THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF SCIENTISTS NETWORKS: A SCIENTOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE

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1 THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF SCIENTISTS NETWORKS: A SCIENTOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE Loet Leydesdorff* * Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, NL

2 The Structure and Evolution of Scientists Networks: A Scientometric Perspective Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam

3 The Scientometric Perspective document sets attributes: title words authors addresses countries cited references Asymmetrical (2-mode) matrices: word-document; author-document, etc.

4 Sociology of science Novelty, Theory History and philosophy of science; artificial intelligence Texts Scholars Scientometrics; network analysis

5 Co-author networks Teams within specialties and disciplines (e.g., PhD students and supervisors); Research questions: Internationalization and globalization? Across institutional spheres: a Triple Helix of university-industrygovernment relations

6 (with Caroline Wagner), International collaboration in science and the formation of a core group, Journal of Informetrics 2(4) (2008) ; (with Yuan Sun), National and International Dimensions of the Triple Helix in Japan: University-Industry-Government versus International Co-Authorship Relations, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60(4) (2009)

7 Science Citation Index 2005: 194 countries versus 734,750 documents

8 Year (1) Nr of articles, reviews, letters, and notes (2) Nr of addresses in document s in (1) (3) Nr of authors in documents in (1) (4) Internationall y coauthored documents (a+r+l+n) (5) Nr of addresses in (4) (6) % International ly coauthored documents , ,783 1,866,821 51, , ,111 1,432,401 3,060, , , ,750 1,696,042 3,301, , , Data on international collaboration comparing the years 1990, 2000, and 2005 (2006).

9 700, ,000 y = 91872e 0.481x R 2 = , , , , , internationally coauthored records addresses to these records

10 37 countries with more than 100 co-authorship relations with Italy (in 2006)

11 Eight countries with more than 1000 coauthorship relations with Italy (in 2006)

12

13 171 countries (of the 199) related at the level of cosine > 0.01

14 31 countries related to Italy at the level of cosine > 0.01 in 2005

15 cosine > 0.01

16 Conclusions about Internationalization Increasing number of countries involved; Proliferation of international addresses; Not a democratization, but the shaping of an elite structure of advanced countries which branches out into the rest of the world.

17 Centralized coordination Decentralized self-organization

18 Configurational Information: T UIG = H U + H I + H G Mutual Information: H UI H IG H UG + H UIG T UIG is potentially negative T ij = H i + H j - H ij T ij 0; always positive

19 at local

20 Table 4. Triple Helix index for various countries and regions in Science Citation Index Year 2000 Rank Year 2002 Countries T(uig) in mbits Countries T(uig) in mbits Japan Japan India USA USA India UK UK France EU EU France Germany Germany S Korea S Korea Scandinavia Netherlands Italy Scandinavia Netherlands Singapore Russia Italy Singapore Brazil Brazil Russia Taiwan Taiwan PR China PR China -11.0

21 Year Paper s Paper s of each sect or Wi t hi n- Sect or s Uni v Co Pub Uni v Co Pub Uni v+ ( Co or Pub) Bet ween- Sect or s Co+ ( Uni v or Pub) Pub+ ( Uni v or Co) I nt l. Coaut hor e d Paper , , 440 3, 952 4, , 208 2, 852 2, 500 3, 232 1, 100 1, 542 1, , , 991 4, 158 4, , 247 2, 905 2, 457 3, 744 1, 253 1, 824 1, , , 584 4, 404 4, , 356 2, 989 2, 482 4, 228 1, 415 2, 022 1, , , 602 4, 804 4, , 830 3, 183 2, 662 4, 772 1, 621 2, 216 2, , , 404 5, 375 5, , 116 3, 574 2, 732 5, 288 1, 801 2, 451 2, , , 671 5, 561 5, , 944 3, 584 2, 959 5, 727 1, 977 2, 690 2, , , 483 6, 297 6, , 253 4, 029 3, 160 6, 230 2, 268 3, 001 2, , , 912 6, 869 6, , 732 4, 180 3, 093 7, 180 2, 689 3, 422 3, , , 209 7, 500 7, , 149 4, 334 3, 281 8, 060 3, 166 3, 847 3, , , 417 8, 152 7, , 482 4, 627 3, 387 8, 935 3, 525 4, 187 4, , , 006 9, 162 8, , 821 5, 100 3, , 185 4, 062 4, 893 4, , , 169 9, 917 9, , 671 5, 314 3, , 498 4, 603 5, 559 5, , , , 468 9, , 744 5, 323 3, , 964 5, 145 6, 209 6, , , , , , 354 5, 615 3, , 487 5, 508 6, 917 7, , , , , , 971 5, 434 4, , 445 5, 696 7, 639 8, , , , , , 271 5, 304 4, , 249 6, 057 8, 600 8, , , , , , 600 4, 956 4, , 819 6, 111 9, , , , , , , 930 4, 568 4, , 922 6, , , , , , , , 683 4, 172 4, , 697 7, , , , , , , , 807 3, 726 4, , 181 7, , , , , , , , 734 3, 372 4, , 899 7, , , , , , , , 337 3, 179 5, , 436 7, , , , , , , , 448 2, 975 4, , 307 7, , , , , 901 9, , , 247 2, 313 4, , 654 6, , , 810 1,277, ,645 Yuan Sun (Japan) Yves Gingras (Canada); Han Park (Korea)

22 1,277,030 articles with at least one Japanese address T(uig) in mbits R 2 > R 2 =

23 250 mutual information in mbits T(ui) T(ug) T(ig)

24 T(ui) R 2 = 0.98 T(uf) R 2 = 0.97 T in mbits of information T(uigf) R 2 > T(uig) R 2 = 0.98 T(ugf) -100 National and International Dimensions of the Triple Helix in Japan JASIST (with Yuan Sun, Tokyo)

25 T(uig) in mbits of informationn n R 2 = 0.85 R 2 = ,480 ISI-listed publications with at least one Canadian address

26 T(uig) in mbits 200 R 2 = T(ui) T(ug) T(ig)

27 mbits of information T(uf) T(gf) T(if) T(uig) T(uif) T(ugf) T(igf) T(uigf) T(ui) T(ug)

28 20 0 T(uig) in m bits of inform ation dictatorship democratization T(uig) 2-year moving average globalization liberalization -140 (with Han Woo Park, TH 7, Glasgow, 2009)

29 Conclusions 1. International collaborations are more important for (natural) scientists than local university-industry-government relations; 2. Advanced nations are able to capitalize on international relations by retaining wealth from knowledge; 3. Incentives matter differently across national cultures (e.g., Korea, Japan, Canada); 4. The international structure is stratified.