South Carolina's Underwater Archaeology Public Education Program and International Outreach Initiatives

Transcription

1 Universiy of Souh Carolina Scholar Commons Research Manuscrip Series Archaeology and Anhropology, Souh Carolina nsiue of Souh Carolina's Underwaer Archaeology Public Educaion Program and nernaional Oureach niiaives Lynn Harris Follow his and addiional works a: hp://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanh_books Par of he Anhropology Commons Recommended Ciaion Harris, Lynn, "Souh Carolina's Underwaer Archaeology Public Educaion Program and nernaional Oureach niiaives" (1996). Research Manuscrip Series. Book 200. hp://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanh_books/200 This Book is brough o you for free and open access by he Archaeology and Anhropology, Souh Carolina nsiue of a Scholar Commons. has been acceped for inclusion in Research Manuscrip Series by an auhorized adminisraor of Scholar Commons. For more informaion, please conac SCHOLARC@mailbox.sc.edu.

2 Souh Carolina's Underwaer Archaeology Public Educaion Program and nernaional Oureach niiaives Keywords Excavaions, Training, Souh Carolina Underwaer Aniquiies Ac, Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program, Souh Carolina, Archeology Disciplines Anhropology Publisher The Souh Carolina nsiue of Archeology and Anhropology--Universiy of Souh Carolina This book is available a Scholar Commons: hp://scholarcommons.sc.edu/archanh_books/200

3 SOUTH CAROLNA'S UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY PUBLC EDUCATON PROGRAM AND NTERNATONAL OUTREACH NTATVES 1996 MANAGEMENT REPORT: PART q..-\lo...e\...2 RESEARCH MANUSCRPT SERES NO. 223 Souh Carolina nsiue ofarchaeology and Anhropology by Lynn Harris February 1996

4 } 1! } \ ] Table ofconens Page nroducion 1 Legislaion and Sie Managemen.. 2 The Educaion Program, '" 3 Research Projecs 6 Heriage Tourism 8 nernaional Oureach Program l 0 Conclusions 13 Bibiography 15 J ) 1 1

5 J,- f nroducion n he naional arena, Souh Carolina was one of he firs saes o recognize he poenial benefis of public and professional co-operaion in he managemen of submerged culural resources. The concep ha recreaional divers have he poenial o be he archaeologis's wors enemies or bes allies has ofen been par ofhe professional oulook, alhough he sae's approach o working wih he diving public has evolved considerably since he 1970s. Since he formaive years of underwaer archaeology as a specializaion wihin he conex of he broader discipline of archaeology he Souh Carolina nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology (SCAA), he adminisraive resposiory for sae's archaeological sie invenory, has acively worked owards developing a rappor wih local diving communiy and including he public in saesponsered mariime archaeology projecs. n 1989 he Underwaer Division's Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program (SDAMP), wih a full-ime posiion devoed o public educaion, was esablished specifically o address he role of spor divers and o mee managemen needs in regard o he sae legislaion, submerged resource invenory, and research objecives. A beneficial wo-way exchange of informaion, ideas, and shared hisorical appreciaion beween avocaionaliss and professionals in Souh Carolina has resuled from his program, in addiion o an exension of he raining program o inernaional venues. Underwaer archaeology is labor inensive and cosly. There are only hree professional underwaer archaeologiss in Souh Carolina - a siuaion shared by mos oher saes in he Unied Saes. Trained scuba divers provide a large and effecive workforce in a ime of dwindling sae budges. has already been convincingly demonsraed ha in Souh Carolina amaeur divers find he majoriy of sies by virue of heir numbers and frequency wih which hey dive. Combining professional and avocaional skills is considered necessary by many archaeologiss o maximize he poenial informaion from ourunderwaer resources. n order o efficienly uilize spor 1

6 f " J J divers as an avocaional workforce resource, i is essenial o provide he basic archaeological raining and informaion. n reurn, divers use archaeology as a new recreaional direcion o apply pracical diving skills and gain new insighs and appreciaion of submerged hisorical sies. Educaion programs argeing diving communiies promoe a beer undersanding of he necessiy for sie preservaion and he enforcemen of aniquiies legislaion resricing cerain desrucive aciviies on underwaer sies. The percepion ha underwaer sies are managed only for hisorical research objecives is ofen considered oo absrac and esoeric by he general public. Addiionally, preserving and enhancing sies for public recreaion and boos for heriage ourism and local waerspor businesses mus become a vial par of he message. Legislaion and Sie Managemen The Souh Carolina Underwaer Aniquiies Ac of 1991 (Aricle 5, Chaper 7, of Tile 54) permis small-scale, recreaional, non-mechanical, surface collecing in sae waers by divers licensed hrough he Souh Carolina nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology. The condiions of he "hobby" license require responsible collecing and reporing of sies o he sae. Quarerly repors on finds are assessed by saff of he Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program and followed up by sie visiaion, collecions documenaion, and finally he submission of sie daa o he SCAA nformaion Managemen Division for inclusion in he Souh Carolina Sae Sie Files. Divers are eniled, hrough he he legislaion, o keep heir finds while in reurn archaeologiss gain informaion on he locaions and ypes of culural resources locaed wihin sae waers. This legislaion, which amends he 1976 Ac, is disincive o Souh Carolina's underwaer sie managemen and ofen presens a conroversial ehical issue o many professionals who do no have a comfor level wih he concep of privae ownership of 2

7 - SOU'H CAROLNA NSTTUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY HOBBY DVER QUARTERLY REPORT NAME LCENSE NO: No Recoveries Made DuringThis Quarer0 MONTHS REPORTED (circle): a Feb Ma Ap Mayn Aug Sep Oc Nov Dec BODY OF WATER: DATE OFDVE: LOCATON (Beas precise as possible): HAVE YOU NCLUDED (please CRCLE): Copy of opo. map or char showing sie locaion Sie plan Highway map Phoographs Drawings More deailed descripions offmds PLEASE NDCATE QUANTTY FOUND: PREHSTORC POTERY: Decoraed sherds Undecoraed Sherds Complee vessels_toal. _ Can' idenify Describe: STONETOOLS: Projecile poins (Arrowheads) Can' idenif.y._oher Toal, Describe: <;. _ DSTORC CERAMCS: Earhenware Soneware_ Porcelain Can' denify Toal. Describe: PPES: Bowls Sems_ Complee pipes T oal Describe: l GLASSWARE: Boles_ Decaners Glasses_ Sherds Can' idenify Toal, Oher (describe): HARDWARE: Agriculural Furniure Nauical_ Miliary, Can'idenify_Toal. _ Oher (describe): ORDNANCE: Cannon Rifles Sho Pars Can' idenify Toal Oher (describe): - '-- J WASTHERE A SHPWRECKOR STRUCTURE NTHE VCNTY OF YOUR FNDS? WAS T A (please CRCLE): Canoe Barge Wooden Vessel ron-hulled Vessel Oher Describe: -- ~ fyou need assisance wih idenifying arifacs-or filling ou his form conac he SDAMP office a Phoocopy his Corm Cor addiional dives

8 . THE UNVERSTY OF SOUTH CAROLNA SOUTH CAROLNA NSTTUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY Dear New Member: Enclosed please find your spor diver license for arifac and fossil collec~ng in Souh Carolina waers. Thank you for your applicaion and ineres in our sae's ineresing pas. You have aken he firs sep owards making a conribuion in undersanding Souh Carolina's pas by joining our program. Through your paricipaion and suppor of he Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program, we hope o coninue o compile informaion abou new sies and he peoples who lived here. The willingness o dive and collec under a license in he sae of Souh Carolina comes wih responsibiliy o "collec responsibly." Mainly, we ask ha you repor wha you find, when and where you find i, and ha you learn o hink like a proecor and preserver of he maerial remains of he pas raher han as merely a collecor. The pas belongs o everyone! ARCHAEOLOGY TRANNG COURSES: One way you can learn o collec responsibly is by aending one of our field raining courses. These are weekend courses covering a wide range of opics including wha we know abou Souh Carolina's pas from archaeology and how o record and repor a new sie. There are wo pracical sessions on surveying echniques used o record archaeological sies underwaer, one dry land and one pool session. The fee for he course is $70 and an addiional cerificaion is available for $50 from he Nauical Archaeology Sociey, an inernaional organizaion dedicaed o raining, research, and sudy of nauical archaeology. SCAA now offers he dual cerificaion several imes a year. The Flosam and Jesam has informaion abou upcoming course daes. PROJECT PARTCPATON Afer aending a raining course, you may paricipae in field raining projecs in and around Souh Carolina's waers. These projecs are~designedo record and regiser new sies in he Sae Sie File Office, locaed a he Souh Carolina nsiiue of Archaeology and Anhropology's offices in Columbia. By con~nuing your involvemen in archaeology wih independen projecs, aending conferences and paricipaion in SCAA projecs you can advance o a Course 4 Level of field raining cerificaion. NEWSLETTER More informaion abou our program and is aciviies can be gained hrough The Flosam and Jesam, our quarerly newsleer, a copy of which is included for your review. Also enclosed are 'some maerials ha help ex-plain he legislaion ha makes his program possible and he appropriae arifac and fossil forms for reporing your collecing aciviy. Of course, if you have any quesions, you can conac our Charleson Office a (803) and speak direcly wih a program represenaive. Thank you for aking he ime o join our program and repor your collecing aciviies. We look forward o sharing wih you wha we learn abou Souh Carolina's pas and how we learn i. Sincerely h Lynn Harris \j\ \'...-:'/.r-.) J J'1'[; \ ( \ 1321 Pendleon Sree Columbia. S.c (803) ' FAX

9 \1 ~ ~ THE UNVERSTY OF SOUTH CAROLNA SOUTH CAROLNA NSTTUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY SUMMARY OF THE SOUTH CAROLNA UNDERWATER ANTQUTES ACT OF 1991 (Aricle 5, Chaper 7, Tile 54, Code of Laws of Souh Carolina, 1976) June 12, 1991 is he inen of he Souh Carolina Underwaer Aniquiies Ac of 1991 o preserve and encourage he scienific and recreaional values inheren in submerged archa:ological hisoric properies and paleonological properies for he benefi ofhe people of he Sae. The ac declares as propery of he sae, all submerged archreological hisoric propery, which has remained unclaimed for fify years or more, and paleonological propery (boh cied hereafer as 'propery') locaed on or recovered from submerged lands over which he Sae has sovereign conrol. The Souh Carolina nsiue of Archa:ology and Anhropology (nsiue) is he cusodian of archa:ological maerials. The Souh Carolina Museum Commission (Museum) is he cusodian of paleonological maerials. The Sae Budge and Conrol Board is he cusodian ofall oher hings ofvalue. The ac provides ha persons desiring o remove, displace, or desroy submerged archa:ological hisoric propery or paleonological propery mus firs obain a license from he nsiue. The nsiue grans licenses o individuals if i is in he bes ineress of he sae, and may ener ino agreemens wih licensees concerning he disposiion of recovered propery.. A license is no required o inspec, sudy, explore, phoograph, measure ec. or oherwise use and enjoy such propery as long as he aciviy does no involve: excavaion, subsanive injury or disurbance of he sie or is environmen, endanger oher persons or propery, or violae oher laws. Neiher he nsiue nor he Museum are required o obain licenses. A Hobby license is required for persons wishing o conduc emporary, inermien, recreaional, small scale, non-commercial search and recovery ofsubmerged propery. is a sae-wide license. Recovery of submerged propery mus be by hand and mus no involve mechanical devices or excavaion. Hobby divers may recover a reasonable number ofarifacs and fossils from submerged lands over which he sae has sovereign conrol, bu may recover only en arifacs a day from a shipwreck sie. Two ypes of Hobby licenses may be issued, individual or insrucional. The licensee mus repor his fmds o he nsiue (for arifacs), or he Museum (for fossils) and, wihin 60 days of receip of he repor, he nsiue mus release ile o all finds o he licensee. The ac provides ha he nsiue may issue wo ypes ofexclusive licenses for he disurbance or excavaion of submerged propery, if i is in he bes ineress of he sae, and he applican has compleed applicaion which includes specific research plans. An nensive Survey license, which may be issued for up he 90 days, permis he licensee o carry ou inensive survey of a specific area which he applican believes may conain submerged propery. A Daa Recovery license, which may be issued for up o one year, permis he licensee o conduc excavaion and daa recovery on submerged propery, if he applican has submied posiive resuls of an inensive survey. Renewal of boh ypes of licenses may be requesed by he licensee. The ac provides ha a public hearing may be required, and ha he nsiue mus consider ce~ain crieria o deermine wheher o issue an exclusive license. These include: 1) he degree ofscienific imporance, and public educaional poenial; 2) he dae he applicaion was received; 3) he degree and scope ofplanning by he applican; 4) he degree ofraining and experience of he applican; 5) he horoughness of he applicaion; and 6) he necessary equipmen possessed by he applican; 7) he public benefi versus he degree ofharm o he sae's propery Pendleon Sree - Columbia, S.c (803) FAX

10 f also provides for a represenaive of he nsiue or Museum o visi he proposed locaion wih he applican o verify informaion. The ac differeniaes beween commercial and non-commercial applicans for exclusive licenses, and provides ha issuance of an exclusive license can be delayed unil cerain condiions are me. f a license is no issued, he nsiue mus issue a wrien noice of denial. f aggrieved by he decision an applican mayreques a reconsideraion hearing wihin 30 days ofdenial. Each exclusive license issued by he nsiue mus conain cerain provisions including: ) he duraion of he license; 2} he boundaries of he area; 3} a scope of work; 4} a lis of key personnel; 5} a plan o resore he submerged lands following compleion ofhe licensed aciviy; 6} ha prior wrien consen by he nsiue is required for all changes in he license (eg. fmancial suppor, personnel, equipmen, sub-conracing of work), he recovery of large arifacs (eg. cannons, anchors ec.) and complee fossil specimens, and for he use of grossly desrucive devices (eg. air-lifs, prop-wash, explosives ec.); 7} ha he coninued presence of he licensee and a field archreologis or field paleonologis on sie a all imes when he licensed aciviy is aking place. The licensee is responsible for coss associaed wih he field archreologis or paleonologis; 8} ha he licensee mus mainain logs and records and file a repor o he nsiue; 9} ha he licensee is wholly responsible for work done on he sie; 10) only one exclusive license may be issued per person a one ime; ) ha he licensee is responsible for coss associaed wih sorage, ransporaion, and sabilizaion of arifacs and fossils, and afer a division, all coss associaed wih conserving he licensee's share ofrecovered propery; 12} ha he licensee mus no impede navigaion; 13) ha he licensee mus remove all wase from he sie; 14} ha he licensee may be required o show his license a any ime upon reques; 15) ha he license may require monioring of he licensed aciviy. f so, he sae is responsible for coss associaed wih he monioring aciviy; 16} ha he nsiue may suspend operaions under a license, or revoke a license, a any ime for jus cause. Wih respec o a non-commercial Daa Recovery license, he Sae may reain he sae's ile o recovered submerged propery, or ener ino a disposiion agreemen wih he licensee. Wih respec o a commercial Daa Recovery license he Sae shall ener ino a disposiion agreemen, giving fair reamen o he licensee, and providing ha he licensee receive a leas fify percen of he recovered submerged propery. The ac furher provides ha ifhe imder ofa shipwreck, if oher han he commercial licensee, he froder mus receive weny-five percen ofhe licensee's share. Furher, he ac provides penalies for violaions, conains provisions regarding he discovery of human remains, and provides ha he nsiue shall mainain an educaional program and insure ha a leas one saffmember is qualified in underwaer archreology. The ac also sipulaes ha all license fees be used only o implemen he ac. UCENSE Hobby license 6-monh 2-year nsrucional license (-year) Opional weekend license (issued by dive sores or clubs) Survey license {3-monh} Daa Recovery lic (up o-year) FEE SCHEDULE N STATE and a porion ofhe fee goes o he sore or club OUT OF STATE

11 '..- arifacs and random public collecing wihou a coheren research design. As sae archaeologiss, under he law we do no condone collecing, ye realisically we canno effecively harness i given he budgery and saff consrains of our profession. This legislaion conrass o ha enaced for erresrial archaeological sies in he sae. The reasons for he discrepancy is ha mos erresrial sies are eiher siuaed on privae propery (where here is no regulaion, excep for grave sies) or on regulaed sae or federally owned land such as parks, foress and reserves. Underwaer sies are all locaed on largely unregulaed sae land. The assisance of sae wildlife officers o enforce he law is a help, bu no enirely saisfacory. The answer lies in greaer effors owards public educaion, raher han enforcemen alone. Fuhermore, he sae hobby licensing sysem also allows he sae o manage he collecing aciviies of spor divers. Assessmens on how much collecing is aking place and o wha exen he resources are being impaced can be moniered.. This is conduced hrough quarerley repors, liaisons wih dive shops, and encouraging and direcing spor diver projecs. Balancing he loss of arifac sae ownership wih managemen informaion and a long erm invesmen in publiceducaionin preservaion principles is a price he sae has decided pay. The Educaion Program The cenral characerisicof he licensing sysem, is ha i is does no work unless i is accompanied by a srong'educaion program o equip divers o make preliminary sie assessmens and aquire meaningful managemen informaion. The Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program (SDAMP) provides a number of services o he diving communiy induding educaional lieraure, a field raining cerificaion course, workshops and conferences. A field manual familiarizes spor divers wih archaeological conceps and he objecives of he Program (Harris 1990). also describes and explains affordable ways o record he locaions of sies and arifacs, liss basic conservaion echniques, and provides deailed informaion on arifac idenificaion. Liss of 3

12 , UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY FELD TRANNG COURSE SOUTH CAROLNA NSTTUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY Weekendunderwaerarchaeology fieldrainingcoursesare run ona quarerlybas.is. The primary objecives are o increase acive paricipaion in mariime preservaion projecs, o improve he qualiy of hobby diver license reporing, o enhance appreciaion of submergedhisoric sies ando promoe cooperaion beween diverse public and professional ineres groups. Who are he paricipans? SCUBA di...ers, museum curaors, universiy sudens, archaeologiss, anhropologiss, hisorians, high school sudens, law enforcemen officers, lawyers, environmenaliss, housewives, sea-scous, boaers,. hisorians, execuives, echnicians and anybody else wih an ineres in mariime preservaion. Whereare hecourses held? in he SCL-\.A. Columbia or Charleson offices, dive clubs or sores or by public inviaion a any locaion where he appropriae faciliies can be provided. Wha will beaugh? TheSCunderwaeraniquiies legislaion, conceps and defmiions in mariime archaeology. pre-disurbance underwaer mapping and surveying skills, waercraf consrucion, shipwreck inerpreaion, opics on Souh Carolina's submergedhisory. and arifac conservaion. The coursecombines heoreicallecures wih pracical raining sessions. Who eaches he course? SCAA saff. SCAA cerified hobby divers, SC Sae Museum saff, visiing archaeologiss, inernship sudens and nauical specialiss. Do paricipans have o be divers? No, alhough a pool raining session is held for cerified SCUBA divers o pracice skills in an underwaer environmen, an equivalen session is held on land for non- divers. Many shipwreck sies lie on beaches and riverbanks. Are here fuure opporuniies for paricipans o be involved in archaeology? Yes, SClAA holds ongoing specialiy workshops and SClAA or SCAA-sancioned. Spor Diver Archaeology projecs adverised hrough our newsleer, he Flosam and Jesam. Affliaion opions wih oherlocal, naional and inernaional archaeology socieies are inroduced. Are here coss involved for paricipans? Only. nominal fees o cover our expenses. This fee varies depending on he ype of projec being conduced or workshop offered. Where do apply or receive more informaion abouscaa underwaer archaeology aciviies? Conac: LynnHarrisorCarl Naylor a he Underwaer Archaeology Division, Charleson Office, P.O. Box 12448, Charleson, SC Phone: (803) Fa'\:: (803) Orconac: Chris Amer, Joe BeayorMark Newell. a he he Underwaer Archaeology Division, Columbia Office, 1321 Pendleon S, Columbia, SC Phone: (803) Fax: (803) 2-?

13 references for fuher reading and names of people wih specialiy ineress o conac are included. The quarerly newsleer, he Flosam and Jesam (previously he Goody Bag) keeps divers apprised of conferences,workshops and fieldwork opporuniies and includes aricles by boh professionals and avocaionals (Harris and Naylor ). An annoaed bibliography provides a useful reference guide o local reposories and mariime collecions in Souh Carolina for non-divers and divers who any ineresed in becoming involved in hisorical research (Naylor 1990). A number of sie and survey repors by divers who have graduaed from he sae's archaeology raining courses are coninually being added o our compilaion public educaional maerials. The lieraure produced by he program is complemened by annual field raining courses and a coninuing educaion program. This Souh Carolina cerificaion sysem consiss of Course 1 o 4. Course 1 is he only formally augh course ha combines a heoreical and pracical componen. A series of lecures and are given by SCAA saff and advanced former sudens. This preliminary weekend session is aimed a familiarizing he paricipans wih archaeological conceps and underwaer archaeology echniques. provides a broad-based view of he subjec, ye draws on experiences of he raining saff a local sies and hrough paripaion in projecs The objecives of he course a he end of Course 1 are ha~ paricipans should: * be inroduced o he basic principles and aims of archaeology * appreciae he need for he recording, proecion and preservaion of he underwaer heriage. * be familiar wih sae legislaion and he ypes of sies and arifacs likely o be encounered in Souh Carolina waers. * have he necessary knowledge o underake a basic pre-disurbance survey ofa sie. Lecures are complemened wiha pracical sessioninarifacidenificaion, and a series of pool raining exercises on a replica shipwreck and scaered arifac assemblage simulaing an underwaer sie. This exercises familiarize sudens wih mehods of 4

14 ~ ~.- J J 1 J ) J 1, recording ship consrucion componens and convenional mapping and surveying echniques. Course 2 and 3 require coninued involvemen in projecs, workshops, archeological meeings and conferences. To obain higher cerificaion credis, sudens receive a logbook o lis furher fieldwork experience, sie repor submissons, workshop or conference aendance. include opics such as: Workshops are offered by SCAA on a monhly basis and * arifac idenificaion (pre-hisoric and hisoric, waer-conrols srucures, docks, and waercraf), drawing and phoography. * ship consrucion * sie phoography * drafing * arifac labelling and caaloging * conservaion * hisorical research Specific fieldwork skills obained during projec paricipaion include: * he use ofsurveying and remoe sensing equipmen * sie sabilizaion * excavaion and dredge operaion * aking lines from waercraf * using a grid Byaending six workshops and five field raining sessions, sudens advance o he highes Course 4 level which involves direcing a projec lasing a oal of 14 days in duraion or paricipaing in a SCAA projec for a similar imeframe. The final produc of Course 4 requires a wrien projec repor, a lecure delivered a a meeing or conference and seing up a arifacorphoographic exhibi. 5

15 SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Friday, May 24 - Graduae Classroom, DNR, James sland SOUTH CAROLNA NSTTUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGYANDANTHROPOLOGY 5:30pm 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 9:00 Regisraion nroducion: Course Objecives and Funcion Underwaer Archaeology: Definiions and Principles Our Legislaion and Underwaer Heriage in Souh Carolina BREAK Hisoric Ceramics and Boles Prehisoric Arifacs UNDERWATER ARCHAEOWGY,FlEW TRANNG COURSE:PART May 24 May 26, 1996 Deparmen ofnaural Resourees, James sland,charleson Saurday, May 25 - Graduae Classroom, DNR, James sland 8:00 8:30 9:00 10:00 10:30 12:00 1:30-5:00 Sie nerpreaion and Ship Consrucion Mapping and Surveying Techniques Search and Survey: Mehods and Equipmen BREAK Dry Run Pnicical Mapping Session LUNCH Pool Session a S1. Andrews Family Recreaion Cener (J Sunday, May 26 - Graduae Classroom, DNR, James sland. 8:30 Drawing up Resuls of Pool Session 11:00 Arifac Conservaion 12:00 BREAK 1:00 Pracical Session: Arifac denificaion and Repor Filing. The SCAA Sie Files Office. 4:00 FuureWorkshops, Projecs and Opporuniies.

16 ,. ț To dae 120 members of he public have been cerified hrough Souh Carolina's raining program. Themajoriyofparicipans are locals from around he sae. However, an increasing number of ou-of-sae divers from Georgia, Norh Carolina, Alabama and Tennessee have enrolled because similar programs are no currenly offered in ~hese.1 saes. Suden groups have included scuba insrucors, museum curaors, universiy sudens, erresrial archaeologiss, anhropologiss, high school sudens, law enforcemen officers, judges, hisoric preservaion officials, environmenaliss.. seascous, boaers, hisorians, execuives and oher diverse professionals wih a co:q1mon ineres in mariime preservaion. Non-divers are encouraged o aend hese courses as many shipwrecks and oher submerged culural resources are locaed in marshes or ineridal areas like beaches. Underwaer projecs also require dry work such as esablishing land-based daums, and pos fieldwork asks such as arifac soring, caaloging and phoography. Upon compleing Underwaer Archaeology Course 1 divers receive a Souh Carolina cerificae which enables hem o paripae in local projecs, as well as having he opion of addiionally receiving an inernaional accrediaion from he Nauical Archaeology Sociey (NAS) for an exra fee. SCAA incorporaes componens of he NAS syllabus in he course and promoes he use ofhe very comprehensive exbook and fieldwork guide Underwaer Archaeology -The NAS Guide o PrinciplesandPracice. Research Projecs Two projecs have been conduced by advanced cerifed divers o dae. n 1990, a projec direced by Hampon Shuping was iniiaed wih he ideaofconducing hisorical and archaeological research in he waerfron area of he hree Georgeown area planaion sies - Richmond Hill, Laurel Hill and Wachesaw (Harris 1992). The primary goal was o documen archiecural feaures of four barges, he planaion workhorses, which would reflec he carpenry echniques used by he builders and he possible 6

17 funcion of he vessels. Each waercraf displayed significan archiecural disinciveness which.could be aribued o eiher he work of a maser carpener or apprenice on he planaion. Alernaively, he boas may have been uilized for differen work asks. Limied surface arifac sampling was conduced o provide some insighs ino aciviies and dae ranges associaed wih he local riverine area. This projec was also inended as an opporuniy for he Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program o each voluneer spor divers abou conceps in underwaer archaeology, barge consrucion and documenaion mehodology. Divers from around he sae assised in all aspecs of he projec which ranged from conducing simple surveying asks, keeping field log books, search echniques, excavaion, hull documenaion, arisic renderings of he sie and hull componens, arifac caaloging and producing a final repor. An equally imporan goal was he creaion of a glossary or nomenclaure for he various archiecural componens. n he pas, ship erminology.had been adaped o small waercraf. Unusual feaures (like srechers and end logs) associaed wih he recangular hull of design of hese craf required more specific definiion. n 1993, local divers, under he direcion ofjimmy Moss conduced a preliminary archaeological and hisorical survey of he wes branch of he Cooper River, one of he mos popular recreaional diving areas inhe sae (Moss 1993). Souh Carolina's inland riverine waerways were he hisorical highways and dieways for waercraf, many of which were wrecked orabandoned or became casualies ofmiliary conflic. Rivers were also and economic areries for naive Americans, planaion owners, and African slave communiies. The objecives of he projec were wo-fold. Firs, o involve divers in an avocaional riverine archaeology projec o promoe diver educaion. Second, o sysemaically locae and assess he underwaer culural resources in his hisorically significan wo-mile srech of he river. Sies included pre-hisoric and hisoric arifac scaers, dock srucures and shipwreck sies. Paricipaing divers were involved in a 7

18 --~ "'" J 1 1 range of asks which included hisorical research, ploing sies on opographic maps, caaloging and labelling arifacs, and compilinghe projec repor. Unpublished lieraure abou pas archaeological surveys (previously underaken by SCAA) This background sudy also insigaed a closer look a SCAA's early sie invenory sysem. The reviews idenified various sie managemen problems ha would be perinen for fuure work on underwaer sies in he sae. Based on he resuls of he survey, some ideas were gleaned abou underwaer sie disribuion and fluviul processes in relaion riverine geomorphology and erresrial opographic feaures. An analysis of arifac samples refleced disincive assemblages relaing o planaion sies on he nearby river banks. This ground-breaking projec, conduced and direced by spor divers, provided an ideal opporuniy o combine public oureach and educaion wih research, an imporan goal ofhe Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program. Non-diving member of he public who paricipae in he sae's program also have opporuniies o become involved in mariime projecs, such as documening boas in museum collecions or vessels embedded in rivers banks or beaches. n 1992, SCAA conduced a erresrial excavaion of a small hisoric sailing craf, he Malcolm Boa (38CH803) in a mud bank of he Ashley River (Arner e al 1993). The invesigaions revealed ha he vessel was a small ocean-going hull daing o he las quarer of he 18h cenury or firs quarer of he 19h cenury. The projec provided informaion abou he vessel's age, mehod of consrucion and funcion as a coasal or possibly iner-islander. rader. The projec placed he sie wihin a regional mariime hisorical conex in shipbuilding pracices and ypology of small craf. Mehods of sie sabilizaion for ineridal zones were also explored using he sie as a esing ground. Members of he public were included in all aspecs of he projec including excavaion, documenaon and sie sabilizaion. 8

19 -~ ~- J J J 1 l Heriage Tourism Recenly he developmen of a Souh Carolina heriage corridor concep by he Naional Park Service has provided incenives for furher parnerships beween he sae and he canoeing, mariime and diving privae secor communiies. One of he goals of he heriage corridoris ulimaely o ake a special brand ofpreservaion driven ourism o rural communiies in he sae. This could no only boos he local economy, bu also enhance he hisorical ideniy of he communiy hrough greaer appreciaion of ~ore diverse local culural resources. For example, he elegan mansions of hisoric downown Charleson and he coasal shrimping communiies or he coon mill owns of he upsae regions would become ouris aracions under his concep. nland submerged hisorical sies are frequenly a negleced aspec of heriage ourism because hey are no as visible or as accessible as hose on land. There is a large boaing and diving communiy in Souh Carolina ha would poenially uilize hese resour~es, including ou-of-sae ouriss. A grea variey of vernacular waercraf lier he banks of rivers in Souh Carolina ha migh be linked wih a variey ofhisorical hemes. Forexample, he ehnic acheivemens of of he skilled African-American carpeners, shipbuilding--which was one of he larges colonial indusries in Souh Carolina, agriculure usage such as he ransporaion of rice, coon, lumber and indigo, and echnology including he srucural adapaions of waercraf for specific usage in a riverine environmen. A projec o esablish self-guided hisoric riverine rails o view shipwrecks and oher culural waerfron feaures like wharves is currenly underway on he hisoric Ashley River. This heriage ourism effor will hopefully serve o inroduce a new brand of recreaional ourism by adding underwaer sies o mainsream ourism a he hisoric planaion sies ha line he waer's edge. A range ofpossibiliies exis o make mariime sie informaion available o various ineres groups, such as: brochures showing sie locaion and hemaic affiliaion, heriage canoeing roues o view sies on riverbanks, underwaer rail maps for divers, underwaer on-sie informaion plaques, and land-based 1 9

20 ,,, sory boards. This managemen concep has already worked successsfully in oher counries and saes in he Unied Saes. The rained public workforce will assis o provide baseline informaion for signage and rail maps, on-sie mainenance and moniering, or ac as heriage our-guides. nernaional Oureach Program Souh Mrica: As par of an inernaional consulancy, from 1993 o 1994, SCAA was invied o assis in laying he groundwork for a public underwaer archaeology raining program for he Naional Monumens Council (NMC) in Souh Africa. This program was esablished in conjuncion wih he developmen of a naional shipwreck daabase. A presen here are an approximaely 2,000 hisorically known shipwrecks wihin Souh African erriorial waers represening an inernaional heriag. These include 17h and 18h cenury Briish, Duch, Poruguese and French Eas ndiamen, 19h cenury Briish roopships, passengers and mail seamships of he laer par of he cenury, and a variey of 20h cenury shipwrecks such as Taiwanese and Japanese fishing vessels and bulk cargo carriers. Diving on shipwrecks is a very popular recreaional pasime, and diver visiaion o hese sies has escalaed rapidly wih increased ourism during he las few years. Unless he public is educaed abou preserving submerged naural and culural resources, hese sies will no be a viable source of income or fuure aracion. Raher han dismanling shipwrecks for he recovery of porholes and oher momenoes, hese sies could poenially be managed as underwaer museums, raining ground for educaional programs, and sources of poenially useful informaion for he naional During he one-year consulancy period wih he Naional Monumens Council, SCAA/NAS raining courses were offered around he counry in coasal ceners such as shipwreck daabase. Cape Town, Knysna, Por Elizabeh, Eas London and Durban. Over one hundred 10

21 L STELOCATON Wha do you hink he wreck, sie or find is 1, Which bes describes he condiion ofhe wreck: add commens ifrequired. ~ Hull inac/largely inac proud ofseabed ~. Hull broken up ino seclions proud ofhe seabed, ~ ~ Elemens of ~heren srucure proud ofseabed /J~" - - ~ ~ ~C'J SlruclUre collapsed andjumbled solaed 'arefac!/arefac scaer Burial prevens good judgeme~ Please nole any makers marks on arefacs orequipmen ~..,,80'~ Have you noiced any changes in he sieofime 1 2. DVE DETALS Dae or laes dive orsurvey Dive ime in: imeou: Deph recorded during his dive AMaximum deph ofwreck...m STE LOCATON: (24 hour clock) Please skech he posiion of he sie relaive o he shore. Draw ransi s if possible and include names ofprominenl landmarks Deph recorded by: deph guage: B.'Minimum deph ofwreck. D1 dive compuer C. Heigh above sea level. m echo-sounder esimae Dive condiions: Curren Weaher UnderWaer Visibiliy...m Dive base: shore club boa Knos Usual visibiliy...m 10 ;~.~...m How ofen is he sie dived: no ofen regularly own boa frequenly Yopr dives on he sie: How many: From: 19 o 19 Give longiude and laiude ohie: B Longiude: Laiude: " S W/E c l>05iion fixed by: Transis GPS Decca Esimae Sie Submerged in: sea waler high ide only fresh waer Special Sie Condiions: aocess difficul slack waer diving only sie is buoyed

22 NATONAL MONUMENTS COUNCL SHPWRECK DATABASE This fonn was adaped from he Nauical Archaeology Sociey (NAS) recording fonn produced by he Royal Commission on he Hisorical Monumens of England wih heir kind pennission. The infonnaion will be enered ino he naional shipwreck daabase o help us o manage our underwaer heriage properly. Thousands ofspor divers visi shipwrecks aound he exensive and rugged Souh African coasline. The condiions of hese sies may change due o many facors. Divers are well placed o noe imporaninfonnaion abou hese changes. Regular repors abou individual sies will help o improve our undersanding ofhe pace and causes ofsuch change. Compleing his fonn will also assis in providing a beer record ofhe locaion and idenificaion ofship wrecks sies around he coas. is imporan o undersand our mariime pas- and by filling in his fonn you can help. may no be possible o enerinfonnaionin every parofhe form. Don'worry! Juscomplee as muchas you can. There are guidance skeches and noes o help you wih quesions. Please feel free o make noes inhe margins oron addiional shees of paper. The repor can be filled in by an individual or a group leader and enries can be based on one or more dive. Name: Address: Dae fonn filled in: Diving experience: 'J,, J bis is your envelope! [:],, J SDPWRECK DATABASE NATONAL MONUMENTS COUNCL P.O. BOX 4637 CAPE TOWN 8000, 1, Slaplcbcrc J

23 ~~--- ""-~"~" i -- ) ( 6. STE PAN 7' v J. Show scale in meers Lengh: m/f Widh: m/f Measured: Esimaed: 7. ARTEFACT DRAWNGS ț Scale: Measured: Esimaed: in/em in/em.

24 mstorcaldath Ships Name: Naionaliy: Owner: Agen: Tons: Dae Buil: Locaion Buil: LasPor: Por ofdeslinalion: Dae Wrecked: Place Wrecked: Cargo: lieraure References: Vessel Type: Caplain: Crew: Noes: 5. STE ENVRONMENT Sea bed shape Fla Sloping Undulaing Gullies Oucrops Mobile Sea bed ype Bedrock Boulders Cobbles Gravel Sand Mud Dangers Collapsed Rock Slruclure Fishing nel/line Dredging Sharp edges Currens Navigaion hazards How much ofhe sie or wreck do hink migh be burled Esimae how much ofhe sie migh be burled by vegeaion Have you seen any evidence ofhe following a or near he sie? Poilulion Angling Coasal Defence Works Anchorage POlling Marina Developmenls Walerspors Trawling Oil/gas induslry Salvage Dredging How did you find ou abou he sie? Do you know ofany oher informaion? Books/magazines Old documenls Club/oher divers Fishermen Chance find Search Hydrographic chars Can you direc us o published informaion? Video Log books Pholographs HiSlorical Sie surface Underwaer Maps/plans/drawings Can he above informaion be made available for sudy? Wouldyoulikeadvice onhow o suvey and moniorhe sie? Flush planking (Corvel) Overlapping planking (Clinker)

25 ,,,, paricipans were cerified including hisorical archaeologiss, museum curaors, hisorians, wildlife officers, hydrographic surveyers, and oher professionals who would be working closely wih he diving communiy. An essenial ingredien for offering courses in regional ceners was he inclusion on he program of an invied local hisorian, or scuba diver who was familiar wih he hisory and submerged resources of he area. Discussions wih paricipans were geared owards how he archaeological echniques and managemen conceps augh in he courses would be applicable o ha paricular culural and naural environmen. n he larger seing, he Souh African shipwreck legislaion 1,,, (Ac 28 of 1969), he necessiy for a naional resource managemen, availabiliy of funding for underwaer archaeology, and level of experise for regional consulaion and guidance was-liscussed wihin he conex o wha could realisically be acheived on a local level wihin he exising infrasrucure.,,ț NMC provided ha he applicans have he co-operaion of a local museum and a n conras o he legislaion in Souh Carolina, Souh Africa's law does no permi recreaional collecing. Aciviies on shipwreck sies are resriced o surveying exercises " such as phoography and mapping. Commercial salvage permis are issued hrough he professional archaeologis o oversee ne 'projec. Currenly here is only one mariime archaeologis, Mr. Bruno Werz, working in Souh Africa hrough he Universiy of Cape Town (Werz 1994). The majoriy of aciviies on underwaer sies are moniered by, 1 ~, regional museum hisorians and curaors. Sae funding for mariime archaeology is nonexisan and any financial suppor is likely o be derived from he privae secor. The poliical agendas and basic economic prioriies of he new Souh African governmen are improvemens o housing and educaion, no archaeology. Any preservaion effors on underwaer archaeological sies in Souh Africa will of necessariy have o be generaed by a local commmuniy wih hisorically orienaed raher han commercial goals. Guidance by local inerdisciplinary specialiss wih a common or overlapping managemen objecives would be he desirable course of acion. 11

26 Naionaliies of ships wrecked along he Souh African coasline Oher Danish N=803 alian ~.. ~...- rn c0 Poruguese Norwegian )- ro Z French American \. Souh African Duch Briish o Percenage

27 'S i;- }'. ---~..._ ::-'" i J j ~ ::J C (J) () Daes of ships wrecked along he Souh African coasline N=2,044 C i o Percenage

28 , j j, 1, For example, spor divers surveying shipwrecks in he Simons Bay area of Cape Town are affiliaed o, and supervised by, he Souh African nsiue of Mariime Technology. Underwaer mapping and surveying exercises provide applicaion-esing opporuniies for equipmen and mehodologies developed by he nsiue for hydrographic surveying in general. The projec eam included archaeologiss from he Souh African Mariime Museum he Naional Monumens Council. Boh agencies were ineresed in obaining hisorical informaion and rained scuba divers who had aended he public archaeology raining course and were keen o uilize heir newly aquired skills o move ono a more advanced cerificaion level. Divers who aended courses were also encouraged o uilize skills o independenly conduc preliminary, non-desrucive surveys of sies and submi daa repors lising specific caagories of informaion o he NMC daabase. This daa could also be uilized for shipwreck roue which is also being developed around he Cape Peninsula. This roue would consis of underwaer rails for dive charers visiing, j i v shipwreck concenraions. Laminaed underwaer shees wih sie plans would serve o orienae divers wih he sie layou and familiarize hem wih he hisory and legislaion.. The roue will be used as an educaional raining ground for fuure underwaer archaeology workshops and and as a boos o mariime ourism. The projec is being funded by he local ourism board and business communiy. Trained voluneers play an imporanrole in collecing informaion from hese sies o produce underwaerrail maps and displays, land-based sory boards, and inerpreaion ceners. The roue displays will provide informaion on he marine flora and fauna as well as shipwreck feaures, hereby highlighing boh culural and environmenal preservaionissues. ~, Namibia: The Underwaer Federaion in Namibia, a neighbouring African counry which is well-known for is diamond mining hisory, also requesed underwaer archaeology 12

29 educaional courses for divers. This agency is responsible for raining recreaional divers and as well as commercial diamond mining divers who work in he alluvial deposis of he wes coas surf zones. The raining course was followed by an expediion composed of he rained paricipans o invenory shipwrecks along he Skeleon Coas. This area is named as a resul of he numerous shipwreck skeleons which lier he reacherous coasline adjoining he Namib deser. The dynamic geomorphological processes along hese beaches and lioral dunefields have resuled in many shipwrecks lying as much as a kilomeer inland. These sies have no been invenoried and he expediion would serve as he firs par of a local managemen plan. Surveys in his remoe area were underaken on foo, by vehicle, and ligh aircraf. Wreckage was ploed using GPS unis, drawn and phoographed. This daa was linked o hisorical research conduced byhe group hisorian, and a repor was submied o he Namibian Naional Monumens Council. Shipwrecks and disariculaed wreckage locaed during he survey included arifacs from an 18h cenury Duch vessel, hull componens ofamerican whaling vessels, supply waercraf associaed wih he diamond mining selemens of he 19h cenury, and he remains of early 20h cenury fishing 'F vessels. Addiionally, he locaions of diamond mining selemens and whaling saions were recorded, including feaures such such as houses, paraphenalia associaed wih diamond mining, human graves, supply wagons and vehicles. The lioral dunes yielded evidence of rade or shipwreck scavenging aciviies of he indigenous Khoisan peoples. Shell middens conained coins from he Duch shipwrecks which had been made ino a form ofjewelryand hull sheahing shaped inoa projecile ools. Conclusions Experiences n hree disincive geographic, culural, and adminsraive environmens suppors he noion ha he archaeological discipline is mos likely o suceed by successfully inegraing public educaion, rained voluneers, privae secor 13

30 J j involvemen and ourism wih he research objecives managemen sraegies of sae and naional organizaions. Alhough i is possible o ransplan basic conceps of culural resource managemen o anoher sae or counry, he program has o be adaped o he local variaions wihin he paricular infrasrucure. Many counries, like Souh Africa which lack funding and professional experise, have a wealh of archaeogical resources as ye o be invenoried a a baseline level. This is he ideal phaseo enlis he help ofrained voluneers and combine research wih public educaion. The creaion of a full-ime posiion o coordinae such a program is highly recommended. A suiable arrangemen is combining sie assesssmens and daabase processing o he posiion descripion. By working wihin esablished public programs like ha of Souh Carolina, we migh be able o acheive a very viable worldwide nework of research cooperaion and communicaion. n erms of shared culural resources, shipwrecks very prominenly represenan inernaional heriage. Many vessels were no wrecked a heir por oforigin, bu on disan shores of oher counries. These sies have imporan implicaions for rade, economics, and oherculural ineracions beween naions. 1, 1 14

31 References,! i Amer, Chrisopher F. e al The Malcolm Boa (38CH803): The Discovery, Sabilizaion, Excavaion, and Preservaion ofan Hisoric Sea Going Smallcraf in he Ashley River, Charleson Couny, Souh Carolina. Souh Carolina nsiue ofarchaeology and Anhropology, Research Manuscrip Series 217. Boshoff, Jaco e al A Proposalfor he Esablishmen ofa Touris Shipwreck Roue. Naional Deacon, J. Monumens Council, Souh Africa The Proecionof Hisorical Shipwrecks hrough he Naional Monumens Council Ac. Proceedings of he Third Naional Mariime Conference, Durban, Souh Africa. Harris, Lynn and Moss, Jimmy, e a A Preliminary Underwaer Archaeological and Hisorical Reconnaissance ofhe Harris, Lynn. Wes Branch of he Cooper River. Souh Carolina nsiue ofarchaeology and Anhropology, Research Manuscrip Series An Underwaer Archaeology Manual For Souh Carolina Spor Divers, Souh Carolina nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology, Universiy of Souh Carolina, Columbia, sc "Fuure Plans for he Souh Carolina Spor Diver Archaeology Managemen Program." Proceedingsofhe 1990 Tuscon Conference ofunderwaer Archaeology. 15

32 1992 The Waccamaw-Richmond Hill Waerfron Projec 1991: Laurel Hill Barge No.2. Souh Carolina nsiue ofarchaeology and Anhropology, Research ManuscripSeries No. 214., Universiy of Souh Carolina, Columbia, SC "negraing Shipwreck Managemen, Research and Public Educaion in Souhern Africa." Paper delivered a he 28h Annual Conference on Hisorical and Underwaer Archaeology, Washingon D.C. Naylor, Carleon Souh Carolina's Mariime Hisory. An Annoaed Bibliography o/he Colonial Period. Souh Carolina nsiue ofarchaeology and Anhropology, j 1 Universiy of Souh Carolina, Columbia, SC. Wen, Bruno Souh African Shipwrecks and Salvage: he need for mproved Managemen. nernaional Journal 0/Nauical Archaeology, 22:

33 Percenage of Repors wih Finds January February March April May o 01 N o N 01 ~ CD CD CJ'1 s: o ~... ;:j" - '< ::0 CD (") o <CD June July ~ - Augus Sepember Ocober November December a~. 0.. en o -h :::: o C" C" '< C_. < CD (ij Dalibase Managemen Repor on he Souh Carolina Hobby Diver Licensing Sysem andsubmerged Sie nvenory 1996 Managemen Repor: Par Souh Carolina nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology Research Manuscrip Series No. 223 by Lynn Harris June 1996

34 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During he pas six years, several individuals employed by he Souh Carolina. nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology have conribued many hours of hard work owards he Underwaer Archaeology Division's daabases. David Beard, Jamie Brown and Carl Naylor played an insrumenal role in designing he formas of he daabases. Elizabeh Collins, Carl Naylor and numerous College of Charleson inernship suden assised in he compilaion of daa. David Beard was primarly reponsible for he hisorical research. He iniiaed he concep of a broader based daabase which included sie ypes such as ferry landings, planaion landings, fors, mills, and shipyards. This manuscrip is simply an aemp on my par o provide repor on he saus of hese daabases and he ype of informaion which is currenly available for submerged culural resource managemen purposes

35 TABLE OFCONTENTS Page nroducion 1 Shipwrecks 1 Oher Sie Types 6 Hobby Diver Licenses 9 Field Training Courses 14 Conclusions 14 Bibliography 18

36 FGURES Page Figure 1A. Shipwreck Sie Form 2 Figure 1B. Sie Form 3 Figure e. Hobby Diver nformaion Form :.4 Figure 2. Hobby Diver Daa Survey 5 Figure 3. Shipwreck Types in Souh Carolina 7 Figure 4. Underwaer Sie Types in Daabase 8 Figure 5. Hobby License Types issued during Figure 6. Disribuion of Hobby Licenses issued o Geographic Regions of SC 11 Figure 7. Hobby Licenses issued in Coasal Areas 12 Figure 8. Disribuion of Ou-of-Sae Hobby Licenses 13

37 .~~===================:::::::::::'-"==:""':---'--'--'-"-"-----'--'-;:..-'.-'-"---~:"':::======= =~ ~ Daabase Managemen Repor NTRODUCTON A repor on he Souh Carolina nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology (SCAA) Underwaer Archaeology Division's sie and hobby diver compuer daabases is long overdue. We have finally reached a poin where he backlog of daa from 1990 o 1996 has been enered, enabling some basic manipulaions useful for evaluaion of underwaer archaeology programs. The daabases are sored in a Filemaker 4 applicaion. There are hree separae daabases - for shipwreck sies, oher ypes of muli-componen sies - like landings and arifac scaers, and hobby diver informaion. (Figure la, B &C). nformaion from hobby diver quarerly repors ha documen finds well enough are submied o he SCAA nformaion Managemen Division (MD) for assignmen of permanen sie numbers. Since January 1995 quarerly repors have been processed by he Charleson office saff each monh, and he quaniaive daa is compiled on survey forms which are submied o he MD (Figure 2). Sies which were submied o SCAA in he pas, which do no mee he submission crieria --usually due o dubious or inadequae locaional informaion, are lised bu no assigned a sie number. Daa for he shipwreck and sie daabases are derived from a variey of sources including archival records (72%), hobby repors (5%), and he sie files (22%). The hobby repor conribuion is an under esimae and somewha misleading since many of he sies repored by SCAA archaeologiss are sie assesssmens based upon hobby repors. Since he Underwaer Archaeology Division has been offering field raining courses, more divers are saring o submi heir own sie file forms. The numbers should sar reflecing he rue conribuions of he spor diving communiy o he sae's daabase in he near fuure. These daabases do no represen a final produc. n he fuure, he daa will hopefully also be uilized wihin a Geographic nformaion Sysem (GS) o assis in daa managemen from a spaial or geographical perspecive. n he meanime, hese daabases will coninue o be updaed and used by he Underwaer Archaeology Division o gauge paerns of licensed diver aciviy and manage sie daa. This rmanuscrip has been used o presen some of hese rends and make some general managemen recommendaions. SHPWRECKS There are a oal of 343 shipwrecks in he daabase. Sailing vessels represen 44% and seamships 16 %. Of his oal, 20% are unknown vessels - (hese are simply lised as -Wooden vessel" or "vessel remains" in he daabase). The remainder of lised wrecks are barges, canoes, and modem fishing rawlers and freighers. Some of his daa was derived from NOAA chars where he locaions of unknown wrecks were shown. 1

38 FGURES Page Figure la. Shipwreck Sie Form 2 Figure E. Sie Form 3 Figure e. Hobby Diver nformaion Fonn : 4 Figure 2. Hobby Diver Daa Survey 5 Figure 3. Shipwreck Types in Souh Carolina 7 Figure 4. Underwaer Sie Types in Daabase 8 Figure 5. Hobby License Types issued during Figure 6. Disribuion of Hobby Licenses issued o Geographic Regions of Sc. l1 Figure 7. Hobby Licenses issued in Coasal Areas 12 Figure 8. Disribuion of Ou-of-Sae Hobby Licenses 13

39 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page nroducion 1 Shipwrecks 1 Oher Sie Types 6 Hobby Diver Licenses 9 Field Training Courses 14 Conclusions 14 Bibliography 18

40 .- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During he pas six years, several individuals employed by he Souh Carolina. nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology have conribued many hours of hard work cowards he Underwaer Archaeology Division's daabases. David Beard, Jamie Brown and :~. Carl Naylor played an insrumenal role in designing he formas of he daabases. Elizabeh (~r Collins, Carl Naylor and numerous College of Charleson inernship suden assised in he 'y compilaion of daa. David Beard was primarly reponsible for he hisorical research. He idiiaed he concep of a broader based daabase which included sie ypes such as ferry ';'Judings, planaion landings, fors, mills, and shipyards. ~lkse This manuscrip is simply an aemp on my par o provide repor on he saus of daabases and he ype of informaion which is currenly available for submerged,'njural resource managemen purposes

41 Percenage ofrepors wih Finds January February March April May o N o N 01..:.. CD CD U s: o ~ r+ - ::r '< ;c CD (') o <CD June July Augus Sepember Ocober November December ~ - ca ~ 0. en o -o ::: o C" C" '< C_. <(D Cil Daabase Managemen Repor on he Souh Carolina Hobby Diver Licensing Sysem and Submerged Sie nvenory 1996 Managemen Repor: Par Souh Carolina nsiue of Archaeology and Anhropology Research Manuscrip Series No. 223 by Lynn Harris June 1996

42 Sia Name: Sie Type: Shipwreck Causeway Shipyard Wharf/Pier Sie Number: Landing Ferry Bridge Mill For Arifac Scaer Period: Locaion: Prehisoric Hisoric Colonial Rev. Pos Rev. AB Civil War Pos CW Modern Specific Yr. Waerbody: NOAA Char: Tapa: Laiude: Longiude: E: N: nvenory Number: Relaed ndusry: Commerce Naval AciViy Shipbuilding Rice Lumber Coon ndigo Phosphae Source: Commens: Conac: Collecion: Vessel Type: Lengh: Vessel Use: Por Of: Place Buil: Maser: Dae Los: Cause: Cargo: Year Buil: Builder: Owner: Bound For: Beam: Draf: Tonnage: Ne Ton.: Figure lao 2 Shipwreck Sie Form

43 3 1 Sie Name: Sie Type: Shipwreck Causeway Shipyard Wharf/Pier Sie Number: Landing Ferry Bridge Mill For Arifac Scaer Period: Prehisoric Civil War Colonial Pos CW Rev. Modern Pos Rev. Specific Yr. AB Locaion: Waerbody: Nav. Char: Topo: Laiude: Longiude: E: N: nvenory Number: Relaed ndusry: Commerce Naval Aciviy Rice Lumber Coon Shipbuilding ndigo Phosphae Source: Commens: Conac: Collecion: Figure B~ Sie Form

44 Name: Sree: Ciy: License No. Type Saus Sae: Home Telephone Couny: Zip: Las Ren. N =noice sen Exp. Dae Work Telephone Year Quarer Firs App. Field Training Course Dae a =No Repor P=Parial Repor X = No Diving N = No Ucense During Quarer Y = DivinglNo Recoveries Z =DivinglRecoveries S = Saemen of No Diving Oher Address Commens Figure C. Hobby Diver nformaion Form 4

45 Hobby Repor Monh: Daa Year: Survey Toal No. of Repors: Repors wih no recovery: Repors wih opo. quads or chars: Repors wih phoos or drawings: Toal sies: Transferred o SCAA Sie Files: Sie visiaions by SCAA: Collecions phoographed: Naional Regiser EligibiliyNominaions: 0 Repors: Shipwreck: Shipyard: Landing: Arifac Scaer: For: Mill: Ferry: Bridge: Pier: Tidal Srucures: Muiple:, Oher (describe): Fossils Toal repors in following areas: Riverine underwaer: Riverine ineridal: Ocean offshore: Harbor or Sound: n Rivers: Cooper: Wando: Waccamaw: Ashley: Pee Dee: Black: Ediso: Combahee: Ashepoo: May: Savannah: Waeree: Oher: Charleson Harbor Commens: Figure 2.

46 Daabase Managemen Repor The majoriy of hese shipwrecks fall wihin he hisoric ime period (Figure 3). Archival research yielded informaion primarily abou Civil War and posbellum shipwrecks --bu no much daa on pre-hisoric craf or vernacular hisoric vessels. Alhough he daabase has been designaed he erm, "shipwreck," i is is also possible ha many sies may be abandoned derelics, vessels sculed in he Civil or Revoluionary wars or even subjec o hisoric period adapaive re-use in riverbank sabilizaion Fuhermore, many are no large "ships" in he nauical conex, bu more correcly--"waercraf" or "boas." Mos vessels locaed in inland waers have been found in he Cooper or Ashley rivers. Boh rivers were imporan economic hisoric areries flowing ino Charleson Harbor. The Cooper is a longer river and incorporaes he Sanee Canal lock sysem which was uilized in he 1800s, faciliaing boa raffic righ up o he Fall line ciy of Columbia (Newell 1989) The Ashley River headwaers for sailing vessels was siuaed a Bacons Bridge, four miles above For Dorcheser, and for seamboas a Cedar Grove, opposie Middleon Place (Charleson Daily Courier, 1857) Anoher reason for he higher number of vessels repored in hese wo rivers can be aribued o he selecive aciviies of sae archaeologiss and spor divers. The Cooper River is one of he mos popular inland recreaional SCUBA diving venues. in he sae. The visibiliy is relaively beer han oher local rivers and i repuedly yields a higher number of arifacs and fossil collecibles for licensed hobby divers. Boh he Ashley and he Cooper rivers have been argeed by professional and avocaional archaeologiss for surveys and specific projecs in he las five years (Harris e. al 1993) The Ashley River is especially convenien for projecs because he Underwaer Archaeology Division' Field Office is locaed in Charleson, making work on he Ashley River a day-rip and herefore more affordable on a low budge. Geographically, more wreck sies are locaed in major rivers (55%), han offshore (19%), wihin Charleson Harbor (8%) in smaller creeks (16%), or in inles, bays or sounds (1 %). Again, his may reflec archaeological emphasis on hese areas han acual hisoric disribuion paerns of any significance. OTHER STE TYPES This daabase consiss of 859 enries and includes shipwrecks (as par of mulicomponen riverine sies)planaion landings, ferry landings, bridges, arifac scaers, causeways, wharfs, mills, shipyards and fors (Figure 4). Much of his informaion comes from hisoric sources such as Mills Alas (Mills 1979), he McCrady Plas (Maps and Munimens Collecion, 1591-Presen), and he SClAA sie files. 6

47 - Shipwreck Types in Souh Carolina Unknown Fishing boas Ferries - Freighers Canoes Barges,", Seamships Sailingships o Percenage Figure 3.

48 Underwaer Sies Types Lised in Daabase Shipyards Fors Mills Wharfs 00 Causeways Arifac Sies Bridges Ferry Landings Landings Shipwrecks o Percenage Figure 4.

49 Daabase Managemen Repor Landings represen ha ofen overlooked inerface beween land and waer (Barr 1993, Beard 1991 & 1993). Many ofhe sies included in his daabase are no necessarily submerged sies. Sies like a shipyard, wharf or mill sie, are idally exposed or siuaed adjacen o a waerway. Many sies in Souh Carolina conain boh a erresrial and underwaer componens which need o be considered in a more holisic archaeological conex (Errane 1993). The majoriy of hese sie ypes are lised as siuaed along he Cooper, Ashley, Ediso, Pee Dee, Savannah, Saluda, Broad, Sanee, Sono, Ashepoo, Combahee, Waccamaw, and Wando rivers. HOBBYDVER LCENSES Two-year hobby diver licenses (93%) are considerably more popular han six monh licenses, family, or insrucional licenses (Figure 5). The highes number of licenses during 1995 were issued in he May o July period. nhabians of he coasal areas, especially Charleson, were issued he highes number of licenses (Figure 6 and 7). Divers from Georgia (39%) and Norh Carolina (31%) represen he highes number of ou-of-sae paricipacs in he program (Figure 8). HOBBY DVER REPORTNG Of he hobby repors received by SCAA during 1995, 75% lised arifac scaer sies as heir primary diving venues. This is a phenomenon associaed wih he hobby diver licensing sysem, which was designed primarily o regulae he collecing aciviies of he public, raher han encourage non-disurbance reporing of a range differen sie ypes. Shipwrecks (25%) were also repored, probably because hese remains were encounered during arifac collecing aciviies. The majoriy of collecing akes places in he Cooper and Ashley rivers (Figure 9) Alhough maps and drawings of sies and arifacs are no required by he Souh Carolina Underwaer Aniquiies Ac of 1991, 25% of he quarerly hobby repors conained his addiional informaion. This migh be as a resul of encouragemen given during SCAA Underwaer Archaeology Field Training Courses. Unforunaely, he fieldschools did no have he effec of improving he reporing responsibiliies of he diving communiy. Of hose who aended he courses since he incepion, only 24% repored collecing aciviies wih regulariy, 44% have repored sporadically, and 33% have no submied repors a all. Of he 24% who repored regularly afer he fieldschool, he informaion conained in heir repors was of a higher qualiy in erms of locaional, idenificaion, and descripive informaion. 9

50 Percenage of Hobby License Types issued During 1996 nsrucional Licenses.... o Six-Monh Licenses Figure 5.