BIO Animal Form and Function Final Examination Worth 35 % of the final grade. April 19, BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function

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1 BIO Animal Form and Function Final Examination Worth 35 % of the final grade April 19, 2016 Please read and sign in the space provided to acknowledge these instructions: a) Cellular phones, unauthorized electronic devices or course notes (unless an open-book exam) are not allowed during this exam. Phones and devices must be turned off and put away in your bag. Do not keep them in your possession, such as in your pockets. If caught with such a device or document, the following may occur: you will be asked to leave immediately the exam, academic fraud allegations will be filed which may result in you obtaining a 0 (zero) for the exam. b) Place your name and student number in the space provided below. Be sure that your name, or student number, is on the top of each page. c) Check to be sure that you exam is complete with a total of 18 pages including this one. d) Answer all questions in the space provided on the exam. Do not transfer answers to the back of the page. e) Answer the essay question at the end of the exam in the examination booklet that has been provided. Be sure that your name and student number is on the cover of the examination booklet. Double spaced please! f) The exam is marked out of 160 points g) Please be sure that your seat number is on the exam and the examination booklet h) This is not an open book exam. Name: Signature: Student No: Seat number: BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 1 of 18

2 30pts Part 1. Briefly explain what each of the following biological terms means. Where possible include an example in your explanation from a group or an organism to which the term applies. Kingdom Animalia Subclavian artery Regulative development Post anal segmentation Mutable connective tissue BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 2 of 18

3 Madreporite Syrinx Erector muscle Hepatic vein Sebaceous gland BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 3 of 18

4 24 pts Part 2: Answer each of the following multiple choice questions by placing and X in the space to the left of the correct choice. There is only one correct answer for each question and questions have either 4 or 5 answers to choose from. Be sure your X doesn t cross over two answers if it does the question will be scored as The way that a paleontologist usually classifies something as mammalian is on the basis of: a. Mammary gland b. Hair c. The jaw and teeth d. Endothermy e. All of the above traits 2.2 The cavity surrounding the pharynx of a tunicate is called the a. atrium. b. hemocoel. c. coelom. d. nephrocoel. e. branchiocoel 2.3 The activity by which birds maintain a clean plumage and rid the feathers and skin of parasites is referred to as a. combing. b. grooming. c. dusting. d. anting. e. preening. 2.4 Larval stages of frogs and toads are usually referred to as a. tadpoles. b. newts. c. neotenic. d. arnphipods. e. amniotes. 2.5 A group of synapsids called the therapsids gave rise to a. turtles. b. birds. c. snakes. d. lizards. e. mammals. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 4 of 18

5 2.6 The excretory organs of mammals are a. protonephridia. b. renal glands. c. green glands. d. metanephric kidneys. e. Malpighian tubules. 2.7 The secondary palate allows mammals to a. chew while swallowing. b. swallow while chewing. c. breathe while swallowing. d. breathe while drinking. e. breathe while chewing. 2.8 Most mammals have two sets of teeth during their lifetime. The first set is called the teeth. a. deciduous b. homodont c. semipermanent d. conodont e. milk/suckling 2.9 A mammal that feeds on the flesh of another animal is called a/an a. carnivore. b. herbivore. c. insectivore. d. omnivore. e. frogivore Among fishes, some of the best known brooders are the a. sharks. b. trout. c. sea horses. d. guppies. e. perch The covering of feathers on a bird is called the a. pelage. b. epidermis. c. plumage. d. cuticle. e. tegument. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 5 of 18

6 2.12 The major excretory product of most mammals is a. ammonia. b. uric acid. c. guanine. d. creatine. e. urea The placental mammals belong to the infraclass a. Mesotheria. b. Metatheria. c. Theria. d. Prototheria. e. Eutheria The major secretory and absorptive structures of the sea star digestive system are the a. cardiac stomachs. b. rectal ceca. c. Polian vesicles. d. pyloric ceca. e. pyloric stomachs All chordates have a. a single, dorsal, tubular, nerve cord. b. a ventral heart. c. pharyngeal slits. d. a postanal tail as some stage. e. All of the above are chordate features Body wall muscles of fishes are arranged in bundles called a. somites. b. lamellae. c. tagmata. d. myomeres. e. laterals Birds are capable of flight because they have a. Wings and a lightweight skeleton b. Highly efficient respiratory and digestive system c. A high-pressure circulatory system and well developed nervous and sensory systems d. All of these. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 6 of 18

7 2.18 Hagfishes a. are entirely freshwater animals. b. are parasitic. c. have a complex but well-researched reproductive cycle. d. generate enormous quantities of slime if disturbed. e. All of the above are correct The common name acorn worm is derived from the appearance of their a. collar b. proboscis c. hepatic cecum d. trunk e. tunic 2.20 A tough resistant protein found in epidermally derived structures of amniotes is a. chitin. b. actin. c. keratin. d. collagen. e. sclerotin All birds undergo a periodic renewal of their feathers by a shedding and replacing process called a. rejuvenation. b. molting. c. regeneration. d. replumaging. e. preening Gas exchange across the skin is called a. ram ventilation. b. countercurrent exchange. c. cutaneous respiration. d. buccopharyngeal exchange. e. branchial respiration The intercostal muscles are attached to a. Femur b. Tibia c. Ribs d. Appendicular skeleton e. None of these BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 7 of 18

8 2.24 A vertebrate class that produces amniotic eggs is a. Myxini. b. Pteromyzontida. c. Osteichthyes. d. Amphibia. e. Reptilia. 35 pts Part 3: Fill in the missing word, or provide the one word answer in the space provided at the end of the sentence. If the line is missing, add it. 3.1 An alternate name for the excurrent siphon of a urochordate is the siphon. 3.2 This part of the echinoderm body is found between the regions with tube feet. 3.3 After leaving the heart of a fish, blood flows first to these structures. 3.4 Food ingested by the larval ammocoete is moved into the digestive tract by cilia on this structure in the floor of the mouth. 3.5 To warm up reptiles often bask in the sun because they are and can't generate their own body heat. 3.6 U-shaped structure in a urochordate. 3.7 The type of carbohydrate polymer contained in the tunic of a urochordate. 3.8 Water moves through the gill slits into this space before leaving a cephalochordate. 3.9 In a sea urchin undigested food is compacted in this part of the digestive system before it passes out the anus (two words) 3.10 The anterior of three coelomic cavities found in echinoderms This valve in the digestive tract of a shark slows the movement of food This membrane folds over the shark's eye to protect the eye when they attach their prey. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 8 of 18

9 3.13 Nitrogenous wastes generated by a reptile embryo are stored here The tube feet in an echinoderm extend from this groove The central shaft of a bird feather This nitrogenous waste is found in very high contractions in the tissues and blood of a shark Lungs, skin, and the inner surface of this can be used to varying degrees in amphibians for gas exchange Echinoderms are found only in this environment Food particles are mixed with this before passing into an acorn worm's mouth Lungfish are the sister group to this vertebrate taxon This composite structure is formed from the stomochord, heart vesicle, and glomerulus in an acorn worm (Two words) With the exception of the neck the axial skeleton in a bird is extremely rigid because the vertebrae have fused with this Cardiac and pyloric describe these two structures in a sea star In hemichordates the stomochord was mistakenly thought to be this structure and the reason that they were originally included in the Chordata Because capillary beds in the digestive cecum of a cephalochordate interrupt the blood flow between the intestine and the rest of the body the cecum is considered to be an early version of this organ in higher chordates The smaller tube feet at the tip of the arm have this function This duct connected the nephridium found in each of the mesoderm blocks of tissues that develop along the length of a chordate embryo Urochordates have this common name The valve that slows the movement of food through a shark's digestive tract is located in this part of the gut This mass extinction wiped all the fishes in the oceans which was repopulated by fresh water fish. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 9 of 18

10 3.31 In mammals the cycle of female fertility Unlike the soft and leathery eggs of the other diapsids bird eggs have undergone this process and are covered with a hard shell In a bird ingested food is stored here before it is digested The heart beat of a urochordate is unusual because it is In acorn worms the protocoel forms this structure. PART 4 Starts on the next page BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 10 of 18

11 5 pts Part 4. In the table identify, using the letter from the cladogram, where the symplesiomorphy in the table is located. Letter Letter Oral-aboral symmetry Septate junctions Lophophore Dorsal hollow nerve cord Food manipulated by limbs Dipleurula larva Spiral cleavage Triploblasty Schizoceoly Collagenous cuticle BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 11 of 18

12 hetr 10 pts Part 5: Use a cladogram to show the evolutionary relationships between the three living Chordate subphyla. Include in your cladogram autapomorphies that define the different subphyla and symplesiomorphies they share with each other. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 12 of 18

13 36 pts Part 5: Answer 6 of the following 10 questions in the space provided. Each is worth 6 points. There is no bonus. 5.1 The Echinodermata use of the water vascular system restricted the phylum to the Marine environment. Explain why. 5.2 Why is the amphibian heart, which has only three chambers, ideally suited to its survival in and out of water? BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 13 of 18

14 5.3 Ancestrally vertebrates had six aortic arches, this number decreases in the various classes. Briefly explain the changes that occur in cartilaginous fish, bony fish and mammals. 5.4 Why is neutral buoyancy important? How does a cartilaginous fish achieve it? BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 14 of 18

15 5.5 Modern day fish are faced with a challenge living in freshwater and marine environments. Describe the challenge for each environment and explain how the problem is solved in one (Be sure to clearly state what environment the solution part of your answer s referring to) 5.6 Describe how a bird ventilates its lungs BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 15 of 18

16 5.7 Describe the embryological origins of the chordate autapomorphies of a hollow dorsal nerve cord and notochord. 5.8 Who are the Cyclostomata and why has the existence of this chordate taxon been controversial? BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 16 of 18

17 5.9 Sea stars are often predators, what kind of prey do they feed on and how do they ingest and digest the food they capture? 5.10 Describe how an acorn worm filters metabolic wastes from its blood. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 17 of 18

18 20 pts Part 6: Answer the essay question in the examination booklet that has been provided. Please use both sides of the page and write double spaced, it s much easier to read (Thanks)! HINT: You may find it advantageous to organise your thoughts in point form using the first page of your examination booklet Microphagy is feeding on very small particulate of food and is a common feeding strategy in many of the animals that we have looked at during the course. What are common problems animals encounter when the use this feeding strategy and how are they solved? Discuss this using two protostomes, one deuterostome and a parazoan in your answer. BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 19, 2016 Page 18 of 18

Animal Evolution: Chordate and Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity (Learning Outline)

Animal Evolution: Chordate and Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity (Learning Outline) 1. Distinguishing features of the phylum Chordata and representative organisms. 2. Highlights of evolutionary steps