmyworm lures in orgnic sweet corn. Fll rmyworm lures H. convergens (Men ± SEM) Trécé lure 0.3 ± ± 1.4 Hercon lure 0.3 ± ± 0.5 Scentry lure 0.8 ± ± 0.4 Dt were mens of four replictions. Mens were pooled over 3 smpling dtes in 2007 nd 4 smpling dtes in Mens in columns were not different (P 0.05) ccording to LSD performed on log-trnsformed [log 10(x+1)] dt. Reported mens nd SEM vlues re untrnsformed. Tle 3 Key insects other thn rmyworm cptured in 2007 nd Insect order Insect Fmily Percentge of totl insects other thn rmyworms collected t the given site. Tle 4 Reltive performnce of fll rmyworm lures nd their effect on infested co nd mrket yield. Fll rmyworm lures Numer of lrve plot -1 (± SEM) Co weight infested with Fll rmyworm (kg h -1 ± SEM) Dt were mens of four replictions. Mens were pooled over 2 hrvesting dtes in 2007 nd Mens in columns were not different (P 0.05) ccording to LSD performed on log-trnsformed [log 10(x+1)] dt. Sweet corn cos were hrvested from 9.0 m x 7.2 m centered re within the plot. -1 Extrpolted to kg h, sed on per 12 m x 12 m plot re. 74 Frequency Frequency 2007 (%) 2008 (%) Coleopter Chrysomelide 6 8 Hemipter Cicdellide 26 8 Coleopter Cride Lepidopter Sesside 8 7 Coleopter Elteride 5 4 Mrketle yield (kg h -1 ± SEM) 2007 Trécé lure 160 ± ± ± 2124 Hercon lure 139 ± ± ± 973 Scentry lur e 185 ± ± ± Trécé lure 161 ± ± ± 580 Hercon lure 143 ± ± ± 1113 Scentry lure 151 ± ± ± 285

5 Numers plot Sw Bw 16-Apr 2-My 14-My 30-My Dtes of smpling Fig. 3 Monitoring Southern (SAW) nd Beet (BAW) rmyworms popultions cptured t different dtes of smpling in sweet corn in Columns with sme color nd letters were not significntly different (P 0.05). Dt in columns were verged within smpling dtes nd untrnsformed mens (± SEM) were reported. Bhn et l. / Pkistn Entomologist 2013, 35(2): impregnted ( lminte strip for Hercon lure) s well s the lure composition nd lod rtes my ccount for the poor performnce of the Hercon lure. Similrly, since the Trécé nd scentry lures were mde from the sme mteril, it ppers tht the composition of the lure nd / or the lod rte my ccount for the overll etter performnce of the Trécé lure over the scentry lure. In 2007, only trps ited with the Trécé lure ttrcted more moths thn the control. This my e relted to the low popultion of FAW cught in the trps. Totl cptures for the entire seson only verged 1.5 ± 0.9 FAW mle moths. Mlo et l. (2001) hve suggested tht low popultions of FAW my ffect the results otined when lure performnce is evluted. The oserved low popultions of FAW my e due to the fct tht sweet corn ws never plnted in the study site efore nd therefore it is possile tht there were no resident popultions of FAW nd H. ze. Also, it my e possile tht the 2-week intervls etween dt collections were too long, nd my hve llowed irds nd other predtors to remove moths from the winged trps. Trp color my hve lso plyed role in the numer of FAW cptured. Pir et l. (1989) found tht stndrd green, yellow, nd white colored unitrps cptured more FAW moths thn solid green, while Megher (2001) noticed more FAW moths in yellow unitrps compred to white in penut nd corn fields. In our experiment we used white sticky winged trps, which re known to cpture lower numer of moths in other unrelted species compred with unitrps (Weihmn nd Severl other insects were recorded in ited trps including those elonging to the fmilies Chrysomelide; Cicdellide; Cride; Sesside; nd Elteride (Tle 3). The only nturl enemy tht ws prevlent in the trps is the common ldyird eetle, Hippodmi convergens Guerin-Meneville nd their numers were not significntly different mong FAW lures in oth 2007 nd 2008 (Tle 2). Other occsionl ctches included the igeyed ug, Geocoris punctipes (Sy) nd the minute pirte ug, Orius insidiosus (Sy). Mrketle yield: There ws no significnt difference mong Liurd, 2007). tretments in cos infested with FAW. Similrly there were no An effective trp-nd-lure system must ctch trget pests significnt differences mong sweet corn mrketle yield in without dversely ffecting key nturl enemies. All of the 2007 nd 2008 (Tle 4). lures cptured some eneficil insects, minly ldyird eetle, H. convergens with occsionl ctches of igeyed ug, DISCUSSION G. punctipes nd minute pirte ug, O. insidiosus. The fct tht none of the lures cptured high numers of nturl Effective monitoring is n essentil component of ny IPM enemies suggests tht lures my not hve negtive impct on progrm nd developing n effective trp nd lure system for the eneficil insect popultions. Severl studies hve key pest like fll rmyworm is of immense significnce. In reported tht ited trps my ttrct eneficil insects (Mlo our study, the Trécé lure performed etter thn other lures et l., 2001; Mitchell et l., 1989). Megher nd Mitchell evluted for fll rmyworm. This ws pprent in 2008 when (1999) suggested tht the reson for high cptures of FAW popultions were higher. Mlo et l. (2001) lso found eneficil insects my e relted to trp design while Mitchell tht the Trécé lure cptured more FAW moths thn the Scentry et l. (1989) suggested trp color s plusile reson. lure nd n united trp (control) in Mexico. In ddition, As expected, we recorded no differences etween lure types Megher nd Mitchell (2001) sw similr results using Trécé nd mrketle yields. Our co counts recorded high lures with unitrps when compred with Scentry lures. popultion of lrve, which cn directly ffect mrketle The performnce of pheromone lure is relted to the yield. The est tretment (Trécé lure) ttrcted more FAW composition of the pheromone lend, lod rte, nd the type mle moths thn other lures evluted. However, the numer of mteril in which the pheromones re impregnted, often of mle moth my hve een too low to negtively ffect ruer septum. In ddition, externl fctors such s overll FAW popultion. It should e noted tht lthough we temperture, wind-speed, reltive humidity nd light my cught reltively low popultion of mle moths, their lso ffect lure effectiveness. Due to proprietry regultions numers my hve een sufficient to mte with FAW femle we re not le to provide specific informtion out the lod moths to produce enough eggs, which cn increse lrvl rtes of the individul compounds. However, in our studies, popultion inside the co, nd susequently ffect the ll of the lures were exposed to the sme conditions with mrketle yield. slight vritions in lure components (pheromone lends), Throughout the seson, monitoring dt reveled higher lod rtes nd mterils used to construct the lure. For men cptures for SAW thn BAW. The highest popultion instnce, the Trécé nd scentry lures were pplied to ruer for SAW nd BAW ws recorded on 11 My 2007 nd on 16 sept ut the Hercon lure used lminte strip. Additionlly, April The oserved differences in SAW nd BAW the Hercon lure hd similr pheromone lend s the Trécé popultions on the vrious smpling dtes my e relted to lure (except hexne) ut the lod rtes were slightly different. pest phenology. These species re lso importnt pests in the A comintion of the mteril in which the pheromones re sweet corn system nd their popultions need to e monitored 75

6 Bhn et l. / Pkistn Entomologist 2013, 35(2): to prevent them from reching dmging levels (Azidh nd Luginill, P., The fll rmyworm. U.S. Deprtment of Azirun, 2006; Cpiner, 1999). Agriculture Technicl Bulletin, 34:1-91. Mlo, E.A., L. Cruz-lopez, J. Vlle-mor, A. Virgen, J.A. Snchez CONCLUSION nd J.C. Rojs, Evlution of commercil pheromone lures nd trps for monitoring fll rmyworm (Lepidopter: Noctuide) in the costl region of Chips, Mexico. Fl. Entomol., 84: 659- Our results indicte tht the Trécé lure ws the est of three 664. sex pheromone lures for monitoring FAW popultions in Megher, R.L. nd E.R. Mitchell, Non-trget Hymenopter white winged-styled sticky trps in orgniclly grown sweet collected in pheromone nd synthetic florl voltile-ited trps. corn. The use of this commercil lure for monitoring my sve Environ. Entomol., 28: lor nd cost ssocited with hiring field scouts. However, Megher, R.L., Collection of fll rmyworm (Lepidopter: more reserch needs to e done to determine the numer of Noctuide) dults nd non-trget Hymenopter in different lures per hectre nd how often these lures should e replced. colored unitrps. Fl. Entomol., 84: The mnufcturer (Trécé Inc.) estimtes tht one lure should Megher, R.L. nd E.R. Mitchell, Collection of fll rmyworm (Lepidopter: Noctuide) using selected pheromone lures nd lst the entire seson for crop such s sweet corn. Growers trp designs. J. Entomol. Sci., 36: who re developing IPM progrms need to use the most Mitchell, E.R., Monitoring dult popultions of the fll ttrctive lure for monitoring key pests. This will give erly rmyworm. Fl. Entomol., 62: indiction of popultion size so tht mngement strtegies Mitchell, E.R., H.R. Agee nd R.R. Heth, Influence of cn e pplied efore they rech dmging levels. pheromone trp color nd design on the cpture of mle velvet en cterpillr nd fll rmyworm moths (Lepidopter: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Noctuide). J. Chem. Ecol., 15: Ngoshi, R.N. nd R.L. Megher, Sesonl distriution of fll We thnk USDA Coopertive Stte Reserch, Eduction, nd rmyworm (Lepidopter: Noctuide) host strins in griculturl nd turf grss hitts. Environ. Entomol., 33: Extension Service for providing finncil support (grnt Ngoshi, R.N., R.L. Megher, G. Nuessly nd D.G. Hll, numer ). We thnk Dr. Roert McSorley Effect of fll rmyworm (Lepidopter: Noctuide) interstrin for criticlly reviewing n erlier version of the mnuscript. mting in wild popultions. Environ. Entomol., 35: We would lso thnk Dr. Roert Megher for ssistnce in Ngoshi, R.N. nd R.L. Megher, Review of fll rmyworm identifying rmyworm species nd lso pprecite technicl (Lepidopter: Noctuide) genetic complexity nd migrtion. Fl. support from Khlid Omer. Entomol., 91: Ni, X., W. 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