Visual and olfactory enhancement of stable fly trapping

Transcription

1 United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture From the SelectedWorks of Dvid B Tylor 216 Visul nd olfctory enhncement of stle fly trpping Dvid B. Tylor, USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Mngement Reserch Unit Junwei J. Zhu, USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Mngement Reserch Unit Qing-he Zhng, Sterling Interntionl Aville t:

2 Reserch Article Received: 17 Septemer 215 Revised: 3 Novemer 215 Accepted rticle pulished: 1 Decemer 215 Pulished online in Wiley Online Lirry: 25 Jnury 216 (wileyonlinelirry.com) DOI 1.12/ps.427 Visul nd olfctory enhncement of stle fly trpping Junwei J Zhu, * Qing-he Zhng, Dvid B Tylor nd Kristin A Friesen Astrct BACKGROUND: Stle flies re considered to e one of the mjor lood-feeding pests in the US livestock industry, cusing losses running into illions of dollrs nnully. Adult stle flies re highly ttrcted to Alsynite trps; however, Alsynite is ecoming incresingly difficult to otin nd is expensive. RESULTS: Here, we report on the development of less expensive nd more efficcious trp sed upon white pnel with the option to dd visul nd olfctory stimuli for enhnced stle fly trpping. White pnel trps cught twice s mny stle flies thn Alsynite trps. Biting the trps with synthetic mnure voltiles incresed ctches 2 3-fold. Electroretinogrphic recordings of stle flies showed strong peks of visul sensitivities occurring t nm, nm nd nm. A lortory study indicted tht young stle flies re more responsive to white, wheres grvid femles prefer lue; in the field, white trps cught more stle flies thn ptterned or lue-lck trps. CONCLUSION: Stle fly control cn e enhnced y developing more efficient trpping systems with dded visul nd olfctory stimuli. Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work nd is in the pulic domin in the USA. Keywords: Stomoxys clcitrns; visul response; ttrctnt; enhnced trpping 1 INTRODUCTION Stle flies, Stomoxys clcitrns (Dipter: Muscide), re mjor lood-feeding pests of ovids nd equids in livestock rns nd stles. 1 Tylor et l. 2 reported tht stle flies cuse over $US 2 illion nnully in losses to the US cttle industry. These flies cn e serious pests of humns s well when their primry hosts re sent. Stle fly control in confined nd pstured livestock settings hs focused primrily on snittion nd insecticides. However, snittion procedures re costly, nd insecticides provide only mrginl control. 3,4 Furthermore, insecticide resistnce in stle flies hs een detected, primrily with orgnochlorine nd orgnophosphte insecticides. 3,5 Recently, Pitzer et l. 6 identified severl field popultions of stle flies in Florid tht were resistnt to permethrin, the most commonly used insecticide for stle fly mngement. Trps with sticky surfces hve een used to monitor nd control stle fly popultions Most stle fly trps re mde of dhesive-coted trnslucent fierglss pnels (Alsynite), first developed y Willims 1 nd lter improved y Broce. 13 Rugg 14 hs reported significnt reduction in stle fly popultions (79% in 7.5 dys) vi the deployment of Willims trps in n Austrlin zoo. More recently, lue/lck cloth trgets, sed upon the Nzi trp developed for tsetse fly (Glossin spp.) control, 15 hve een investigted for popultion monitoring nd control of stle flies. 16,17 Severl studies hve lso shown tht voltile odornts ssocited with hosts nd their environments re used y stle flies for host seeking. 3,18 Attrctnts my e useful for improving trp efficcy in the mss trpping of stle flies In the present study, we (1) compred the efficcy of vrious stle fly trps, (2) developed low-cost white pnel trp for stle fly monitoring nd control, (3) conducted electroretinogrm (ERG) recordings of different ges nd sexes of stle flies nd (4) evluted the effectiveness of olfctory nd visully ited white pnel trps for cpturing stle flies under field conditions. 2 METHODS AND MATERIALS 2.1 Insects nd ttrctnt lures Stle flies from four-yer-old colony mintined t the US Deprtment of Agriculture, Agriculturl Reserch Service, Agroecosystem Mngement Reserch Unit (Lincoln, NE) were rered t 23 ± 2 C with vrile humidity (3 5%) nd 12:12 h L:D photoperiod. Adults were fed citrted ovine lood (3.7 g sodium citrte L 1 ) soked into sorent pds (Styfree ; McNeil-PPC Inc., Skillmn, NJ) plced on top of metl screen cges ( m). Adult flies were sexed within 24 h of emergence, plced in seprte cges nd fed with lood. Attrctnt lures consisted of 5 cm long cotton rolls impregnted with 1 mg of phenol, m-cresol or p-cresol (>95% purity; Sigm-Aldrich, St Louis, MO) suspended in 1 ml of ethnol. The Correspondnce to: JJ Zhu, USDA-ARS, AMRU, University of Nersk, 35B Entomology Hll, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA. E-mil: Jerry.Zhu@rs.usd.gov USDA-ARS Agroecosystem Mngement Reserch Unit, USDA-ARS, University of Nersk, Lincoln, NE, USA Sterling Interntionl, Inc., Spokne, WA 99216, USA Pest Mng Sci 216; 72: Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work nd is in the pulic domin in the USA. 1765

3 JJ Zhu et l Men numer of stle flies cught per dy per trp Alsynite trp White pnel trp Figure 1. ComprisonsofstleflyctchesetweentheAlsynitendwhite pnel trps t the ARDC. Different letters on top of the columns indicte significnt differences (Student s t-test, P <.5). control lure contined only ethnol (1 ml). Ethnol ws llowed to evporte under fume hood for 6 min. Lures with ttrctnt compounds were suspended in the center of 5 cm dimeter holes in the pnel trps (Fig. 1). 2.2 Different types of stle fly trp The Alsynite trp tested ws smll version (18 cm dimeter) of the design presented y Broce 13 constructed from cm piece of Alsynite pnel. The size ws reduced such tht the trpping re ws similr to tht of the pnel trps. The trp ws covered with 1 mil Sur-Flex plstic (Flex-o-glss, Inc., Chicgo, IL) nd coted with Tngle-Trp (The Tnglefoot Co., Grnd Rpids, MI) diluted 1:1 with low-odor pint thinner (Sunnyside Corp., Wheeling, IL). White pnel trps were mde of three different mterils: polymer mud flps (28 28 cm nd.5 cm thickness; North Americ s Trucking & Towing Supplier, Detroit, MI), Coroplst corrugted plstic sheets (28 28 cm nd.5 cm thickness; Uline Compny, Plesnt Pririe, WI) nd polystyrene plstic sheets (28 28 cm nd.25 cm thickness; Home Depot Inc., Lincoln, NE). A 5 cm dimeter hole ws cut/drilled in the center of the pnels. A trnsprent plstic sleeve (58 58 cm; 1 mil Sur-Flex) with 5 cm hole ws coted with diluted Tnglefoot nd ttched to ech pnel. 2.3 Electroretinogrm recording method The ERG system consisted of lmp tht delivered light stimuli to the compound eye of stle fly through monochromtor tht ws connected to n opticl fier ptch cord (6 μmfier;ocen Optics, Inc., Dunedin, FL). Monochromtic light output etween 3 nd 8 nm ws otined y pssing light from 75 W xenon short-rc lmp through n Apex illumintor coupled to n Oriel Cornerstone 13 1/8 m monochromtor (Model 7631) with 12 lines mm 1 nd 3 nm grting (Newport Corportion, Irvine, CA). Light settings for the monochromtor were controlled y controller/shutter system connected to computer. Light from the monochromtor pssed into opticl fier ptch cord nd focused columnr.5 cm wide em directly onto the insect eye preprtion t distnce of 3 cm. Stimulting flshes lsted.5 s, nd the intervl etween flshes ws 2 s. Flsh stimultion wvelengths etween 35 nd 795 nm in increments of 5 nm were presented rndomly to the insect. After 12 stimultions of different wvelengths hd een tested, reference white light ws flshed on the insect preprtion so tht dt could e normlized ginst it lter. The entire insect preprtion ws llowed to dpt to totl drkness for 3 min efore spectrl sensitivity run ws strted. The insect remined in the drk etween stimultions of light. The room ws drkened during opertion of recording equipment to minimize light interference from externl sources. The insect preprtion for ERG recordings involved cutting ll the legs nd wings from the ody. The live stle fly (4 6 dys old nd 9 11 dys old; oth femles nd mles; n = 3forechgegroup per sex) ws ttched to holder vi dentl wx covering the thorx nd domen. The indifferent tungsten proe ws inserted into the thorx, nd the recording tungsten electrode ws inserted into one of the compound eyes. The ERG signls were recorded vi n IDAC-4 intelligent dt cquisition controller (Ockenfels Syntech GmH, Kirchzrten, Germny), stored nd nlyzed on PC equipped with the AutoSpike progrm (Syntech). 2.4 Different color ptterns of stle fly trps A visul trp, Rescue Trpstick for iting flies, ws provided y Sterling Interntionl, Inc. (Spokne, WA). This trp hs lue, green nd yellow multidimensionl pttern on hexgonl pillr. Additionl colored trps were uilt y ttching yellow nd white sticky trp crds cut from Pherocon united trps (Trécé, Adir, OK) to the pnels of the Trpstick for iting flies trps with the sme surfce re (see Fig. 5). Trp ctches were nlyzed with negtive inomil ANOVA (Proc Glimmix, SAS 212; SAS Institute, Cry, NC). A lortory study to test the efficiency of three different colors of Sterling TrpStick for iting flies ( com/product/trpstik-for-iting-flies) ws conducted in cges (1 1 1m) t 23 C nd 5% RH. It is hexgon shpe of trp mde of sticky pper with plstic cps on ech end; the trp height is 28 cm. Trps were hung from the cge ceiling in the center of the cge out 3 cm ove the ottom (one type of trp per cge). Approximtely 6 stle flies (grvid femles or young mles nd femles, 1:1 sex rtio) were relesed into ech cge. The numer of flies cught on ech trp ws counted t.5, 1, 1.5, 2 nd 24 h. Ech experiment ws repeted 5 6 times. Dt were nlyzed with logistic ANOVA (Proc Glimmix, SAS 212) with the event/tril formt. Independent vriles were trp type, fly ge nd time. All interctions were included in the nlysis. Counts were treted s repeted mesures with n AR(1) vrince structure. Dt reported re LS mens trnsformed ck to percentges. Tukey s djustment ws used for comprisons mong LS mens. We further compred the stle fly ctch efficcy of white pnel trps with pnels covered with Sterling s multidimensionl color pttern nd lue/lck pttern in the field (see photos emedded in Fig. 5 for detils). The two color ptterns were scnned from the originl trps nd then printed on n HP photo printer using cm high-qulity photo pper (2) nd glued onto oth sides of the pnel trp. Trnsprent plstic sleeves (1 mil Sur-Flex; cm) with predrilled 5 cm holes were coted with diluted Tngle-trp nd ttched to oth sides of the pnel trps. 2.5 Field experiments Alsynite nd white pnel trps (mde of polymer mud flps) were deployed t the University of Nersk Agriculturl Reserch nd Development Center, Ithc, Nersk (ARDC), eginning in mid-my. Five pirs of the two types of trp were plced out 3 m prt nd 5 cm ove ground level. The distnce etween pirs ws out 5 m. Trps were monitored dily for three consecutive dys, nd sticky sleeves were replced fter ech check. wileyonlinelirry.com/journl/ps Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work Pest Mng Sci 216; 72: nd is in the pulic domin in the USA.

4 Visul nd olfctory enhncement of stle fly trpping Men No. of stle flies cught per trp per dy Estimted $ ech trp (line) Polymer Mud Flp Corrugted Plstic Vinyl-PVC Mterils of white pnel trps Figure 2. Comprisons of three white pnel trps with different mterils (columns: stle fly ctches) nd their estimted costs for prototype trp mking (line) t the ARDC. White pnel trps (mde of Coroplst corrugted plstic sheets) ited with three odornt lures nd with three color ptterns were tested in two experiments conducted from My to June in 212 nd 213. For ech experiment, trps were rrnged in rndomized completed lock, with five replictions ech. Trp ctches were checked dily on weekdys, nd plstic sleeves were replced fter ech check. The efficcy of white pnel trps ited with CO 2 ws tested t the ARDC. The test consisted of two pirs of white pnel trps, hlf-equipped with dry ice s CO 2 source nd the other hlf without dry ice, eginning in July 212. CO 2 ws delivered y hlf-inch hole in n insulted cooler with 1 kg lock of dry ice plced on top of ech trp. Control trps were similrly configured, ut lcked dry ice. Pirs of trps were plced out 5 m prt (the distnce etween trps within pir ws 3 m), trp ctches were checked dily for period of 2 dys nd sticky sleeves were replced nd trp positions rotted fter every check. Stle flies cught on the sticky pnels were sexed nd exmined to determine lood-feeding sttus in the lortory. White pnel trps ited with phenol, m-cresol or p-cresol were tested t the ARDC in 212 nd t Cliforni diry (Riverside) in 213. Lures were the sme s in the lortory study nd suspended with thin metl wires in the center of the white pnel trps. Trps were deployed nd checked for 1 week (five replictes) t ech site. Totl ctches of stle flies cught (per trp) were used for dt nlysis. Trp ctches were nlyzed with negtive inomil ANOVA (Proc Glimmix, SAS 212). 3 RESULTS 3.1 Comprison etween Alsynite nd white pnel sticky trps Stle fly men cptures per dy for the two trp types were significntly different during erly summer 212 (t = 2.78; P <.1) (Fig. 1). Men fly cptures in white pnel trps were over twice those from Alsynite trps. 3.2 White pnel trps Three different mterils, polymer mud flps, Coroplst nd vinyl-pvc, were selected for white pnel trps, sed on vilility nd cost. Averge per trp costs were $US 3.74, 1.99 nd 1.5 for trps constructed of polymer mud flp, Coroplst nd vinyl-pvc respectively (Fig. 2). No differences in stle fly trp cptures mong trp mterils were oserved during the field trils (F = 2.62; df = 2, 15; P =.239) (Fig. 2). 3.3 Spectrl responses of stle flies The stle fly ERGs were recorded from 35 to 795 nm for mles nd femles, including young dults nd grvid femles. Three mjor peks of spectrl sensitivity were oserved, regrdless of sex or ge, t nm, nm nd nm (Fig. 3). Differences in ERG responses etween the sexes nd ge groups re listed in Tle 1. The strongest ERG responses for ll stle flies tested were to ultrviolet light t nm (F = ; df = 3, 24; P <.1). Significnt differences in ERGs were found mong mle/femle nd young/old stles flies t longer wvelengths (t = ; P <.1), wheres no differences were found etween mle nd femle dult flies t ultrviolet wvelengths (t =.47; P >.5). 3.4 Lortory evlution of three different colored cylinder trps The effectiveness of cylindricl trps (Rescue Trpstick for iting flies) with or without colors dded (yellow nd white) ws tested under lortory conditions. The Trpstick nd white trps cught similr numers of flies (t = 1.2; df = 125; P =.46), wheres the yellow trps cught the fewest (t = 7.57; df = 125; P <.1 nd Pest Mng Sci 216; 72: Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work wileyonlinelirry.com/journl/ps nd is in the pulic domin in the USA. 1767

5 JJ Zhu et l. Figure 3. Reltive ERG responses from mle nd femle stle flies mirrored with different light wvelengths (modified from the chrt Tle 1. Reltive spectrl sensitivities from ERG recordings mong different ges nd sexes of stle flies Colors (wvelengths) Mle dults Femle dults Young flies Old flies Ultrviolet (33 36 nm).91 ±.2.9 ±.2.88 ±.2.92 ±.2 Blue ( nm).76 ±.2 c.82 ±.1.8 ±.2.82 ±.1 Yellow (56 6 nm).62 ±.3 c.75 ±.2 c.71 ±.3 c.73 ±.2 c Red (62 65 nm).67 ±.3 c.85 ±.2.78 ±.2.83 ±.2 Different letters following mens indicte significnt differences, ANOVA followed y LSD test, P <.5, n = t = 6.96; df = 125; P <.1 respectively). Old flies (9 11 dys old) were cught t nerly doule the rte of young flies (4 6 dys old) (t = 14.35; df = 125; P <.1). Becuse ctch counts were cumultive over time, s expected, they vried significntly reltive to time (F = 39.9; df = 4, 125; P <.1). Interestingly, the interction etween trp type nd fly ge ws significnt (F = 28.85; df = 2, 125; P <.1). The Rescue Trpstick ws most effective ctching older, grvid femles, wheres the white trps were more effective ctching younger, mixed-sex flies (Fig. 4). None of the interctions with time ws significnt (trp type*time: F =.86; df = 8, 125; P =.55; fly ge*time: F =.5; df = 4, 125; P =.73; trp type*fly ge*time: F =.45; df = 8, 125; P =.89), indicting tht the time t which ctch counts were mde etween 3 min nd 24 h hd no effect upon the experimentl outcome. The sex rtio of cptured flies, lthough tending towrds femle is, with 55% femles, did not differ significntly from the expected 1:1 (χ 2 = 19.24; df = 11; P =.6) nd did not vry mong trp types (F =.74; df = 2, 9; P =.5). 3.5 Field study of stle fly ctches from three different colored pnel trps In the field, more stle flies were cught on the white pnel trps thn on the Rescue Trpstick or lue-lck trps (F = 25.4; df = 2, 24; P <.1) (Fig. 5). Sex rtio did not differ mong the three colors of trps (F =.73; df = 2, 24; P =.49) ut did devite from the expected 1:1, with 58.7% mles (χ 2 = 123.9; df = 26; P <.1) White pnel sticky trps ited with ttrctnt lures Overll, white pnel sticky trps ited with the synthetic lures cught more stle flies thn those without ttrctnts wileyonlinelirry.com/journl/ps Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work Pest Mng Sci 216; 72: nd is in the pulic domin in the USA.

6 Visul nd olfctory enhncement of stle fly trpping Percentge recpture of young stle flies Sterling originl SF trp Modified white SF trp Modified yellow trp h 1 h 1.5 h 2 h 24 h Percentge recpture of grvid stle flies c c c h 1 h 1.5 h 2 h 24 h Time fter plcing the trps Figure 4. Men percentiles of recptured stle flies (young nd grvid) oserved in the lortory with different colored Rescue Trpstik for iting fly trps. Different letters on top of columns indicte significnt differences (ANOVA followed y LSD test, P <.5). (t = ; df = 76; P <.1) (Tle 2). Trps ited with p- nd m-cresol cught similr numers of flies (t =.45; df = 76; P =.97), wheres trps ited with phenol cught fewer flies thn those ited with cresol (t = ; df= 76; P <.5), ut more thn united trps (t = 3.5; df = 76; P <.1). Although fewer flies were collected during the Cliforni tril (t = 32; df = 76; P <.1), the interction term etween site nd ttrctnt ws not significnt (F = 1.97; df = 3, 76; P =.13), indicting tht the response of the flies to the ttrctnts ws similr etween the two loctions. Stle fly ctches from white pnel sticky trps ited with dry ice were >4 times higher thn those from the united trps (F = 61.1; df = 1, 12; P <.1) (Fig. 6). The numer of stle flies cptured ws higher during the period from 1.m. to 4 p.m. thn tht from 4 p.m. to 1.m. (F = 19.3; df = 1, 12; P <.1). No interction etween tretment nd time ws oserved (F = 3.5; df = 1, 12; P =.9). The percentge of flies tht hd recently lood fed did not differ etween CO 2 -ited nd united trps (F =.2; df = 1, 6; P =.66). 4 DISCUSSION The vilility of n ttrctnt for pest species offers gret potentil for its ppliction in popultion monitoring nd control. Willims 1 demonstrted the selective ttrction of Alsynite plstic to stle flies. Agee nd Ptterson 24 considered the ttrction of stle flies to Alsynite to e visul nd the result of differentil UV reflectnce in the rnge nm. Our ERG dt from oth mle nd femle stle flies indicted strong responses to light in Pest Mng Sci 216; 72: Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work wileyonlinelirry.com/journl/ps nd is in the pulic domin in the USA. 1769

7 JJ Zhu et l. 177 Men numer of stle flies cught per dy per trp B Blue/Blck colored Rescue pttens White pnel Figure 5. Men numers of stle flies cptured in pnel trps with three different colors nd ptterns in the field t the ARDC. Different letters on top of columns indicte significnt differences (ANOVA followed y LSD test, P <.5). the nm UV rnge (Fig. 4 nd Tle 1). Similr results were reported y Driggers, 25 especilly when UV light ws plced in drk environment. Stle flies re diurnl, typiclly ctive during lte morning nd erly fternoon. Our field trpping experiment showed significntly more stle flies cught during this time period thn during lte fternoon nd evening. This indictes tht visul cues my contriute to their host-seeking ehviors. Pickens nd Hyes 11 found tht white pyrmid trps were very ttrctive to stle flies. The spectrl reflectnce chrcteristics of white nd light pink re quite similr for wvelengths from 33 to 4 nm, to which strong ERG response pek t nm ws oserved in the present study (Fig. 4). Our lortory trpping studies showed tht young stle flies re more ttrcted to modified white Rescue trps (Fig. 5). However, for grvid femles, lue trps re more ttrctive, with reltive significnt ERG response round 48 nm. This is consistent with the results of Jenourquin, 21 who showed tht grvid femle stle flies fly upwind only while lue-colored ojects re present. Tylor nd Berkeile 12 oserved tht the lue/lck Nzi trp collected n older component of the stle fly popultion reltive to tht collected y Alsynite nd BiteFree trps. Yellow is the lest ttrctive color, which is similr to results reported y Agee nd Ptterson 24 nd Tylor nd Berkeile. 12 Our ERG recordings from oth sexes of stle flies lso disply their lower reltive responses (.62.75) compred with other sensitive colors, such s UV, red nd lue ( for mles nd.82.9 for femles). Bsed on these findings, more lortory nd field tests will e conducted using the pnel trps, ut with different colors to demonstrte whether colors cn lso e used to enhnce trp efficiency. When we compred the lck/lue strip nd white pnel trps in the field, more stle flies were cught on the white pnel trps. White ctully is not color, ut comintion of ll colors. The reltively strong ttrction of stle flies to white trps could e the result of synergisticlly ctive wvelengths, including red, green nd lue. Foil nd Younger 16 reported tht stle flies re highly ttrcted to hlf-lue nd hlf-lck trgets, ut the pnel trps with these colors cught 6 8 times fewer stle flies thn did the white pnel trps. This disgreement suggests tht other fctors my ply role in preference, such s surfce texture. It my further e due to the fct tht lck B A Men No. of stle flies cught per trp % lood-fed Dry ice 58% lood-fed 1m to 4pm 4pm to 1m Control Figure 6. Comprisons of stle fly ctches in white pnel trps (men numer per trp per dy, lood-fed stge nd different trpping times) ited with or without dry ice t the ARDC (Student s t-test, P <.5). Tle 2. Stle fly ctches from ttrctnt-ited white pnel trps in two US sttes (mens ± SE) Sites of trpping Phenol p-cresol m-cresol Control Ithc, NE (ARDC, June 212) Riverside, CA (diry frm, June 213) 25 ± ± 4 3 ± ± 18 5 ± 1c 1± 2 11± 2 3± 1c Different letters following the mens indicte significnt differences, ANOVA followed y LSD test, P <.5, n = 5. sors ll colors, nd thus does not reflect ny of the sensitive colors. Visul ttrction (signl) ppers to ply n importnt role in flight orienttion of stle flies nd s long-distnce ttrctnt. However, odor is criticl fctor for short-distnce orienttion nd eventul contct nd lnding. Trp ctch cn e further enhnced y the comintion of olfctory nd visul ttrctnts reducing the trgeted stle fly popultion to elow the economic threshold more efficiently. 26,27 With incresing costs for livestock mintennce, ny economiclly sound strtegy will enefit the producers tremendously. Severl studies hve reported tht trps equipped with ttrctnt lures cn significntly increse trp ctches We hve found similrly tht white pnel trps ited with dry ice cn oost trp cptures up to sixfold. Among the cptured stle flies from white pnel trps, out 59% re lood fed, similr to the rtio reported y Tylor nd Berkeile 12 from Alsynite trps. These results re not surprising ecuse cron dioxide (CO 2 )is considered to e powerful ttrctnt for most lood-seeking insects. 7,3,31 However, CO 2 its re too expensive to e pplied in prcticl control. Lower-cost nd longer-lsting ttrctnts need to e further explored. Vle nd Hll 32 showed tht ttrctnt compounds, such s 1-octen-3-ol nd mixture of tsetse fly ttrctnts contining 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propylphenol nd 4-methyphenol, significntly incresed stle fly ctches in F3 nd Vvou trps. 33,34 However, Alzogry nd Crlson 35 found 1-octen-3-ol not to e ttrctive to stle flies. Our previous study on stle fly sensory physiology showed tht vrious olfctory sensill from stle fly ntenne respond to odornts ssocited with cttle nd wileyonlinelirry.com/journl/ps Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work Pest Mng Sci 216; 72: nd is in the pulic domin in the USA.

8 Visul nd olfctory enhncement of stle fly trpping their environments. 22 Recently, we further demonstrted tht severl compounds from cttle mnure slurry elicited ehviorl responses from stle flies under field conditions. 23 The enhnced trp ctches with ited stle fly trps in this study support their future ppliction in stle fly popultion reduction, s the cost of these lures is reltively low nd they lst over week. The Willims trp, consisting of two trnslucent Alsynite pieces interlocked t right ngles to crete four wings nd plced verticlly in slots cut in wooden stkes, is one of the first stle fly trps developed. However, it is cumersome nd costly, with eight coted sleeves. Broce 13 developed cylindricl trp (lso Alsynite) tht showed similr ctch efficiency nd ws less expensive. Our newly designed white pnel trp mde of white plstic mteril cptured over 2.5 times more stle flies (Fig. 1) thn Alsynite trps (with the sme surfce res). The verge cost for the prototype white pnel trp is less thn $US 3. per trp. However, significntlygretersvingsshouldepossileifthistypeoftrpwereto e commercilly mss produced. A similr type of trp ws tested y Beresford nd Suctcliffe 36 on New Jersey diry frm. Their results lso showed tht Coroplst trps cught significntly more stle flies thn did Alsynite cylinder trps. In conclusion, oth visul nd olfctory cues cn e used to improve monitoring nd mngement of stle flies. The synergism etween vision nd olfction found in stle fly trp ctches my enhnce overll efficcy for stle fly mngement. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We express our grtitude to Dr. Alec Gery (UC-Riverside), Brd Voelker, Dennis Berkeile nd Brin Mills for their technicl help with this study, nd to Dr Jeffery Aldrich for his constructive comments on n erlier version of the mnuscript. REFERENCES 1 Zumpt F, The Stomoxyine Biting Flies of the World. 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Pest Mng Sci 216; 72: Pulished 215. This rticle is U.S. Government work wileyonlinelirry.com/journl/ps nd is in the pulic domin in the USA. 1771