Photographic Interpretation Handbook, United States Forces: Section 14 Ships and Shipping

Transcription

1 Unversty of Nebraska Lncoln of Nebraska Lncoln DOD Mltary ntellgence U.S. Department of Defense Photographc nterpretaton Handbook, Unted States Forces: Secton 14 Shps and Shppng Robert L. Boln Depostor Unversty of NebraskaLncoln, Follow ths and addtonal works at: Boln, Robert L. Depostor, "Photographc nterpretaton Handbook, Unted States Forces: Secton 14 Shps and Shppng" (1944). DOD Mltary ntellgence Ths Artcle s brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DgtalCommons@Unversty of Nebraska Lncoln. t has been accepted for ncluson n DOD Mltary ntellgence by an authorzed admnstrator of DgtalCommons@Unversty of Nebraska Lncoln.

2 SECTON 14 SHPS AND SHPPNG

3 ''''''' [ : C r ). RESTRCTED BASN SHPS AND SHPPNG HARBOR FACLTES... <: E@> WHARF OR QUAY MARNE RALWAY DEGAUSSNG FLOATNGl\J DRYDOCK TYPCAL HARBOR LAYOUT... >Jl TORPEDO (, NET\.' ",' SEAWAL "'BREAKWATER SUBMARNE NET (NET a BOOM DEFENSE) DEFN TON OF HARBOR TERMS Basn. A small protected area of water between pers, quays, moles, or natural features. Berthng space. Space along whch vessels can secure. Breakwater. A structure, usually of rubble, bult nto the water to nfluence tdes or currents or to protect a harhor. essels cannot secure alongsde. Degaussng.The process of reducng the magnetsm of a Dock. The water space between per$. shp. Dry dock. A water tght basn whch after pumpng out excludes the water leavng bottom of vessel exposed. Floatng dry dock. A floatng structure so desgned that t may be parally submerged to permt entrance of floatng vessel. Fttng out. The fnal completon of a vessel after launchng. Gravng dock. A dry dock usually walled wth stone. Jetty. A breakwater bult to protect a harbor; may be used as pet or wh a r f. Marne ralway. nclned ral extendng nto water, carryng a Mole. whch moves on wheels; used for repar work. cradle A structure usually of stone or concrete bult nto the water for protecton and convenence n loadng and unloadng. Net defense. A system of nets and buoys used to protect a harbor entrance or shps from submarne and torpedo attacks. Per. Wharf lke structure projectng nto a stream or farway. :Juay. See wharf. Seawll. A structure of stone or concrete bult along coast to protect the land area. Slp. See dock. Ways. _ a) Ground ways statonary nclned tmbers upon whch shp s bult. b) Sldng or launchng ways are loc?terl on ground ways. Wharf. _ General term for landng place for vessels usually parallel to shore. RESTRCTED 14.01

4 SHPS AND SHPPNG HARBOR FACLTES CONT. ) KEl. GE RMANY. WTH HAR BO R FACLT ES NDCATED RESTRCTED y RESTR CT ED The establshment of a SHPS AND SHPPNG MERCHANT ESSE L DENT FCATON standard method of merchant shp dentfcaton has been the object of constant study. Two manuals; namely, ONT 209 (World ' s Merchant Shps) and ON 208J (Japanese Merhant a complete codfcaton of the basc types wth graphc ndces. Shps) represent These reference books should be accessble to an nterpreter as an ad n dentfcaton. Because of the complete photographc detal needed to satsfactorly use these manuals'n frst phase nterpretaton, a smplr method known as J. M.S.T. was developed for use n the South and Southwest Pacfc Areas. A smlar method s now beng developed for use n the European Theater. J. M. S. T. (Japanese Merchant Shppng Tonnage) was desgned orgnally for use by avators n reportng sghtngs. ts purpose s to transmt, by a call sgnal, generalzed nfo r maton on the type and gross tonnage of Japanese shps. As t s consdered partcularly applcable to frst phase reports, where cnvoys or a number of shps n a harbor are encountered, ts use s explaned n ths handhook. MERCHAN T SHP TYPES AND TERMNO L OGY.f::::: K a S v 0 A DO DH.r==> D D o U c=:> A FORECASTLE H ENTLATORS a RAKED STEM B FOREWARD WELLDECK J BOATS ON DATS R COUNTER STERN C DERRCK K MANMAST S CRUSER SPOON STERN D FOREMAST L DECKHOUSE T CATWALK E BRDGE M POOP U STANDNG RGGNG F STACK N AFTER WELLDECK ANCHOR WNDLASS G KNGPOST 0 RUDDER W CARGO HATCH P PLUMB STEM ' 1 4cs 1 '.'bt t " FRE GHTERTRANSPORT COMPOSTE S. S. FREGHTERTRAN SPORT COMPOS TE S. S. pll_. G T_h_f " F.' FRE GHTER SP LT SUPERST RUCTU RE STACKS AFT TANKER RESTRCTED RESTRCTED

5 SHPS AND SHPPNG MERCHANT ESSEL DENTFCATON (CONT.) RESTRCTED JAPANESE MERCHANT SHPPNG TONNAGE Lsted below are the four call sgnals for the basc Merchant essel dvsons. On reportng a shp. the followng procedure s to be used: (1) Select a smlar deckhouse from ths sheet for determnaton of a dvson. (2) From the rght hand page n the selected dvson column determne the subdvson or group. (3) Shp wll then be reported wth the call sgnal lsted opposlte the selected subdvson. All reports should begn wth the number of the type observed. for example, 1 FoxTare Baker,S FoxBaker. etc. (4) When a shp cannot be classfed nto any of the four dvsons, t shoul{ be reported as Mke ctor (merchant vessel) wh an estmate of tonnage. (5) When a shp can be classfed as to dvson but not as to group, t should be reported AS, for example, FoxTare Uncle (undentfed), wth an estmate of tonnage. FOX 1 (Freghter Dvson) Splt deckhollse FOX TARE 2 (Freghter Transport Dvson) Short composte deckhouse TARE 3 (Transport Dvson) Long composte deckhouse 13 the length of the shp SUGAR 4 (Stack Aft Dvson) RESTRCTED

6 ) r T: f (}TRCTED r (J l Jz" FOX 1 SPLT neckhouse FOX ABLE G.T. FOX TARE 2 SHORT COMPOSTE DECKHOUSE FOX TARE ABLE G. T }' TARE 3 LONG COMPOSTE DECKHOUSE TARE ABLE , 000 G. T SUGAR 4 STACKS AFT SUGAR ABLE ,300 G. T. on. 'e " f' Mnmum of three masts.mnmum of fve hatches ] Speed, N.C., 11 ] Speed, A,M., Mnmum of four masts, any or all may be goalposts 2. No storm deck (No breaks n deck at masts No.2 and 3 postons) Speed, N.C., 16 Speed, N.C., lfeboats per sde on deckhouse 2. A mnmum of three masts Speed, N.C., 1415 Speed, A.W., Catwalks create heavy fore and aft lne 2. No hatches 3. Foremast center of forward well Speed, N.C., 16 large 12 small Speed, A.M., 19 large 14 small Ths dvson composed entrely of tankers dd. an ;1 ] J. 'j:., Maxmum of two masts Maxmum of four hatches Speed, N.C., 10 Speed, A.M., 1213 FOX BAKER G.T. FOX TARE BAKER G.T. 1. M n mu m 0 f f 0 u r mas t s, an y 0 ral may be goalposts 2. Storm decks (Breaks n deck at masts No. 2 and 3 po st on s ) Speed, N.C.., 14 Speed, A.M., TARE BAKER G.T lfeboats to a sde on deckhouse 2. Maxmum of two masts Speed, N.C., 16 Speed, A.M., Hatches, no catwalk 2. Brdge amdshps Speed, N.C., 10 Speed, A.M., 13 SUGAR BAKER G. T. Two exceptons, three goalposts4500 G.T.. r" l r" hen FOX UNCLE G.. T dfference between Fox Ahle and Baker cannot be determned report shp as Fox Uncle (Undentfed).. ox ', "ngpost n wells of superstructure and abaft manmast wll not be ounted as a mast,, J lote: Abbrevaton for speed n each group:.c. = Normal crusng speed n knots ] Average maxmum speed n knots ' \.M., ]STRleTED l ' Speed, N.C.,' 1011 Speed, A.M., 1213 ' fo$tl..f, ' '';;''... ') Speed, N. C" 10 FOX TARE CHARLE G. T. Two masts centered on forward and aft decks (80% of ths Group fall n ths sec t on Three masts, two fgrward one aft wth No.2 on break n deck Four masts, foremast on forecastle deck, manmast on poop, and goalposts aganst deckhouse G. T. FOX TARE DOG 1. 2 or 3 masts wth foremast on forecastle deck, wth 3 masts No.2 aganst deckhouse 2. Deckhouse aft mdshps 1. Mnmum of 4 lfeboats TARE ABLE TWO STACKS 810,000 G.T. to a sde on deckhouse Speed, N.C., 15 Speed, A.M., 18 Asama,Tatuta Maru,7 lfeboats17,ooo G.T. Tea Maru has square stacks7,oog.t. TARE BAKER TWO STACKS G. T lfeboats to a sde on deckhouse 1. Two parallel stacks 2 Slpway n the stern Speed, N. C. 13 Speed, A_M. 15 SUGAR CHARLE G. T. 1. No brdge amdshps, only a mast 2. Two hatches Speed, N.C., 10 SUGAR CHARLE ABLE G.T. 1. No brdge amdshps, only a mast 2. One hatch S pe ed, N. C., 10 SUGAR STACKS 1719,000 G.T A

7 RESTRCTED SHPS AND SHPPNG M LENGTH TONNAGE TONS 12, ,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 CARGO T'. SPLT 8 COMPOSTE SUPERSTR UCTURE,c,.,. lv' <;) <;) TONS 12, ,000 1l1l 1 ll 8,000 6,000 4,000 ENGNES AFT e CARGO, TANKER AND WHALER 2,000 2, OERALL LENGTH OF SHP N FEET 250 OERALL LENGTH OF SHP N FEET TONS 3 r SUPERSTRUCTURE 16,000 PASSENGER 14, ,000 10,000 a,ooo 6,000 OER 13 LENGTH 1 4,000 2,000, e:, ' r,,«'j J.l C OERALL LENGTH OF SHP N FEET GRAPHS USED FOR: Estmatng Gross or Deadweght tonnage when the shp can be classfed nto one of the three M groups and ts overall length measured. They are useful for frst phase reportng on small scale vertcal photographs when there s not suffcent detal for the J.M.S.T. or other methods. DEPNTONS OF TONNAGE GROSS Measure of cubc capacty: 100 cu. ft. of permanently enclosed space equals one gross ton. Most commonly used for merchant vessels. DEADWEGHT Measure of shps weght carryng capacty: Equals the dfference between shp's dsplacement loaded and lght. DSPLACEMENT Desgnates the sze of Naval combat vessels and equals the weght of water dsplaced by a shp n tons of 2,240 lbs. Dsplacement may be ether loaded or lght. RESTRCTED 14.05

8 1, SHPS AND SHPPNG ME TH 0 DM e a sur erne n t 0 f s t ern wa v e s : Takng an average of 510 waves, measure the wave spacng astern at "A.A." n feet (Fg. 1). The speed can be determned from the graph )Fg. 3). METHOD 2 Measurement of lateral waves: ( a ) Set up a nan g leo f 1 go 28 on the bow, as n (Fg. 1). and takng an average as before, measure the wave spacng a t lb B. n n fee t. U sn g the val u e obtaned, the speed n knots can be read from (Fg. 2). (b) f the waves are not vsble along the 19 28'lne but can be seen at a smaller angle, proceed as follows: Measure the angle along the lne on whch the waves can be seen, and, usng the graph (Fg. 4), determne the approprate multplng factor. Measure the wave spacng, and then multply by the factor obtaned above: determne the speed from the graph (Fg. 2), as before. Fgure 1 METHOD:3 Measurement from a fxed pont, usng a stereo par: RESTRCTED On each photograph erect a perpendcular to the course of the vessel passng through the fxed pont (See Fg. 5). Measure the dstance between a clearly defned pont on the vessel and the perpendculars. Snce the scale of the photos s known, the dfference n the measurements can be translated nto terms of actual dstance. By dvdng by the tme nterval between photos, the speed n feet per second s ascertaned, and can be converted nto knots: 6 x Dstance traversed by shp n feet 10 Tme nterval n seconds Speed of shp n Knots Where the land does not appear n the photographs, tde marks, wndrows, ol slcks, floatng objects, pecular markngs of the shp's Own wake, or tracks left by other vessels, may be used as ponts of reference. METHOD 4 Estmaton of the ground speed of plane usng a stereo par: The accuracy of the computed speed of the shp s drectly proportonal to the accuracy n estmatng the ground speed of the plane: RESTRCTED () o z z o &&J &&J a.. en f en lv 15 fo. Z T y l FGURE 2\ '. ;r l 1 1 ' SPACNG or WAE fa "00 f+ f+ H=m FGURE 3 r t : f v. v::: WAE SPACNG ASTERN f l l +f 1 + " + 7 J WAELENGTH N FEET. o 50' ,, , SHPS AND SHPPNG? SPEED OF SHPS 1, 1 : \ j r 1 NOTE: SHALLOW WATER EFFECT SPEED KNOTS MN. DEPTH 11, FATHOMS N SHALLOW WATER THS GRAPH S LABLE TO ERROR AT RESPECTE SPEEDS HGHER THAN THOSE ABOE N FEET \ \0 910, FGURE A T en l: 0..., ; ; looc 4t 1.1 f+ 1.2 ft l+ + j (,) : 4 J "'".f ' ; a.. + hrlt 11...J, :J : 2 11 ' J 7 fbow ANGLE N DEGREES tt 15 0 Ground speed n knots x Dstance traveled by plane = Speed of shp Dstance traveled by shp n knots. PHOTO. PHOTO 2. KEY TO FGURE 5. n estmatng ground speed, type of arcraft, type of target, and weather condtons as seen by the condton of the surface of the sea should be consdered. By plottng the lnear dstance traversed by the arcraft on two photographs, lateral drft can be determned. Advntages of ths method are that t s not necessary to know the scale of the photograph nor the ntervalometer settng. FGURE 5 Ds Dfferental of shp's poston on two photos measured n nches. Dp Dfferental of plane s poston on two photos measured n nches RESTRCTED RESTRCTED 14.07