Acid Sulfate Soil Assessment in Finniss River, Currency Creek, Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia - Appendices

Transcription

1 F Acid Sulfate Soil Assessment in Finniss River, Currency Creek, Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Appendices R.W. Fitzpatrick, G. Grealish, P. Shand, S.L. Simpson, R.H. Merry and M.D. Raven CSIRO Land and Water Science Report 26/09 June 2009

2 CSIRO Land and Water Science Report series ISSN: Acid Sulfate Soil Assessment in Finniss River, Currency Creek, Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia - Appendices R.W. Fitzpatrick, G. Grealish, P. Shand, S.L. Simpson, R.H. Merry and M.D. Raven CSIRO Land and Water Science Report 26/09 June 2009 Prepared for Murray-Darling Basin Authority (MDBA)

3 INDEX Appendix 1: Rapid Assessment Data Appendix 2: Soil Identification Tables Appendix 3: Site and Soil Profile Descriptions Appendix 4: ph Soil:Water (ph w ), Peroxide Treatment (ph Fox ) & Ageing (ph INCUBATION ), Electrical Conductivity (EC) Appendix 5: Acid Base Accounting Data Appendix 6: Acid Hazard Class Based on Lime Treatment Category and Acid Sulfate Soil Material Appendix 7: Hydrogeochemistry Appendix 8: Rapid Mobilisation Tests Appendix 9: Mineralogy Data (XRD Patterns and Photographs) and Geochemistry Data (X-ray fluorescence) Appendix 10: Photographs Showing Site Locations, Soil Profile Pits, and Selected Soil Features During Rewetting From Winter Rains

4 APPENDIX 1: RAPID ASSESSMENT DATA Site Number Code Sampling consisted of a transect, and then three sampling points along the transect as follows the number specifies the transect number A In water (if site contains water) or Lowest point of bed B Waters edge (if site contains water) or Between low point and high water mark C Between waters edge and highwater mark (if site contains water) or High water mark NU = Not Undertaken Wetland Site Sampling Easting Northing Water Water Soil ph in field Soil (Top 5cm) Soil ph - chip tray lab using strips Soil ph - chip tray lab using strips 17/02/09 NO. Date Salinity ph 0-5cm 5-30cm >30cm Salinity (EC) 0-5cm 5-30cm >30cm 0-5cm 5-30cm >30cm (EC) Finniss River 1A 11/07/ NU) NU n/a 1B 12/07/ C 13/07/ Currency Creek 2A 14/07/ NU B 14/07/ C 14/07/ Currency Creek 3A 14/07/ > B 14/07/ C 14/07/ Currency Creek 4A 14/07/ NU NU NU NU NU NU NU NU NU 4B 14/07/2008 >7 >7 > >7 >7 >7 4C 14/07/ Currency Creek 5A 14/07/ NU NU NU NU NU NU NU NU NU 5B 14/07/ C 14/07/ > Currency Creek 6A 14/07/ NU NU NU NU B 14/07/ C 14/07/ Currency Creek 7A 14/07/ DRY DRY B 14/07/ C 14/07/ Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 81

5 Wetland Site Sampling Easting Northing Water Water Soil ph in field Soil (Top 5cm) Soil ph - chip tray lab using strips Soil ph - chip tray lab using strips 17/02/09 NO. Date Salinity ph 0-5cm 5-30cm >30cm Salinity (EC) 0-5cm 5-30cm >30cm 0-5cm 5-30cm >30cm (EC) Finniss River 8A 14/07/ NU B 14/07/ C 14/07/ Finniss River 9A 14/07/ B 14/07/ > C 14/07/ > Finniss River 10A 14/07/ B 15/07/2008 NU NU NU NU C 15/07/2008 NU NU NU NU Finniss River 11A 15/07/ NU NU NU NU NU NU B 15/07/ C 15/07/ Finniss River 12A 15/07/ B 15/07/ > C 15/07/ > Finniss River 13A 15/07/ NU NU B 15/07/ C 15/07/ Finniss River 14A 15/07/ B 15/07/ C 15/07/ > Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 82

6 APPENDIX 2: SOIL IDENTIFICATION TABLES To assist users to identify types and subtypes of soils a user-friendly soil identification key was developed to more readily define and identify the various types and subtypes of ASS and non-ass. The key is designed for people who are not experts in soil classification systems such as the Australian Soil Classification (Isbell 1998). Hence it has the potential to deliver soil-specific land development and soil management packages to advisors, planners and engineers working in the Murray Basin. The soil identification key uses non-technical terms to categorise ASS and other soils in terms of attributes that can be assessed in the field by people with limited soil classification experience. Attributes include water inundation (subaqueous soils), soil cracks, structure, texture, colour, features indicating water logging and acid status already acidified, i.e. sulfuric material, or with the potential to acidify, i.e. sulfidic material and the depths at which they occur or change in the soil profile. The key consists of a systematic arrangement of soils into 5 broad ASS types, each of which can be divided into up to 4 soil subtypes. The key layout is bifurcating, being based on the presence or absence of particular soil profile features (i.e. using a series of questions set out in a key). A soil is allocated to the first type whose diagnostic features it matches, even though it may also match diagnostic features further down the key. The soil types and subtypes in the Soil Identification Key are largely in the same order as occurs in the Australian Soil Classification (Isbell 1998) and Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff 2003). A collection of plain language soil type and subtype names was developed. The 5 ASS types in the Key are: (i) Subaqueous Soils, (ii) Organic Soils, (iii) Cracking Clay Soils, (iv) Sulfuric Soils and (v) Sulfidic Soils (Table 5.1). These are further sub-divided into 17 subtypes based on occurrence of sulfuric material, sulfidic material, clayey or sandy layers; monosulfidic material and firmness. The key describes practical, surrogate methods to assist users to estimate treatment categories and risk classes (High, medium, low and very low). Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 83

7 Summary soil identification key for ASS types in the Murray-Darling basin and Lower Lakes. After finding the soil type use Table 8.2 to find the soil subtype. Diagnostic features for Soil Type Does the soil occur in shallow permanent flooded environments (typically not greater then 2.5 m)? Soil Type Subaqueous soil 1 No Yes Does the upper 80cm of soil consist of more than 40 cm of organic material (peat)? Organic soil 2 No Yes Does the soil develop cracks at the surface OR in a clay layer within 100 cm of the soil surface OR have slickensides (polished and grooved surfaces between soil aggregates), AND is the subsoil uniformly grey coloured (poorly drained or very poorly drained)? Cracking clay soil 3 No Yes Does a sulfuric layer (ph<4) occur within 150 cm of the soil surface, AND is the subsoil uniformly grey coloured (poorly drained)? Sulfuric soil 4 No Yes Does sulfidic material (ph>4 which changes on ageing to ph<4) occur within 100 cm of the soil surface, AND is the subsoil uniformly grey coloured (poorly drained)? Hypersulfidic soil 5 No Yes Other soils Other soils 6 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 84

8 Soil identification key for ASS and other subtypes. Soil Type Diagnostic features for Soil Subtype Soil Subtype Subaqueous soil No Yes Organic soil No Yes Does hypersulfidic material (ph>4 which changes on ageing to ph<4) occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? AND Does a clayey layer with slickensides occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does a monosulfidic black ooze (MBO) material layer >10 cm thick occur within 50 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Hypersulfidic subaqueous clayey soil with MBO Hypersulfidic subaqueous clayey soil Does sulfuric material occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does hypersulfidic material (ph>4 which changes on ageing to ph<4) occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? AND Does a clayey layer with slickensides occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does sulfuric material occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? AND Does a clayey layer with slickensides occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does a sandy or loamy layer occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Sulfidic subaqueous soil 1.3 Sulfuric subaqueous soil 1.4 Does a monosulfidic black ooze (MBO) material layer >10 cm thick occur within 50 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does a sandy or loamy layer occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does a sandy or loamy layer occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Subaqueous soil 1.5 Hypersulfidic organic clayey soil with MBO Hypersulfidic organic clayey soil Hypersulfidic organic soil Sulfuric organic clayey soil Sulfuric organic soil 2.5 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 85

9 Soil Type Diagnostic features for Soil Subtype Soil Subtype 1 Cracking clay soil No Yes Sulfuric soil No Yes Hypersulfidic soil No Yes Does hypersulfidic material occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? AND Does a clayey layer with slickensides occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does sulfuric material occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? AND Does a clayey layer with slickensides occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does sulfuric material occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does hypersulfidic material and a sandy to loamy layer occur within 100 cm of the soil surface? Does a monosulfidic black ooze (MBO) material layer >10 cm thick occur within 50 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Does a monosulfidic black ooze (MBO) material layer >10 cm thick occur within 50 cm of the soil surface? No Yes Hypersulfidic cracking clay soil with MBO Hypersulfidic cracking clay soil Sulfuric cracking clay soil Cracking clay soils 3.4 Sulfuric soil 4.1 Hypersulfidic soil with MBO No Yes Hypersulfidic soil 5.2 Other soils Hydrosol - sandy or 6.1 loamy 1 Cracking clay soil is equivalent to Vertosol (Isbell 1996) e.g. Sulfuric cracking clay soil is similar to: Sulfuric Vertosol. The latter terminology is used in the Legend of the Atlas for Australian Acid Sulfate Soils by Fitzpatrick, Powell and Marvanek (2006) and in the ASS maps of the Lower Lakes and River Murray below Lock 1 because it of necessity saves space on Legends displayed on ASS maps (Fitzpatrick et al. 2008a). 5.1 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 86

10 APPENDIX 3: SITE AND SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS TABLE OF SITE DESCRIPTION INFORMATION Site ID Number Sampled Date easting_ zone54h northing_ zone54h Soil Classification Depth to Water Table (cm) Surface Condition Earth Cover (Vegetation) Location Notes CUR11 18-Nov Hypersulfidic subaqueous clayey soil with MBO -10 water water in water 4 meters from shore, cracks in soil surface filled with MBO CUR12 18-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sealed bare, few weeds 15m from shore CUR13 18-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil 80 cracking bare 80m from shore CUR14 18-Nov Hydrosol NR sealed weeds 250m from shore, 10m from step up CUR15 18-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sandy, firm bare shore edge of water CUR16 18-Nov Subaqueous soil -10 water water 80m from shore CUR17 18-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sealed, peaty bare old beach shoreline CUR18 18-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sandy, firm bare midway to steep up into reeds CUR19 18-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sandy, firm few reeds nearby mid/high 40m before step up CUR20 19-Nov Hypersulfidic subaqueous -40 water water 2m into water channel clayey soil with MBO CUR21 19-Nov Sulfuric soil 60 sealed bare near reeds, 20m from water CUR22 19-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sealed bare 1m from water edge CUR23 19-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil 1 sealed bare water edge CUR24 19-Nov Not determined -30 water water 30m from shore CUR25 19-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sealed, salt crust bare high, 20m from step up to reeds CUR26 19-Nov Hypersulfidic subaqueous -20 water water 20m from shore soil with MBO CUR27 19-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sealed, sandy bare 80m from water edge and 10m from reeds CUR28 19-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sealed, sandy bare 10m from CUR27 site FIN20 20-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil 45 cracking bare clear area between islands of reeds FIN21 20-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil 55 cracking bare clear area between islands of reeds, and where white crystals occur FIN22 20-Nov Not determined -10 water water 10m from edge of Phragmites FIN23 20-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil NR cracking bare 10m from edge of Phragmites Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 87

11 Site ID Number Sampled Date easting_ zone54h northing_ zone54h Soil Classification Depth to Water Table (cm) Surface Condition Earth Cover (Vegetation) Location Notes FIN24 20-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil NR cracking bare paired site with FIN23 FIN25 20-Nov Hypersulfidic cracking clay 55 soft, peaty bare shore edge with water currently 50m out soil FIN26 20-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil 30 sealed, salt bare below edge of river bank, sampled previously when water was here. Site below jetty FINx 20-Nov Not determined 0 water water measurement in excavated house dam FIN27 22-Nov Hypersulfidic cracking clay NR sealed, soft bare low, 50m from water soil FIN28 22-Nov Sulfuric cracking clay soil NR cracking, hard bare mid, in backswamp channel FIN29 22-Nov Hypersulfidic organic soil -20 water reeds side of valley FIN30 26-Nov Sulfuric subaqueous soil -30 water water low, 15m into water from shore FIN31 26-Nov Sulfuric soil 60 sealed, sandy bare mid, on old shoreline 50m from water edge FIN32 26-Nov Hypersulfidic soil 85 loose, sandy reeds high, in reeds before step up FIN33 26-Nov Hypersulfidic soil NR loose, sandy Phragmites high FIN34 26-Nov Sulfuric soil NR sealed bare mid to high, 10m from FIN33 FIN35 26-Nov Hypersulfidic soil 50 peaty, soft bare mid to high, 10m from shoreline FIN36 26-Nov Hypersulfidic subaqueous soil -20 water water low, 10m from shoreline FIN37 26-Nov-08 Sulfuric soil NR sealed, sandy bare near FIN36 FIN38 26-Nov Hypersulfidic soil 45 peaty, soft bare high, 5m from reeds and step-up FIN39 26-Nov Hypersulfidic subaqueous clayey soil -3 water water low, 5m from water edge FIN26M May Sulfuric subaqueous soil -18 water water 120 m E Wally s landing, centre of excavated drain FIN26M May Sulfuric subaqueous soil -12 water water 70 m NNW of FIN26M3.4, in drain FIN26M May Sulfuric soil 135 sealed, sandy rushes and grass 50 m E of Wally s landing, 20 along N bank of connector to drain FIN26M May Sulfuric soil NR wet, sandy bare 10 m N of FIN26M3.4 at base of bank, E side of drain Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 88

12 TABLE OF SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTION INFORMATION Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance CUR water wet 0 water sampled for analysis CUR Y 5/0 clay wet 0 / columnar friable algae on surface, MBO in cracks CUR Y 5/0 clay wet 0 / massive very soft very low bearing strength CUR Y 5/1 clay wet 0 / massive very soft very low bearing strength CUR Y 5/1 sandy clay wet 0 / massive very soft very low bearing strength CUR Y 6/2 sandy clay loam moist 0 / massive friable contains clay lenses and organic matter CUR Y 6/1 sandy loam moist 5 10YR 6/8 massive firm contains clay lenses CUR Y 8/1 sand moist 0 / massive soft contains clay lenses CUR Y 4/1 loamy sand moist 0 / massive very soft contains few shell fragments CUR YR 4/2 peaty clay loam moist 0 / massive firm contains some organic matter CUR YR 4/1 peaty clay moist 0 / columnar firm contains organic matter CUR YR 5/1 sandy clay moist 10 10YR 6/4 massive soft pale yellow mottle colour in grey matrix CUR YR 5/1 sandy loam moist 5 7.5YR 6/6 massive soft CUR YR 4/1 sandy loam moist 0 / massive very soft 2% shell fragments, pieces and whole towards base CUR YR 5/6 peaty sand moist 0 / single grain firm surface crust CUR YR 8/1 sand moist 0 / massive loose CUR YR 6/2 sand moist 0 / massive firm contains black inclusions CUR Y 6/2 sandy loam moist 0 / massive friable contains shell fragments CUR Y 6/2 sandy clay moist 0 / massive friable contains shell fragments Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 89

13 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance CUR Y 4/3 peaty sandy loam moist 0 / massive firm contains lenses of clay and organic material CUR Y 6/2 loamy sand moist 0 / massive soft CUR Y 5/1 sandy clay moist 0 / massive soft CUR YR 4/6 sandy clay moist 5 5YR 6/8 massive extremely firm CUR / water wet 0 / water sampled for analysis CUR YR 5/3 sand wet 0 / massive very soft CUR Y 5/0 sand wet 0 / massive firm bulked layer with black upper 10cm of fibrous organic material with a lower light grey and shell fragments CUR Y 5/1 clayey sand wet 0 / massive firm not sampled CUR YR 2/1 peat moist 0 / massive soft CUR Y 5/3 sand moist 0 / massive firm CUR Y 6/2 sand moist 0 / massive firm CUR Y 6/2 sandy loam moist 0 / massive soft CUR Y 5/0 sandy clay moist 0 / massive firm CUR Y 5/1 sandy clay moist 0 / massive firm CUR Y 5/6 clay moist YR 6/6 massive very firm CUR YR 8/1 sand moist 0 / single grain loose CUR YR 6/2 sand moist 0 / massive friable contains clay lenses, contains 30% pale yellow jarosite CUR Y 5/1 loamy sand moist 0 / massive firm CUR Y 5/6 clay moist 0 / massive extremely firm carbonate concretions Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 90

14 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance CUR YR 7/2 sand moist 0 / single grain loose CUR YR 6/2 loamy sand moist 0 / massive firm contains 15% jarosite CUR Y 5/0 clayey sand moist 0 / massive firm CUR Y 6/2 clay moist 5 7.5YR 6/4 massive extremely firm CUR / water wet / CUR YR 2/1 loamy sand wet 0 / massive soft algae on surface CUR Y 2/0 clay wet 0 / massive very soft CUR Y 2/0 clay wet 0 / angular blocky firm contains quartz fragments and shells CUR Y 5/6 crystals dry 0 / single grain friable white crystals on surface probably epsomite CUR YR 2/1 peat moist 0 / massive firm CUR Y 2/0 sandy loam moist 0 / massive friable CUR Y 2/0 sandy clay moist 0 / massive friable loam CUR Y 2.5/1 clay wet 0 / massive soft CUR Y 5/4 crystals dry 0 / single grain friable crystals on surface of sideronatrite and metavoltine CUR Y 3/1 sand moist 0 / massive friable CUR Y 4/3 clay loam moist 0 / massive friable forms a surface seal CUR Y 5/1 loamy sand wet 30 5YR 6/6 massive firm CUR Y 4/1 clay wet 15 10YR 6/2 subangular blocky CUR Y 2.5/2 clay wet 0 / massive very soft friable pale yellow jarosite mottles have ph2.5 and matrix is ph3.6 CUR / water / water sampled for analysis Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 91

15 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance CUR25.1A Y 8/3 crystals dry 0 / single grain loose surface white crystals of tamarugite and epsomite CUR25.1B Y 7/3 crystals dry 0 / single grain loose green coloured sideronatrite CUR Y 7/2 sand moist 0 / single grain loose CUR Y 4/1 sandy clay moist 5 10YR 6/4 massive firm CUR Y 4/1 clay moist 10 5YR 6/6 subangular soft blocky CUR Y 2.5/2 clay moist 0 / massive very soft CUR / water wet 0 / CUR Y 3/0 loamy sand wet 0 / single grain soft a thin 0.5cm algae mat, over black MBO with sulfurous odour CUR Y 4/3 loamy sand wet 0 / single grain very soft CUR YR 4/2 sand moist 0 / massive friable CUR Y 5/2 loamy sand moist 0 / massive loose CUR Y 6/1 loamy sand moist 0 / massive loose CUR Y 6/1 loamy sand moist 0 / massive soft contains jarosite down root channels CUR Y 6/4 loamy sand moist 5 5YR 6/8 massive soft CUR Y 5/4 sand moist 0 / single grain loose sampled as different to CUR27, only surface sample taken rest of profile similar to CUR27 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 92

16 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance FIN / water 0 / FIN sur 10YR 8/1 crystals dry 0 / single grain loose crystals on surface FIN inn 10YR 3/1 peaty clay moist 0 / subangular hard blocky FIN sur 10YR 8/1 crystals dry 0 / single grain loose crystals on faces down cracks FIN inn 10YR 3/1 peat moist 0 / massive extremely firm FIN sur 2.5Y 5/6 crystals dry 0 / single grain loose jarosite on ped surfaces FIN inn 2.5Y 3/0 clay moist 0 / columnar firm FIN Y 3/0 clay wet 0 / massive very soft sulfurous odour FIN Y 5/0 clay moist 0 / massive loose material is black MBO FIN sur 10YR 8/1 crystals dry 0 / single grain loose white surface crystals FIN inn 10YR 3/1 peat moist 0 / massive firm peat contains clay lenses FIN Y 2/0 clay moist 0 / columnar firm FIN Y 2/0 clay wet 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength, sulfurous smell, not sampled FIN / water 0 / water sampled for analysis FIN YR 6/8 crust moist 0 / massive friable surface crust FIN sur 10YR 6/8 crust moist 0 / massive friable crust in cracks as sheets, probably goethite FIN inn 10YR 6/6 clay moist 0 / subangular very rigid blocky FIN YR 2/1 clayey peat moist 0 / massive firm FIN Y 4/0 clay moist 0 / columnar friable jarosite on interior ped faces FIN Y 4/1 clay moist 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength, very sticky FIN sur 2.5Y 6/3 crust dry 0 / massive friable surface crust sampled, rest of profile similar to FIN23 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 93

17 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance FIN YR 2/1 peat moist 0 / massive friable FIN YR 3/1 clay moist 5 5YR 6/8 subangular blocky soft red ferrihydrite on ped faces FIN Y 4/1 clay moist 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength FIN Y 7/4 crystals moist 0 / single grain friable scrapings of surface green crystals, probably sideronatrite FIN YR 8/1 crystals moist 0 / single grain friable scrapings of surface white crystals FIN YR 3/0 sandy clay moist 0 / massive friable black material underlying crystals FIN YR 5/8 crystals moist 0 / single grain friable gold coloured crystals on surface nearby FIN YR 2/0 peaty clay moist 0 / massive friable FIN Y 3/0 clay moist 0 / massive friable contains sand lenses FIN Y 4/1 clay moist 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength, sulfurous odour FIN YR 5/8 crystals moist 0 / single grain friable white crystals on side faces of columns down cracks, not on surface FIN Y 3/0 clay moist 0 / angular blocky hard jarosite coatings on ped faces FIN Y 8/0 clay moist 0 / columnar friable jarosite as sheets between ped faces FIN Y 5/0 clay moist 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength, sulfurous odour FIN / water wet 0 / water sampled for analysis FIN YR 2/0 clayey peat wet 0 / massive firm FIN YR 2/1 peat wet 0 / massive friable sulfurous odour FIN YR 2/0 peaty clay wet 0 / massive soft sufurous odour Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 94

18 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance FIN / water wet 0 / FIN YR 6/2 sand wet 0 / single grain soft FIN YR 5/5 sand wet 0 / single grain soft sulfurous odour FIN Y 4/2 clay wet 0 / massive very soft FIN YR 3/3 sand moist 0 / single grain firm FIN YR 6/6 sand moist 0 / single grain friable FIN YR 7/2 sand moist 0 / single grain firm sulfurous odour FIN Y 7/0 loamy sand wet 0 / massive firm sulfurous odour FIN Y 6/3 sand moist 0 / single grain loose quartz gravels at base probably an old beach surface FIN Y 6/2 sand moist 0 / single grain friable very irregular boundary FIN Y 7/0 sand moist 0 / single grain friable FIN Y 7/0 loamy sand moist 0 / massive firm sulfurous odour FIN YR 6/4 sand moist 0 / single grain loose interbedded layers of orange red lineations FIN YR 2/0 sand moist 0 / massive soft FIN Y 5/1 sandy clay moist 0 / massive firm no sulfurous odour loam FIN Y 6/4 sand moist 0 / single grain friable sample of jarosite, on surface next to log, no jar or bag sample collected, chip tray only FIN YR 2/0 peat moist 0 / massive soft contains fine organic matter fragments FIN Y 4/2 sand moist 0 / massive soft MBO sulfuorous odour FIN Y 5/1 sand moist 0 / massive friable FIN Y 6/1 sand moist 0 / massive firm sulfurous odour Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 95

19 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance FIN / water wet 0 / water sample collected for analysis FIN Y 5/1 sandy clay wet 0 / massive soft loam FIN Y 4/1 clay wet 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength FIN Y 7/3 moist 0 / isolated area of jarosite, no bag or jar sample collected, chip-tray only FIN YR 2/1 sand moist 0 / single grain friable thin brown algae mat on surface over this layer FIN Y 2/0 sandy clay moist 0 / subangular firm loam blocky FIN Y 3/0 loamy sand moist 0 / single grain soft contains clay inclusions FIN / water / water sample collected FIN YR 2/0 sand wet 0 / massive very soft contains 20% fine white shells FIN Y 3/1 clay wet 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength FIN Y 4/1 clay wet 0 / massive very soft low bearing strength FIN26M YR 2/1 sand moist loose very friable FIN26M YR 2/1 sand moist loose very friable FIN26M YR 2/1 sandy clay moist massive friable bright yellowish crystals FIN26M YR 2/1 sandy clay moist massive friable yellowish green crystals FIN26M YR 2/1 sandy clay moist massive friable FIN26M YR 4/1 clay moist angular blocky firm orange surface coatings FIN26M YR 4/1 clay moist angular blocky firm orange coatings ped faces FIN26M YR 4/2 sand wet single grain friable FIN26M YR 5/3 sand wet single grain loose Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 96

20 Layer Horizon Depth Soil Texture Texture Moisture Redoximorphic Features Structure Consistence Comments Colour ID No. Upper (cm) Lower (cm) - moist Modifiers Class State - Quantity (%) - Colour - Type - Rupture Resistance FIN26M Y 2/0 sand wet massive firm jarosite mottles FIN26M YR 4/1 clay moist angular blocky firm orange surface coatings FIN26M YR 4/1 clay moist angular blocky firm orange coatings, ped faces FIN26M YR 4/1 sandy clay wet massive friable FIN26M YR 3/1 clay wet massive firm jarosite throughout FIN26M YR 4/1 clay moist 10 orange angular blocky firm orange mottles, cracks and root channels FIN26M YR 4/1 clay moist angular blocky friable strong sideronatrite coatings FIN26M YR 5/2 sand moist single grain loose FIN26M YR 3/1 clay moist massive friable FIN26M YR 5/2 clay moist single grain loose FIN26M YR 4/2 sand moist single grain loose surface natrojarosite mottles FIN26M YR 2/1 clay moist massive firm FIN26M YR 3/1 gritty loamy sand moist massive friable FIN26M YR 3/1 sandy loam moist massive friable FIN26M YR 3/2 sandy loam wet massive friable Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 97

21 APPENDIX 4: PH SOIL:WATER (PH W ), PEROXIDE TREATMENT (PH FOX ) & AGEING (PH INCUBATION ), ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC) Site Number and Sample Layer ID. Depth range EC ph w ph FOX ph incubation ph incubation n.d.=no data cm ms/cm 11 weeks 20 weeks CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 98

22 Site Number and Sample Layer ID. Depth range EC ph w ph FOX ph incubation ph incubation n.d.=no data cm ms/cm 11 weeks 20 weeks CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR 25.1A n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR 25.1B CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR > 7 7 CUR > 7 3 CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 99

23 Site Number and Sample Layer ID. Depth range EC ph w ph FOX ph incubation ph incubation n.d.=no data cm ms/cm 11 weeks 20 weeks FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 100

24 Site Number and Sample Layer ID. Depth range EC ph w ph FOX ph incubation ph incubation n.d.=no data cm ms/cm 11 weeks 20 weeks FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. FIN 26M n.d. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 101

25 APPENDIX 5: ACID BASE ACCOUNTING DATA The methods are mostly as described by Ahern, CR, McElnea AE, Sullivan LA (2004). Acid Sulfate Soils Laboratory Methods Guidelines. QLD DNRME. See methods section for additional details. All analysis is based on dry weight. Results at or below detection limits are replaced with '0' for calculation purposes. 1. Soluble sulfate measured on a 1:5 soil:water extract. 2. TAA = total actual acidity. 3. RIS (S CR ) = reduced inorganic sulfur measured as % chromium reducible sulfur. 4. AGP = acid generating potential as S CR converted to mol H + t ANC = acid neutralising capacity expressed as equivalent % CaCO ANC = acid neutralising capacity expressed as mol H + t Net Acidity = Potential Sulfidic Acidity (ie. S CR or S ox ) + Actual Acidity + Retained Acidity - measured ANC/FF. Note that retained acidity is frequently significant on samples with ph KCl < 4.5, but has not yet been measured on these samples. FF (fineness factor) set at Lime calculation includes a safety factor of 1.5. Site Number and Sample Layer ID Depth range ph KCl Sulfate TAA RIS (S CR ) AGP ANC ANC Net acidity Lime Calculation cm unit mg SO 4 /kg mol H + t -1 % mol H + t -1 %CaCO 3 mol H + t -1 mol H + t -1 kg CaCO 3 t -1 CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR < CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 102

26 Site Number and Sample Layer ID Depth range ph KCl Sulfate TAA RIS (S CR ) AGP ANC ANC Net acidity Lime Calculation cm unit mg SO 4 /kg mol H + t -1 % mol H + t -1 %CaCO 3 mol H + t -1 mol H + t -1 kg CaCO 3 t -1 CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR < CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR < CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 103

27 Site Number and Sample Layer ID Depth range ph KCl Sulfate TAA RIS (S CR ) AGP ANC ANC Net acidity Lime Calculation cm unit mg SO 4 /kg mol H + t -1 % mol H + t -1 %CaCO 3 mol H + t -1 mol H + t -1 kg CaCO 3 t -1 CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR 25.1A n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR 25.1B < CUR < CUR CUR CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 104

28 Site Number and Sample Layer ID Depth range ph KCl Sulfate TAA RIS (S CR ) AGP ANC ANC Net acidity Lime Calculation cm unit mg SO 4 /kg mol H + t -1 % mol H + t -1 %CaCO 3 mol H + t -1 mol H + t -1 kg CaCO 3 t -1 CUR CUR < CUR CUR CUR CUR < FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 105

29 Site Number and Sample Layer ID Depth range ph KCl Sulfate TAA RIS (S CR ) AGP ANC ANC Net acidity Lime Calculation cm unit mg SO 4 /kg mol H + t -1 % mol H + t -1 %CaCO 3 mol H + t -1 mol H + t -1 kg CaCO 3 t -1 FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN < FIN < FIN FIN Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 106

30 Site Number and Sample Layer ID Depth range ph KCl Sulfate TAA RIS (S CR ) AGP ANC ANC Net acidity Lime Calculation cm unit mg SO 4 /kg mol H + t -1 % mol H + t -1 %CaCO 3 mol H + t -1 mol H + t -1 kg CaCO 3 t -1 FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. FIN FIN FIN FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 107

31 Site Number and Sample Layer ID Depth range ph KCl Sulfate TAA RIS (S CR ) AGP ANC ANC Net acidity Lime Calculation cm unit mg SO 4 /kg mol H + t -1 % mol H + t -1 %CaCO 3 mol H + t -1 mol H + t -1 kg CaCO 3 t -1 FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M FIN 26M Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 108

32 APPENDIX 6: ACID HAZARD CLASS BASED ON LIME TREATMENT CATEGORY AND ACID SULFATE SOIL MATERIAL *Acid Hazard Class and Lime Treatment Category codes used in the table are defined as follows: N = No hazard, No treatment L = Low hazard, Low treatment (< 0.3 t) M = Medium hazard, Medium treatment (> 0.3 to 1 t) H = High hazard, High treatment (> 1 to 5 t) VH = Very High hazard, Very High treatment (> 5 to 25 t) XH = Extra High hazard, Extra high treatment n.d. = Not determined Layer Depth ASS material Acid Hazard Class* Site ASS Dominant ASS material in profile ID Range ASS category Lime treatment No. Soil Code (cm) Category No. Acid Hazard Class* Lime treatment Category CUR water n.d. CUR hypersulfidic VH CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 11 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 11 CUR hypersulfidic VH CUR 11 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 11 CUR sulfuric H CUR sulfuric H CUR sulfuric H CUR 12 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 12 CUR hypersulfidic N CUR 12 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR sulfuric H CUR hypersulfidic H CUR 13 CUR sulfuric H CUR 13 CUR hypersulfidic H CUR 13 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 13 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 109

33 Layer Depth ASS material Acid Hazard Class* Site ASS Dominant ASS material in profile ID Range ASS category Lime treatment No. Soil Code (cm) Category No. CUR n.d. n.d. CUR hyposulfidic Acid Hazard Class* Lime treatment Category N (SCR<0.10%) CUR other acidic N CUR 14 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 14 CUR other soil material N CUR 14 CUR n.d. n.d. CUR 14 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR sulfuric XH CUR sulfuric M CUR 15 CUR hypersulfidic XH CUR 15 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 15 CUR water n.d. CUR hyposulfidic L (SCR<0.10%) CUR other soil material N CUR 16 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) L CUR 16 CUR n.d. n.d. CUR 16 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR sulfuric VH CUR other soil material M CUR 17 CUR sulfuric M CUR 17 CUR sulfuric H CUR 17 CUR hypersulfidic VH CUR 17 CUR hypersulfidic VH CUR 17 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 17 CUR sulfuric M CUR sulfuric XH CUR sulfuric M CUR 18 CUR hypersulfidic XH CUR 18 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 18 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 110

34 Layer Depth ASS material Acid Hazard Class* Site ASS Dominant ASS material in profile ID Range ASS category Lime treatment No. Soil Code (cm) Category No. Acid Hazard Class* Lime treatment Category CUR other soil material N CUR sulfuric XH CUR sulfuric H CUR 19 CUR hypersulfidic XH CUR 19 CUR n.d. n.d. CUR 19 CUR water n.d. CUR hypersulfidic VH CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 20 CUR hypersulfidic H CUR 20 CUR hypersulfidic VH CUR 20 CUR hypersulfidic H CUR sulfuric XH CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) M CUR 21 CUR sulfuric M CUR 21 CUR sulfuric H CUR 21 CUR hypersulfidic XH CUR 21 CUR n.d. n.d. CUR n.d. n.d. CUR n.d. n.d. CUR 22 CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) M CUR sulfuric VH CUR sulfuric H CUR 23 CUR sulfuric VH CUR 23 CUR hypersulfidic VH CUR 23 CUR water n.d. CUR 24 n.d. n.d. n.d. CUR 25.1A n.d. n.d. CUR sulfuric VH CUR 25.1B sulfuric M CUR 25 CUR sulfuric M CUR 25 CUR sulfuric H CUR 25 CUR sulfuric VH CUR 25 CUR n.d. n.d. CUR 25 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 111

35 Layer Depth ASS material Acid Hazard Class* Site ASS Dominant ASS material in profile ID Range ASS category Lime treatment No. Soil Code (cm) Category No. Acid Hazard Class* Lime treatment Category CUR water n.d. CUR hypersulfidic H CUR hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N CUR 26 CUR hypersulfidic H CUR 26 CUR other soil material N CUR sulfuric H CUR sulfuric M CUR 27 CUR hypersulfidic H CUR 27 CUR sulfuric H CUR 27 CUR hypersulfidic H CUR 27 CUR hypersulfidic M CUR n.d. n.d. FIN other soil material n.d. FIN sulfuric VH FIN sulfuric VH FIN 20 FIN sulfuric H FIN 20 FIN sulfuric VH FIN 20 FIN sulfuric VH FIN 20 FIN sulfuric H FIN 20 FIN sulfuric VH FIN 20 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 20 FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) H FIN sulfuric VH FIN sulfuric H FIN 21 FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) H FIN 21 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 21 FIN n.d. n.d. FIN 21 FIN water n.d. FIN 22 n.d. n.d. n.d. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 112

36 Layer Depth ASS material Acid Hazard Class* Site ASS Dominant ASS material in profile ID Range ASS category Lime treatment No. Soil Code (cm) Category No. Acid Hazard Class* Lime treatment Category FIN sulfuric VH FIN sulfuric VH FIN sulfuric VH FIN 23 FIN hypersulfidic H FIN 23 FIN sulfuric VH FIN 23 FIN sulfuric H FIN 23 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 23 FIN sulfuric VH FIN sulfuric VH FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) VH FIN 25 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 25 FIN sulfuric XH FIN sulfuric VH FIN n.d. n.d. FIN 26 FIN sulfuric VH FIN 26 FIN n.d. n.d. FIN 26 FIN hyposulfidic (SCR=>0.10%) VH FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 27 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 27 FIN sulfuric VH FIN sulfuric XH FIN sulfuric VH FIN 28 FIN sulfuric VH FIN 28 FIN hypersulfidic XH FIN 28 FIN water n.d. FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) H FIN 29 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 29 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 29 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 113

37 Layer Depth ASS material Acid Hazard Class* Site ASS Dominant ASS material in profile ID Range ASS category Lime treatment No. Soil Code (cm) Category No. Acid Hazard Class* Lime treatment Category FIN water n.d. FIN sulfuric VH FIN other soil material N FIN 30 FIN hypersulfidic N FIN 30 FIN sulfuric VH FIN 30 FIN other soil material L FIN sulfuric H FIN sulfuric M FIN 31 FIN sulfuric H FIN 31 FIN sulfuric M FIN 31 FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) H FIN hypersulfidic H FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) M FIN 32 FIN hypersulfidic H FIN 32 FIN hypersulfidic H FIN 32 FIN other acidic M FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 33 FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N FIN 33 FIN n.d. n.d. FIN n.d. n.d. FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N FIN hypersulfidic H FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N FIN 35 FIN hypersulfidic H FIN 35 FIN hypersulfidic H FIN 35 FIN water n.d. FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN hypersulfidic H FIN 36 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 36 FIN n.d. n.d. FIN n.d. n.d. FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 38 FIN hypersulfidic VH FIN 38 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 114

38 Layer Depth ASS material Acid Hazard Class* Site ASS Dominant ASS material in profile ID Range ASS category Lime treatment No. Soil Code (cm) Category No. Acid Hazard Class* Lime treatment Category FIN water n.d. FIN hypersulfidic N FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N FIN 39 FIN hyposulfidic (S CR =>0.10%) N FIN 39 FIN hypersulfidic N FIN 39 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M3 4 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M3 4 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M3 4 FIN 26M sulfuric VH FIN 26M3 4 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M sulfuric VH FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M3 5 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M3 5 FIN 26M sulfuric VH FIN 26M3 5 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M sulfuric VH FIN 26M sulfuric VH FIN 26M3 7 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M3 7 FIN 26M sulfuric VH FIN 26M3 7 FIN 26M3 7 FIN 26M sulfuric H FIN 26M3 20 FIN 26M3 sulfuric VH 5.2 sulfuric VH Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 115

39 APPENDIX 7: HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY Site ID Temp EC TDS SAL DO DO ph ORP HCO 3 Comment (No.) (deg C) (μs/cm) (%) (%) (mg/l) mv mg/l CUR11A from Currency Creek, 10cm deep CUR11B plastic bag sample collected from CUR11A location CUR from Currency Creek, 10cm deep CUR from Currency Creek, 40cm deep CUR from water in pit, water table 60cm CUR from water in pit, water table 15cm CUR from water in pit, water table 30cm CUR from Currency Creek, 20cm deep FIN from water in cracks between column, 43cm below soil surface FIN from water in pit, water table 55cm FIN from Finniss River water, 10cm deep FINx from dam near the house FIN29a from wet grass area of Black Swamp, 20cm deep FIN29b from water sample collected in grass area of Black Swamp, 20cm deep FIN from Finniss river water, 30cm deep FIN from Finniss river water, 20cm deep FIN39a from Finniss river water, 3cm deep FIN39b from water sample collected in Finniss River, 3cm deep Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 116

40 APPENDIX 8: RAPID MOBILISATION TESTS ph resuspension y = x R 2 = phw 800 Eh (resuspension), mv ph (resuspension) 10 Dissolved oxygen, mg/l Eh (resuspension), mv Figure A8.1. Relationships between (a) paste ph measurements made on soils following collection with water ph following 24-h resuspension in deionised water, and between redox potential and (b) ph and (c) dissolved oxygen concentration of waters following 24-h resuspension in deionised water. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 117

41 Table A8.1. ph redox potential (Eh), conductivity and dissolved oxygen at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Finniss River soil samples (Part 1) Depth, cm Parameters during 24-h mobilisation test t = 24 h (of mobilisation test) Site ph Eh (mv) SEC (µs/cm) D.O. (mg/l) FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN Eh = redox potential (mv), SEC = specific electrical conductance (µs/cm), DO = and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 118

42 Table A8.2. ph redox potential (Eh), conductivity and dissolved oxygen at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Finniss River soil samples (Part 2) Depth, cm Parameters during 24-h mobilisation test t = 24 h (of mobilisation test) Site ph Eh (mv) SEC (µs/cm) D.O. (mg/l) FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN Eh = redox potential (mv), SEC = specific electrical conductance (µs/cm), DO = and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 119

43 Table A8.3. ph redox potential (Eh), conductivity and dissolved oxygen at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Currency Creek soil samples (Part 1) Depth, cm Parameters during 24-h mobilisation test t = 24 h (of mobilisation test) Site ph Eh (mv) SEC (µs/cm) D.O. (mg/l) CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Eh = redox potential (mv), SEC = specific electrical conductance (µs/cm), DO = and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 120

44 Table A8.4. ph redox potential (Eh), conductivity and dissolved oxygen at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Currency Creek soil samples (Part 2) Depth, cm Parameters during 24-h mobilisation test t = 24 h (of mobilisation test) Site ph Eh (mv) SEC (µs/cm) D.O. (mg/l) CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Eh = redox potential (mv), SEC = specific electrical conductance (µs/cm), DO = and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 121

45 Acidity, mg CaCO3/L Alkalinity, mg CaCO3/L ph (resuspension) Sulfate and chloride released, mg/l Sulfate Chloride Sulfate, y = 0.12x (R 2 = 0.85) Sulfate in soil, mg/kg Sulfate released to water, mg/l Chloride released to water, mg/l Figure A8.2. Relationship between (a) ph of water and acidity/alkalinity upon 24-h resuspension of soils in deionised water, (b) total sulfate in the soils and dissolved sulfate following 24-h resuspension of soils in deionised water, and (c) dissolved sulfate and chloride in the waters, following 24-h resuspension of soils in deionised water. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 122

46 Table A8.5. Concentrations of alkalinity, acidity, sulfate, chloride, nitrite+ nitrate, phosphate, and total organic carbon at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Finniss River soil samples (Part 1) Nitrate+ Nitrite-N Reactive- P Site Alkalinity Acidity Sulfate Chloride TOC mg/l b mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l FIN < FIN 20.2 < < FIN < FIN 20.4 < < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN 21.1 < < FIN 21.2 < < FIN 21.3 < < FIN <0.01 <1 FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN 23.6 < < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < : a --- = not analysed. b Alkalinity (total) = bicarbonate alkalinity (hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity <1 mg/l). Phosphate = reactive phosphorus. d River Murray at Morgan s Lagoon (mean of seven bulk sample). e FB = field blank (collection site). c Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 123

47 Table A8.6. Concentrations of alkalinity, acidity, sulfate, chloride, nitrite+ nitrate, phosphate, and total organic carbon at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Finniss River soil samples (Part 2) Nitrite+ Alkalinity Acidity Sulfate Chloride Site Nitrite-N Reactive-P TOC mg/l b mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l FIN < FIN 28.2 < < FIN < FIN 28.4 < < FIN 29.1 <1 < < FIN 29.2 < < FIN < FIN FIN < FIN < FIN 31.1 < < FIN 31.2 < < FIN 31.3 < < FIN 31.4 < < FIN 32.1 < < FIN 32.2 < FIN 32.3 < < FIN 32.4 <1 < < FIN 33.1 < < FIN < < FIN < < FIN < < FIN < < FIN 35.3 < < FIN < FIN < FIN 38.2 < < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < : a --- = not analysed. b Alkalinity (total) = bicarbonate alkalinity (hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity <1 mg/l). Phosphate = reactive phosphorus. d River Murray at Morgan s Lagoon (mean of seven bulk sample). e FB = field blank (collection site). c Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 124

48 Table A8.7. Concentrations of alkalinity, acidity, sulfate, chloride, nitrite+ nitrate, phosphate, and total organic carbon at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Currency Creek soil samples (Part 1) Nitrite+ Alkalinity Acidity Sulfate Chloride Site Nitrite-N Reactive-P TOC mg/l b mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l CUR < CUR < CUR CUR CUR 12.1 < < CUR < CUR < CUR CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR CUR CUR < CUR CUR CUR < CUR < CUR 17.6 < < CUR < CUR < CUR 18.2 < < CUR < CUR < : a --- = not analysed. b Alkalinity (total) = bicarbonate alkalinity (hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity <1 mg/l). Phosphate = reactive phosphorus. d River Murray at Morgan s Lagoon (mean of seven bulk sample). e FB = field blank (collection site). c Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 125

49 Table A8.8. Concentrations of alkalinity, acidity, sulfate, chloride, nitrite+ nitrate, phosphate, and total organic carbon at completion of the 24-h mobilisation tests: Currency Creek soil samples (Part 2) Nitrite+ Alkalinity Acidity Sulfate Chloride Site Nitrite-N Reactive-P TOC mg/l b mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR CUR < CUR < CUR 21.1 < CUR 21.2 < < CUR CUR < CUR 21.5 < < CUR < CUR < CUR 23.3 < < CUR 23.4 < < CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR CUR < CUR 27.2 < < CUR < CUR < CUR < : a --- = not analysed. b Alkalinity (total) = bicarbonate alkalinity (hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity <1 mg/l). Phosphate = reactive phosphorus. d River Murray at Morgan s Lagoon (mean of seven bulk sample). e FB = field blank (collection site). c Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 126

50 Table A8.9. Concentrations of major cations mobilised from Finniss River soil samples (Part 1) Site Depth, cm Na K Ca Mg mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN < FIN FIN FIN FIN Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 127

51 Table A8.10. Concentrations of major cations mobilised from Finniss River soil samples (Part 2) Site Depth, cm Na K Ca Mg mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 128

52 Table A8.11. Concentrations of major cations mobilised from Currency Creek soil samples (Part 1) Site Depth, cm Na K Ca Mg mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 129

53 Table A8.12. Concentrations of major cations mobilised from Currency Creek soil samples (Part 2) Site Depth, cm Na K Ca Mg mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 130

54 Dissolved calcium, mg/l Dissolved potasium, mg/l Dissolved magnesium, mg/l Dissolved calcium, mg/l Currency Creek Dissolved potasium, mg/l Dissolved magnesium, mg/l Dissolved calcium, mg/l Finniss River Dissolved potasium, mg/l Dissolved magnesium, mg/l Figure A8.3. Relationships between of dissolved magnesium and dissolved calcium and potassium in the waters following 24-h resuspension of soils in deionised water. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 131

55 Table A8.13. Concentrations of trace metals and metalloids mobilised from Finniss River soil samples (Part 1) Site Depth Al Fe Mn Ag As Cd Co Cr Cu Ni Pb Sb Se V Zn cm µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l FIN FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN FIN NA < FIN < FIN FIN FIN < FIN FIN FIN FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < < < FIN FIN < FIN < FIN < < FIN FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < < WQG (95% PC) b 0.05 NV NV a Water quality guideline, 95% level of ecosystem protection (without hardness corrections etc) in ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000). The WQG for As assumes all is as As(V), which is less toxic than As(III) (WGQ = 24 µg/l). The WQG for Cr assumes all is as Cr(VI). The WQGs for Co and V are low reliability values. Exceedances of guidelines are in bold. Guidelines for Al and Mn are shown in mg/l. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 132

56 Table A8.14. Concentrations of trace metals and metalloids mobilised from Finniss River soil samples (Part 2) Site Depth Al Fe Mn Ag As Cd Co Cr Cu Ni Pb Sb Se V Zn cm µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l FIN FIN < FIN < FIN < < FIN < < FIN < FIN < FIN < < FIN < FIN <1 <1 93 < < < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN < < FIN < FIN < FIN < FIN <1 < 1 1 < < < FIN <1 0.9 < < < FIN <1 6 2 < < < FIN < < FIN < < FIN < FIN < < < FIN < FIN < FIN <1 <1 <0.2 < < < FIN < < < FIN <1 <1 17 < < < WQG (95% PC) a 0.05 NV NV a Water quality guideline, 95% level of ecosystem protection (without hardness corrections etc) in ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000). The WQG for As assumes all is as As(V), which is less toxic than As(III) (WGQ = 24 µg/l). The WQG for Cr assumes all is as Cr(VI). The WQGs for Co and V are low reliability values. Exceedances of guidelines are in bold. Guidelines for Al and Mn are shown in mg/l. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 133

57 Table A8.15. Concentrations of trace metals and metalloids mobilised from Currency Creek soil samples (Part 2) Site Depth Al Fe Mn Ag As Cd Co Cr Cu Ni Pb Sb Se V Zn cm µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l CUR <1 1 1 < < CUR <1 < < < < CUR <1 <1 18 < < < CUR <1 <1 13 < < < CUR CUR < CUR < < < CUR <1 13 < < < CUR <1 <1 1 < < < < CUR < CUR < CUR <1 <1 89 < < < CUR < < CUR < CUR < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < < < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < CUR < CUR < < CUR CUR < CUR <1 <1 32 < < < CUR <1 0.2 < < < WQG (95% PC) a 0.05 NV NV a Water quality guideline, 95% level of ecosystem protection (without hardness corrections etc) in ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000). The WQG for As assumes all is as As(V), which is less toxic than As(III) (WGQ = 24 µg/l). The WQG for Cr assumes all is as Cr(VI). The WQGs for Co and V are low reliability values. Exceedances of guidelines are in bold. Guidelines for Al and Mn are shown in mg/l. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 134

58 Table A8.16. Concentrations of trace metals and metalloids mobilised from Currency Creek soil samples (Part 2) Site Depth Al Fe Mn Ag As Cd Co Cr Cu Ni Pb Sb Se V Zn cm µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l µg/l CUR < < CUR < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < CUR < < CUR CUR < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR < < CUR < CUR < CUR < CUR < < CUR < < CUR < CUR < < CUR < CUR < CUR < WQG (95% PC) a 0.05 NV NV a Water quality guideline, 95% level of ecosystem protection (without hardness corrections etc) in ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000). The WQG for As assumes all is as As(V), which is less toxic than As(III) (WGQ = 24 µg/l). The WQG for Cr assumes all is as Cr(VI). The WQGs for Co and V are low reliability values. Exceedances of guidelines are in bold. Guidelines for Al and Mn are shown in mg/l. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 135

59 Appendix 8 Pearson Correlation for Currency Creek metal-release data ph Ag As Cd Co Cr Cu Mn Ni Pb Sb Se V Zn Ca Mg Al Fe ph (r) p-value Ag (r) p-value As (r) p-value Cd (r) p-value Co (r) p-value Cr (r) p-value Cu (r) p-value Mn (r) p-value Ni (r) p-value Pb (r) p-value Sb (r) p-value Se (r) p-value V (r) p-value Zn (r) p-value Ca (r) p-value Mg (r) p-value Al (r) p-value Fe (r) p-value Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 136

60 Appendix 8 Pearson Correlation for Finniss River metal-release data ph Ag As Cd Co Cr Cu Mn Ni Pb Sb Se V Zn Ca Mg Al Fe ph (r) p-value Ag (r) p-value As (r) p-value Cd (r) p-value Co (r) p-value Cr (r) p-value Cu (r) p-value Mn (r) p-value Ni (r) p-value Pb (r) p-value Sb (r) p-value Se (r) p-value V (r) p-value Zn (r) p-value Ca (r) p-value Mg (r) p-value Al (r) p-value Fe (r) p-value Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 137

61 Appendix 8 QAQC data for acid and nutrients in the remobilisation tests Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 138

62 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 139

63 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 140

64 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 141

65 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 142

66 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 143

67 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 144

68 Appendix 8 QAQC data for metals in the remobilisation experiments Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 145

69 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 146

70 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 147

71 APPENDIX 9: MINERALOGY DATA (XRD PATTERNS AND PHOTOGRAPHS) AND GEOCHEMISTRY DATA (X- RAY FLUORESCENCE) Code for interpretation of mineral quantities in tables D: dominant (>60%) CD: co-dominant (sum of phases >60%) SD: sub-dominant (20-60%) M: minor (5-20%) T: trace (<5%) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 148

72 Quartz Kaolinite Gypsum Halite Schwertmannite D FIN28.1 M D FIN QUARTZ, SYN HALITE, SYN GYPSUM, SYN KAOLINITE-1A SCHWERTMANNITE Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\fin28-1.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 149

73 Tamarugite Hexahydrite Epsomite Gypsum Quartz Sideronatrite Pickeringite Alunogen Mg Copiapite Melanterite Halite #FIN SD M M T T M T 26.1 *FIN 20.5 M FIN 23.2 CD CD T M FIN40W SD M D T FIN40G CD CD CD T T CD M M FIN40Y T M T D FIN41G T T T D M FIN41Y M T D M FIN41O CD T T CD M CD FIN42W SD D T T T FIN42G D SD T SD FIN42YW D T M T T M M FIN42Y T T T D T *Jarosite (=CD) Dominant sideronatrite, minor quartz and gypsum trace halite (possible trace kaolin, pentahydrite, hexahydrite and unidentified mineral) # Pentahydrite (=Trace) Tamarugite - NaAl(SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O Hexahydrite MgSO 4.6H 2 O Epsomite MgSO 4.7H 2 O Gypsum CaSO 4.2H 2 O Sideronatrite - Na 2 Fe (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 3H 2 O Pickeringite - MgAl 2 (SO 4 ) 4 22H 2 O Alunogen - Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 17H 2 O Mg copiapite - MgFe 4 (SO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 20H 2 O Melanterite - FeSO 4 7H 2 O Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 150

74 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 151

75 FIN JAROSITE, SYN GYPSUM, SYN KAOLINITE-1A MUSCOVITE-2M QUARTZ, SYN Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\fin20-5.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 152

76 FIN GYPSUM, SYN KAOLINITE-1A MUSCOVITE-2M QUARTZ, SYN HALITE, SYN HEXAHYDRITE, SYN 8 Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\fin23-2.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 153

77 FIN40 White 6.3x Mag (FOV=22mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 154

78 FIN40 White TAMARUGITE HEXAHYDRITE, SYN EPSOMITE, SYN GYPSUM, SYN Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27693.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 155

79 FIN40 Greenish 10x Mag (FOV=15mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 156

80 FIN40 Greenish TAMARUGITE HEXAHYDRITE, SYN EPSOMITE, SYN GYPSUM, SYN QUARTZ, SYN SIDERONATRITE PICKERINGITE ALUNOGEN Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27694.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 157

81 FIN40 Yellow 6.3x Mag (FOV=22mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 158

82 25 FIN40 Yellow EPSOMITE, SYN GYPSUM, SYN QUARTZ, SYN SIDERONATRITE Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27695.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 159

83 FIN41 Greenish 10x Mag (FOV=15mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 160

84 20 FIN41 Greenish QUARTZ, SYN SIDERONATRITE MAGNESIOCOPIAPITE ALUNOGEN MELANTERITE, SYN Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27696.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 161

85 FIN41 Yellowish 8x Mag (FOV=20mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 162

86 25 FIN41 Yellowish QUARTZ, SYN SIDERONATRITE ALUNOGEN GYPSUM, SYN 20 Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27697.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 163

87 FIN41 Orange/brown 10x Mag (FOV=15mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 164

88 45 FIN41 Orange/brown QUARTZ, SYN SIDERONATRITE ALUNOGEN GYPSUM, SYN EPSOMITE, SYN PICKERINGITE Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27698.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 165

89 FIN42 White 10x Mag (FOV=15mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 166

90 FIN42 White QUARTZ, SYN GYPSUM, SYN HEXAHYDRITE, SYN TAMARUGITE HALITE, SYN Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27699.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 167

91 FIN42 Greenish 12.5x Mag (FOV=12mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 168

92 FIN42 Green GYPSUM, SYN HEXAHYDRITE, SYN TAMARUGITE SIDERONATRITE Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27700.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 169

93 FIN42 Yellow-white 6.3x Mag (FOV=22mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 170

94 FIN42 Yellow-white QUARTZ, SYN GYPSUM, SYN HEXAHYDRITE, SYN TAMARUGITE SIDERONATRITE EPSOMITE, SYN ALUNOGEN 80 Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27701.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 171

95 FIN42 Yellow 6.3x Mag (FOV=22mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 172

96 FIN42 Yellow QUARTZ, SYN GYPSUM, SYN SIDERONATRITE ALUNOGEN TAMARUGITE Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\...\x'pert~1\27702.xpt Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 173

97 FIN26 M2.7 (Mag 12.5X FOV=12mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 174

98 30 FIN26 M SIDERONATRITE QUARTZ, SYN GYPSUM, SYN HALITE, SYN 24 Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\data\xrd data\x'pert data\28424.xpt XRD pattern FIN26 M2.7 (Co Ka radiation) Mineralogy: Dominant sideronatrite, minor quartz, trace gypsum and halite (possible trace kaolin, pentahydrite and unidentified mineral) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 175

99 FIN26 M2.8 (Mag 25X FOV=6mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 176

100 20 FIN26 M SIDERONATRITE QUARTZ, SYN GYPSUM, SYN HALITE, SYN HEXAHYDRITE, SYN PENTAHYDRITE, SYN KAOLINITE-1A Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\data\xrd data\x'pert data\28425.xpt XRD pattern FIN26 M2.8 (Co Ka radiation) Mineralogy: Dominant sideronatrite, minor quartz and gypsum trace halite (possible trace kaolin, pentahydrite, hexahydrite and unidentified mineral) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 177

101 Quartz Sideronatrite Gypsum Halite Hexahydrite Natrojarosite Feldspar Tamarugite FIN26 M3 7.2 M D M M T FIN26 M4 4.4 D M T FIN26 M D M T M T T M Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 178

102 Photograph of FIN26 M3 7.2 (8X mag, FOV = 19mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 179

103 FIN26 M QUARTZ, SYN SIDERONATRITE GYPSUM, SYN HALITE, SYN HEXAHYDRITE, SYN 15 Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\data\xrd data\x'pert data\28511.xpt XRD pattern of FIN26 M3 7.2 (Co Ka radiation) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 180

104 Photograph of FIN26 M4 4.4 (7X mag, FOV = 22mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 181

105 FIN26 M QUARTZ, SYN NATROJAROSITE, SYN ALBITE, ORDERED MICROCLINE, INTERMEDIATE 50 Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\data\xrd data\x'pert data\28512.xpt XRD pattern of FIN26 M4 4.4 (Co Ka radiation) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 182

106 Photograph of FIN26 M (8X mag, FOV = 19mm) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 183

107 FIN26 M QUARTZ, SYN ALBITE, ORDERED MICROCLINE, INTERMEDIATE SIDERONATRITE HALITE, SYN HEXAHYDRITE, SYN TAMARUGITE GYPSUM, SYN 20 Intensity (Counts) X File Name: Theta Angle (deg) c:\data\xrd data\x'pert data\28513.xpt XRD pattern of FIN26 M (Co Ka radiation) Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 184

108 GEOCHEMISTRY DATA X-ray fluorescence analyses of fused samples from the Finniss River area for major elements, presented as their oxides (except for chlorine). LLD = lower limit of detection. Note that LLD is in mg kg -1 while the oxide data is presented in %. n.a. : not available. Sample No SiO 2 TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl Sum (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (mg kg -1 ) (%) LLD (mg kg -1 ) FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 185

109 Sample No SiO 2 TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl Sum FIN 26.1/ FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN < FIN < FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 186

110 Sample No SiO 2 TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl Sum FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN FIN Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 187

111 X-ray fluorescence analyses of fused samples from the Currency Creek area for major elements, presented as their oxides (except for chlorine). LLD = lower limit of detection. Note that LLD is in mg kg -1 while the oxide data is presented in %. n.a. : not available. Sample No SiO 2 TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl Sum (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (mg kg-1) (%) LLD (mg kg -1 ) CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 188

112 Sample No SiO 2 TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl Sum CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 189

113 Sample No SiO 2 TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MnO MgO CaO Na 2 O K 2 O P 2 O 5 SO 3 Cl Sum CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR 26.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR CUR Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 190

114 Powder X-ray fluorescence analyses of samples from the Currency Creek area for minor elements. LLD = lower limit of detection. Sample ID Ag As Ba Bi Br Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Ge Hf Hg mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 LLD (mgkg -1 ) CUR 11.1 < <3 79 < <1 <7 <13 CUR 11.2 < <3 58 < <1 <7 <13 CUR 11.3 < <3 31 < <7 <13 CUR 11.4 < <3 18 <3 < <7 2 5 <1 <7 <13 CUR 12.1 < <3 51 < < <7 <13 CUR 12.2 < <3 14 <3 < <7 <13 CUR 12.3 < <3 9 < <1 <7 <13 CUR 12.4 < <3 13 < <7 1 6 <1 <7 <13 CUR 13.1 < <3 205 < < <1 <7 <13 CUR <3 85 < < <7 <13 CUR 13.3 < <3 14 < <1 <7 <13 CUR 13.4 < <3 16 < <7 <13 CUR 13.5 < <3 9 < <1 <7 <13 CUR 14.2 < <3 4 <3 < <7 <1 3 3 <7 <13 CUR 14.3 < <3 11 <3 < < <7 <13 CUR 14.4 < <3 9 < <7 <1 3 <1 <7 <13 CUR 15.1 < <3 12 <3 < <7 <1 1 2 <7 <13 CUR 15.2 < <3 24 < <1 5 1 <7 <13 CUR 15.3 < <3 4 < <1 <7 <13 CUR 15.4 < <3 7 < <7 <13 CUR 16.1 < <3 14 <3 < <7 <1 <1 2 <7 <13 CUR 16.2 < <3 7 <3 < <7 <1 2 3 <7 <13 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 191

115 Sample ID Ag As Ba Bi Br Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Ge Hf Hg CUR 17.1 < <3 348 < < <1 <7 <13 CUR 17.2 < <3 3 <3 < <7 <1 2 2 <7 <13 CUR 17.3 < <3 2 < <7 <1 1 2 <7 <13 CUR 17.4 < <3 10 <3 < < <7 <13 CUR 17.5 < <3 12 < <7 <13 CUR 17.6 < <3 4 < <7 <13 CUR 17.7 < <3 4 < < <7 <13 CUR 18.1 < <3 7 <3 < <7 <1 2 3 <7 <13 CUR 18.2 < <3 7 <3 < <7 <1 3 2 <7 <13 CUR 18.3 < <3 3 < < <7 <13 CUR 18.4 < < < <7 <13 CUR 19.1 < <3 5 <3 < <1 1 3 <7 <13 CUR 19.2 < <3 7 < <7 <1 2 <1 <7 <13 CUR 19.3 < <3 4 < < <7 <13 CUR 20.1 < <3 6 < <7 <1 3 3 <7 <13 CUR 20.2 < <3 20 < < <7 <13 CUR 20.3 < <3 21 < < <7 <13 CUR 21.1 < <3 152 < <7 <13 CUR 21.2 < <3 15 < <1 <7 <13 CUR 21.3 < <3 12 < <7 2 4 <1 <7 <13 CUR 21.4 < <3 204 < <7 <13 CUR 21.5 < <3 40 < < <7 <13 CUR 23.1 < <3 47 < <7 2 5 <1 <7 <13 CUR 23.2 < <3 18 < <7 <13 CUR 23.3 < <3 27 < <7 <13 CUR 23.4 < <3 44 < <7 <13 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 192

116 Sample ID Ag As Ba Bi Br Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Ge Hf Hg CUR 25.1 < <3 44 < <7 <1 2 <1 <7 <13 CUR 25.2 < <3 16 < <7 <1 3 <1 <7 <13 CUR 25.3 < <3 12 < <7 <1 5 3 <7 <13 CUR 25.4 < < < <7 <13 CUR 26.1 < <3 11 <3 < <1 <1 2 <7 <13 CUR 26.2 < <3 3 <3 < <7 <1 3 2 <7 <13 CUR 27.1 < <3 83 < <7 <1 3 <1 <7 <13 CUR 27.2 < <3 4 < <7 <1 1 3 <7 <13 CUR <3 6 4 < <7 1 3 <1 <7 <13 CUR 27.4 < <3 7 <3 < <7 <1 3 2 <7 <13 CUR 27.5 < <3 15 <3 < <7 1 3 <1 <7 <13 CUR 28.1 < <3 63 < <7 <1 2 <1 7 <13 Sample ID I La Mn Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Rb Sb Sc Se Sm Sn Sr mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 LLD (mgkg -1 ) CUR < <7 5 1 <9 <2 200 CUR < <7 11 <1 <9 <2 102 CUR 11.3 < < <7 11 <1 <9 <2 56 CUR 11.4 <6 < <1 4 < <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 290 CUR 12.1 < < <7 4 <1 11 <2 118 CUR 12.2 <6 < < <7 4 <1 <9 <2 60 CUR 12.3 < < <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 148 CUR 12.4 <6 < < <2 44 <7 <3 <1 11 <2 461 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 193

117 Sample ID I La Mn Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Rb Sb Sc Se Sm Sn Sr CUR < <2 186 CUR < <7 8 <1 <9 <2 120 CUR 13.3 <6 <13 73 <1 6 < <7 4 <1 <9 <2 58 CUR 13.4 < < <7 6 <1 <9 <2 59 CUR 13.5 <6 < < <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 344 CUR 14.2 <6 <13 59 <1 3 <8 3 <2 19 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 24 CUR 14.3 < <1 4 <8 7 <2 40 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 110 CUR 14.4 <6 <13 57 <1 3 <8 3 <2 30 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 337 CUR 15.1 <6 <13 26 <1 3 <8 2 <2 24 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 34 CUR 15.2 <6 <13 46 <1 4 <8 3 <2 34 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 42 CUR 15.3 < < <7 14 <1 <9 <2 42 CUR 15.4 < < < CUR 16.1 <6 <13 71 <1 4 <8 4 <2 30 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 50 CUR 16.2 <6 <13 21 <1 4 <8 3 <2 15 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 21 CUR < <7 <3 2 <9 <2 240 CUR 17.2 <6 <13 26 <1 4 <8 <2 <2 32 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 41 CUR 17.3 <6 <13 23 <1 4 <8 3 <2 28 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 35 CUR 17.4 <6 <13 57 < <7 4 <1 <9 <2 43 CUR 17.5 < < <7 12 <1 <9 <2 42 CUR 17.6 < < <7 9 <1 <9 <2 31 CUR 17.7 <6 <13 55 < <7 8 <1 <9 <2 34 CUR 18.1 <6 <13 21 <1 3 <8 4 <2 14 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 20 CUR 18.2 <6 <13 44 <1 3 <8 6 <2 17 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 18 CUR 18.3 < < <7 17 <1 10 <2 52 CUR 18.4 < < <7 11 <1 <9 <2 90 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 194

118 Sample ID I La Mn Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Rb Sb Sc Se Sm Sn Sr CUR 19.1 <6 <13 30 <1 2 <8 7 <2 9 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 17 CUR 19.2 < <1 3 <8 3 <2 23 <7 5 <1 <9 <2 21 CUR 19.3 < < <2 59 CUR <13 61 < <2 22 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 44 CUR 20.2 < < <7 5 <1 <9 <2 50 CUR 20.3 < < <7 6 <1 <9 <2 53 CUR < <7 <3 <1 14 <2 560 CUR 21.2 < < <7 6 <1 13 <2 57 CUR 21.3 < < <2 25 <7 4 <1 <9 <2 34 CUR <7 8 <1 <9 <2 86 CUR <7 14 <1 < CUR < <7 4 <1 <9 <2 118 CUR 23.2 <6 <13 93 < <7 6 <1 <9 <2 48 CUR 23.3 < < <7 9 <1 10 <2 48 CUR < CUR 25.1 < < <2 18 <7 4 <1 <9 <2 136 CUR 25.2 <6 <13 68 <1 5 <8 3 <2 23 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 38 CUR 25.3 <6 <13 75 <1 7 <8 5 <2 31 <7 3 <1 9 <2 43 CUR < <9 <2 64 CUR 26.1 <6 <13 20 <1 2 <8 5 <2 12 <7 <3 1 <9 <2 22 CUR 26.2 < <1 4 <8 4 <2 18 <7 3 <1 <9 <2 25 CUR 27.1 < < <2 12 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 67 CUR 27.2 <6 <13 26 <1 4 <8 4 <2 11 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 17 CUR 27.3 <6 <13 45 <1 4 <8 7 <2 21 <7 5 <1 <9 <2 23 CUR 27.4 <6 <13 44 <1 4 <8 4 <2 19 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 22 CUR 27.5 <6 <13 58 <1 4 <8 3 <2 19 <7 4 <1 <9 <2 26 CUR 28.1 < < <2 10 <7 <3 <1 <9 <2 44 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 195

119 Sample ID Ta Te Th Tl U V Y Yb Zn Zr mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 LLD (mgkg -1 ) CUR 11.1 <5 < < CUR 11.2 <5 < < < CUR 11.3 <5 < CUR 11.4 <5 < CUR 12.1 <5 < CUR 12.2 <5 <6 5 4 < < CUR 12.3 <5 < < CUR 12.4 <5 <6 5 < < CUR 13.1 <5 <6 13 < < CUR 13.2 <5 < < CUR 13.3 <5 <6 7 <2 < CUR 13.4 <5 <6 7 <2 < < CUR 13.5 <5 < CUR 14.2 <5 <6 4 6 < CUR 14.3 <5 <6 5 <2 < CUR 14.4 <5 < CUR 15.1 <5 <6 5 4 < CUR 15.2 <5 <6 4 4 < CUR 15.3 <5 <6 13 <2 < < CUR 15.4 <5 < CUR 16.1 <5 <6 6 6 < CUR 16.2 <5 <6 5 7 <2 < <2 155 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 196

120 Sample ID Ta Te Th Tl U V Y Yb Zn Zr CUR 17.1 <5 < < CUR 17.2 <5 <6 5 5 <2 <5 6 <8 <2 194 CUR 17.3 <5 <6 4 5 <2 < CUR 17.4 <5 <6 7 <2 < < CUR 17.5 <5 < < CUR 17.6 <5 < < CUR 17.7 <5 < < < CUR 18.1 <5 <6 5 5 <2 < <2 175 CUR 18.2 <5 <6 4 3 < CUR 18.3 <5 < < CUR 18.4 <5 <6 13 < < CUR 19.1 <5 <6 4 6 <2 < CUR 19.2 <5 <6 5 <2 < < CUR 19.3 <5 < CUR 20.1 <5 < CUR 20.2 <5 < CUR 20.3 <5 < CUR 21.1 <5 < < CUR 21.2 <5 < CUR 21.3 <5 < CUR 21.4 <5 < < CUR 21.5 <5 < < CUR 23.1 <5 <6 7 < CUR 23.2 <5 <6 8 <2 < < CUR 23.3 <5 < < CUR 23.4 <5 < < Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 197

121 Sample ID Ta Te Th Tl U V Y Yb Zn Zr CUR 25.1 <5 <6 5 3 < CUR 25.2 <5 <6 7 3 < CUR 25.3 <5 < CUR 25.4 <5 < < CUR 26.1 <5 <6 <3 8 < CUR 26.2 <5 <6 5 8 < CUR 27.1 <5 <6 <3 3 < CUR 27.2 <5 <6 5 4 < CUR 27.3 <5 <6 5 4 < CUR 27.4 <5 <6 6 5 < CUR 27.5 <5 < < CUR 28.1 <5 <6 4 3 < Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 198

122 Powder X-ray fluorescence analyses of samples from the Finniss River area for minor elements. LLD = lower limit of detection. Sample ID Ag As Ba Bi Br Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Ge Hf Hg mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 LLD (mg kg -1 ) FIN 20.1 < <3 274 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 20.2 < <3 165 < <7 <12 FIN 20.3 < <3 277 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 20.4 < <3 329 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 20.5 < <3 80 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 20.6 < <3 46 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 20.7 < <3 92 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 21.1 < <3 394 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 21.2 < <3 563 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 21.3 < <3 234 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 21.4 < <3 148 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 23.1 < <3 243 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 23.2 < <3 210 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN <3 94 < <7 <12 FIN 23.4 < <3 107 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 23.5 < <3 40 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 23.6 < <3 42 < <7 <12 FIN 24.1 < <3 239 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 25.1 < <3 188 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 25.2 < <3 76 < < <7 <12 FIN 25.3 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 26.1/2 < <3 81 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN < <1 <7 <12 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 199

123 Sample ID Ag As Ba Bi Br Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Ge Hf Hg FIN 27.1 < <3 138 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 27.2 < <3 103 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 27.3 < <3 65 < <7 <12 FIN 28.1 < <3 203 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 28.2 < <3 126 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 28.3 < <3 54 < <7 <12 FIN 28.4 < <3 56 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 29.1 < <3 151 < < <1 <7 <12 FIN 29.2 < <3 157 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 29.3 < <3 133 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 30.1 < <3 3 <3 < <7 <1 <1 <1 <7 <12 FIN 30.2 < <3 2 <3 < <7 <1 <1 <1 <7 <12 FIN 30.3 < <3 49 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 31.1 < <3 8 <3 < <7 <1 <1 2 <7 <12 FIN 31.2 < <3 2 <3 < <1 <1 <1 <7 <12 FIN 31.3 < <3 1 <3 < <7 1 2 <1 <7 <12 FIN 31.4 < <3 2 < <7 <1 1 <1 <7 <12 FIN 32.1 < <3 4 <3 < <7 <1 <1 2 <7 <12 FIN 32.2 < <3 3 <3 < <7 <1 2 <1 <7 <12 FIN 32.3 < <3 4 <3 < <7 <1 2 <1 <7 <12 FIN 32.4 < <3 2 <3 < <7 <1 2 <1 <7 <12 FIN 33.1 < <3 5 <3 < <7 <1 2 <1 <7 <12 FIN 33.2 < <3 77 < < <7 <12 FIN 33.3 < <3 8 < < <7 <12 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 200

124 Sample ID Ag As Ba Bi Br Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Ge Hf Hg FIN 35.1 < <3 169 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 35.2 < <3 9 <3 < <7 <1 2 <1 <7 <12 FIN 35.3 < <3 11 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 35.4 < <3 9 <3 < < <7 <12 FIN 36.1 < <3 20 <3 < <7 <1 4 2 <7 <12 FIN 36.2 < <3 35 < < <7 <12 FIN 38.1 < <3 25 < <1 2 1 <7 <12 FIN 38.2 < <3 17 < <7 <12 FIN 38.3 < <3 15 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 39.1 < <3 50 < <1 <7 <12 FIN 39.2 < <3 35 < <7 <12 FIN 39.3 < <3 46 < <7 <12 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 201

125 Sample ID I La Mn Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Rb Sb Sc Se mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 LLD (mg kg -1 ) FIN < FIN < < FIN <7 7 2 FIN <7 5 3 FIN <7 6 2 FIN <7 12 <1 FIN <7 14 <1 FIN < < FIN <7 7 3 FIN <7 6 2 FIN < FIN < <7 5 2 FIN < <7 7 2 FIN < < FIN < <7 12 <1 FIN <7 12 <1 FIN 23.6 < <7 18 <1 FIN <7 4 1 FIN <7 9 2 FIN < FIN <7 17 <1 FIN 26.1/2 < < <7 14 <1 FIN 26.3 < < Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 202

126 Sample ID I La Mn Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Rb Sb Sc Se FIN < FIN < FIN 27.3 < < FIN <7 9 <1 FIN < < FIN <7 16 <1 FIN 28.4 < <7 16 <1 FIN < < FIN < <7 6 3 FIN < FIN <12 12 <1 2 <8 <2 <2 7 <7 <3 <1 FIN 30.2 <6 <12 16 <1 3 <8 2 <2 10 <7 <3 <1 FIN <7 16 <1 FIN 31.1 <6 <12 10 <1 3 <8 <2 <2 5 <7 <3 <1 FIN 31.2 <6 <12 10 <1 2 <8 3 <2 6 <7 <3 <1 FIN 31.3 <6 <12 24 <1 3 <8 2 <2 13 <7 <3 <1 FIN 31.4 <6 <12 24 <1 4 <8 <2 <2 10 <7 <3 <1 FIN 32.1 <6 <12 16 <1 3 <8 2 <2 6 <7 <3 <1 FIN 32.2 <6 <12 14 <1 3 <8 2 <2 12 <7 3 <1 FIN 32.3 <6 <12 37 <1 3 <8 3 <2 13 <7 <3 <1 FIN 32.4 <6 <12 22 <1 2 <8 <2 <2 11 <7 <3 <1 FIN 33.1 <6 <12 19 <1 2 <8 <2 <2 7 <7 <3 <1 FIN < <7 9 <1 FIN < <7 6 <1 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 203

127 Sample ID I La Mn Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Rb Sb Sc Se FIN < <7 5 3 FIN 35.2 <6 <12 24 <1 3 <8 2 <2 7 <7 <3 <1 FIN <12 45 <1 4 <8 4 <2 16 <7 <3 <1 FIN <12 23 <1 3 <8 4 <2 15 <7 <3 <1 FIN 36.1 < <1 4 <8 5 <2 22 <7 <3 <1 FIN 36.2 < < <7 8 <1 FIN <1 4 <8 2 <2 15 <7 <3 <1 FIN < <7 5 <1 FIN <12 87 <1 4 < <7 6 <1 FIN < <7 <3 2 FIN < <7 9 <1 FIN 39.3 < < <7 11 <1 Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 204

128 Sample ID Sm Sn Sr Ta Te Th Tl U V Y Yb Zn Zr mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 LLD (mg kg -1 ) FIN <3 326 <5 < < FIN 20.2 <9 <3 96 <5 < < FIN 20.3 <9 <3 131 <5 < < FIN <3 83 <5 < < FIN 20.5 <9 <3 124 <5 < < FIN <3 48 <5 < < < FIN 20.7 <9 <3 77 <5 < < FIN <3 104 <5 < < FIN 21.2 <9 <3 136 <5 < < FIN 21.3 <9 <3 129 <5 < < FIN 21.4 <9 <3 66 <5 < < FIN 23.1 <9 <3 442 <5 < < FIN 23.2 <9 <3 151 <5 < < FIN 23.3 < <5 < < FIN 23.4 <9 <3 66 <5 <6 13 < < FIN 23.5 <9 <3 51 <5 <6 10 < FIN <3 70 <5 <6 13 < FIN <3 605 <5 <6 10 < < FIN <3 119 <5 < < FIN 25.2 <9 <3 69 <5 < < FIN 25.3 < <5 < < FIN 26.1/2 16 <3 165 <5 <6 19 < FIN <3 100 <5 < < Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 205

129 Sample ID Sm Sn Sr Ta Te Th Tl U V Y Yb Zn Zr FIN 27.1 <9 <3 76 <5 <6 14 < < FIN <3 63 <5 <6 11 < < FIN 27.3 < <5 < < FIN 28.1 <9 <3 151 <5 < FIN <3 79 <5 < FIN <3 65 <5 < < FIN <3 74 <5 < < FIN 29.1 <9 <3 72 <5 < < FIN <3 54 <5 < < FIN 29.3 <9 <3 96 <5 < < FIN <3 12 <5 <6 <3 5 <2 < <2 62 FIN 30.2 <9 <3 16 <5 <6 <3 4 <2 < <2 130 FIN <5 < FIN 31.1 <9 <3 10 <5 <6 <3 5 <2 < <2 166 FIN 31.2 <9 <3 10 <5 <6 5 5 <2 < <2 88 FIN 31.3 <9 <3 16 <5 <6 6 3 < < FIN 31.4 <9 <3 13 <5 <6 4 4 < FIN <3 11 <5 <6 5 4 <2 < FIN 32.2 <9 <3 18 <5 <6 3 <2 < FIN 32.3 <9 <3 16 <5 <6 4 <2 < FIN 32.4 <9 <3 14 <5 <6 <3 3 <2 9 3 <8 <2 78 FIN 33.1 <9 <3 11 <5 <6 <3 3 <2 9 3 <8 <2 64 FIN 33.2 <9 <3 63 <5 <6 9 < < FIN 33.3 <9 <3 54 <5 <6 7 < < Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 206

130 Sample ID Sm Sn Sr Ta Te Th Tl U V Y Yb Zn Zr FIN 35.1 <9 <3 99 <5 <6 9 3 < < FIN 35.2 <9 <3 14 <5 <6 4 <2 <2 9 5 <8 <2 257 FIN 35.3 <9 <3 22 <5 <6 4 4 < FIN 35.4 <9 <3 21 <5 <6 <3 3 < FIN 36.1 <9 <3 30 <5 < FIN <3 59 <5 <6 8 4 < < FIN 38.1 <9 <3 118 <5 < <8 <2 254 FIN 38.2 <9 <3 41 <5 <6 7 < < FIN 38.3 <9 <3 30 <5 <6 4 5 < < FIN 39.1 < <5 < < FIN <3 151 <5 < < FIN 39.3 <9 <3 87 <5 < < Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 207

131 APPENDIX 10: PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING SITE LOCATIONS, SOIL PROFILE PITS, AND SELECTED SOIL FEATURES DURING REWETTING FROM WINTER RAINS Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 208

132 Figure A10-1 Profile FIN26M2-7 showing recently slumped bank with exposed black hypersulfidic material with recent bright yellow sideronatrite formation (ph 1.5 to 2.5). Sandy bank adjacent to stream comprises sulfuric material with ph 2.5 to 3. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 209

133 Figure A10-2 Profile FIN26M3-20 showing close-up view of sulfuric material in sandy materials on the edge of stream with cattle pugs (ph 0.5 to 0.8) formed during the rewetting phase in May 2009 (see Figure 10-4 lower panel), which has resulted in acidic pools and running water (ph 3.3. to 4: See Figure A9-3 below). Yellowish white precipitates comprise tamarugite and sideronatrite in sandy materials on the stream (ph 1.5 to 2.5). Sandy bank adjacent to stream comprises sulfuric material with ph 2.5 to 3. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 210

134 Figure A10-3: Photographs showing acidic water (ph 3.3. to 4) flowing in the stream at a rate of 20 to 30 litres for minute (site FIN26M3-8 shown in Figure 10-1). Close-up views of the orange iron oxyhydroxysulfate mineral (schwertmannite) precipitating in the water column. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 211

135 Figure A10-4. Photograph of FIN26M3-4 &5 showing a sulfuric subaqueous cracking clay soil with thin brownish-orange precipitates comprising schwertmannite, which coat the outside of peds and cracks Figure A10-5 Photograph of FIN26M3-4 &5 (sulfuric subaqueous clayey soil) showing brownish orange precipitates comprising schwertmannite, which coat the outside of clayey peds to a depth of 20 cm, which abruptly overlies a sandy gravel layer at 20 to 25 cm (ph 3.4), which abruptly overlies a heavy sticky clay with prominent slickensides with natrojarosite coatings. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 212

136 Figure A10-6. Close-up view of the brownish grey gravelly sandy layer (ph 3 to 3.5) between 20 to 25 cm in FIN26M3-4 &5 (Sulfuric subaqueous clayey soil) Figure A10-7 Close-up view of the bright yellow coatings of natrojarosite along peds and cracks between 25 cm and 50 cm in FIN26M3-4 &5 (Sulfuric subaqueous clayey soil). Old Phragmites root channels are clearly visible. Black Swamp and Goolwa Channel, South Australia Page 213

137